Java(in Indonesian "Jawa") - the fifth largest island in Indonesia, which is home to more than half of the country's population. Much of Indonesian history is inextricably linked to this island, where powerful Indo-Buddhist empires, Islamic sultanates and the colonial center of the Dutch East India Company were founded. Java played a pivotal role in the Indonesian independence struggle in the 1940s. Today the island occupies a dominant position in the political, economic and cultural life of the country. The state capital Jakarta (the largest city in Indonesia) is also located on this island.
Tourist attractions of the island
Borobudur- Buddhist temple of the IX century, the second largest Buddhist temple in the world after Angkor Wat, has 504 Buddha statues and 2672 stone bas-reliefs. In 1991 it was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. More details in the article e Borobudur
Prambanan- a complex of ancient Buddhist and Hindu temples included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. More details in the article e Prambanan
Cities
Yogyakarta- popular tourist town in Indonesia, preserving the pure Javanese language and rich folk traditions. More details in the article e Yogyakarta
Story
Since 2000 BC Java has already been settled by settlers from mainland Southeast Asia. In the early centuries AD, the Javanese developed close trade and cultural relations with the Hindu cultures of India. The discovery of stone steles (prasasti) with texts and images carved on them testified to the existence of early Hindu kingdoms on the island.
Kingdoms of the Indo-Buddhist period
The small kingdoms of Taruma and Sunda in West Java formed in the 4th and 7th centuries, respectively. But the first major state formation on the island of Java was the Kingdom of Mataram (732-1043), founded at the beginning of the 8th century by the rulers of the Silendra dynasty. The first rulers of the Mataram Kingdom professed Hinduism, then Buddhism became the dominant religion. From that era to the present day, the great Buddhist and Hindu monuments have survived: Borobudur and Prambanan.
At the beginning of the 10th century, the Mataram Kingdom fell into decay, the center of power began to shift from the central regions of Java to the east. Finally, Mataram disintegrated around 1043 after a conflict with the gaining strength of the Kingdom of Srivijaya from the island of Sumatra.
Another powerful state of the Indo-Buddhist period was the Majapahit Empire founded in 1293 (1293 - early 16th century). The Majapahit Empire reached the pinnacle of power during the reign of Khayyam Vuruk. An important role was played by the talented commander Gajah Mada, thanks to whom the empire of Khayyam Vuruk fully established control over the islands of Java, Bali, Sumatra and Madura.
The economy of the previous Javanese kingdoms was based on agriculture. The rulers of Majapahit established control over ports and shipping lanes, becoming the first empire to actively patronize trade. With the death of Khayyam Vuruk, the Majapahit empire began to decline and finally collapsed at the beginning of the 16th century under the onslaught of the Islamic sultanates.
The spread of Islam and the emergence of Islamic sultanates
The emergence of Islam played a key role in the history of Java and Indonesia. Muslim traders have visited the Indonesian archipelago for centuries. With the rise of Islamic trade in the region, the Hindu kingdom of Majapahit began to decline. The Javanese faced a choice: fight or convert to Islam, and many ultimately chose the latter. In the early 16th century, Javanese trading ports in east Java were completely abandoned by the dying Majapahit empire. Until the end of the 16th century, Islam became the dominant religion on the island of Java. During this period, the independent Muslim sultanates of Pajang, Mataram, Cheribon, Bantam were formed. The Sultanate of Mataram reached the greatest power (not to be confused with the Kingdom of Mataram). The sultanate reached the peak of its prosperity during the reign of Sultan Agung Hanyokro Kusumo (1613-1645). Agung managed to expand the territory of the Sultanate to the regions of Central and East Java, the islands of Borneo.
Colonial period
In 1596, four ships of the Dutch East India Company visited Java for the first time and after a short time the first Dutch trading posts began to appear on the coast of the island. In 1619, Dutch troops under the command of Peter Cohen attacked and took possession of Jaykarta (the present capital of Indonesia). The Dutch changed the name of Jaykart to Batavia and rebuilt the city according to the classical canons of Dutch colonial architecture.
Internal conflict prevented the Javanese from creating an effective alliance to counter the Dutch. Beginning in the 1670s, the Dutch East India Company began to seize control of the Muslim sultanates of Java. The West Java sultanates recognized the company's sovereignty in the last quarter of the 17th century, with the north-central and north-east following their example in 1743. In 1755, what remained of the once powerful Sultanate of Mataram, under pressure from the Dutch, was divided into two states vassal to the Dutch: Yogyakarta and Surakarta. By the end of the 18th century, the Dutch had spread their influence over the entire island.
On December 31, 1799, the Dutch government nationalized the Dutch East India Company and in 1807 officially declared that the Indonesian archipelago was part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. All Dutch-owned territory in Indonesia was ruled by a colonial administration centered in the city of Batavia (present-day Jakarta).
During the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, the Netherlands and its colonies in the East Indies fell to the conquests of the French Republic. In 1811, Java was invaded by the British and the island was briefly held by the British Empire under the governor of Sir Stamford Raffles. Under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1814, the British returned Java to the Dutch in 1816.
In the 19th century, under the influence of Europeans, machines appeared, railways and telegraph communication. The Dutch put an end to civil wars, increased the area under rice cultivation, began to cultivate new crops, primarily cassava and corn, and yields increased. All this contributed to the elimination of hunger in Java and the rapid growth of the island's population.
Independence
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Java developed industry and agriculture most intensively of all the islands of the Dutch East Indies. Along with the development of capitalist relations, Indonesian nationalism and the desire to achieve independence began to emerge on the island. The colonists were able to suppress the first serious uprising of the Javanese in 1825-1830 against the Dutch with great difficulty. Taking these factors into account, the Dutch changed their domestic policy. Beginning in 1903, Javanese were allowed to participate in local government, and in 1925 Indonesians gained a majority in the Volksraad ("People's Council").
During the Second World War, from 1942 to 1945, Java was occupied by the Japanese. After the end of the Japanese occupation, a war of liberation against the Dutch began on the island. Upon its completion, in 1950, the island became part of the independent Republic of Indonesia.
Geography and landscape
| Java island map |
Covering about 150,000 km2 of land, Java is the 13th largest island in the world and the 5th largest in Indonesia. The length from east to west is 1,064 km, the maximum width is up to 210 km. The island is surrounded by the Java Sea in the north, the Sunda Strait in the west, the Indian Ocean in the south, and the Bali Strait in the east. In the west lies the island of Sumatra, Bali in the east. Borneo in the north and Christmas Island in the south.
Java is an island of volcanic origin. The mountain range, crowned with volcanoes, stretches from east to west along the center of the island. The highest is the Semeru volcano (3676 m), the most beautiful is Bromo, the most active volcano in Java and Indonesia is Merapi (2930 m).
Java is located at the junction of two tectonic plates. The friction of these two plates causes the heating and expansion of gas, magma and steam in the bowels of the Earth's earth, followed by an eruption. There are 33 active volcanoes on the island and it is part of the so-called "Pacific Volcanic Ring of Fire", which accounts for about 90% of all earthquakes on the planet. Volcanoes formed the rugged landscape, culture and religion of the inhabitants, influenced the development of agriculture, the construction of cities and villages.
The longest river on the island is Solo, which is almost 600 km long. The river originates from a source on Mount Lavu and flows northward at the mouth of the Java Sea near the city of Surabaya. Other major rivers are Brantas, Chitarum, Chimanuk and Serayu. Most of Java's rivers flow northward. Large and small rivers serve as a source of water for irrigation of flooded fields. Large rivers are navigable only during the rainy season.
Natural environment
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| Java island map |
Java's natural environment ranges from coastal mangroves on the north coast to coastal cliffs on the south, from low-lying rainforests to barren volcanoes. The natural environment and climate is gradually changing from west to east - from wet and humid tropical forests in the west to dry savannas in the east.
The wildlife world is rich in biodiversity with many endemic species such as the Javanese rhinoceros, Javanese banteng, Javanese pig, Javanese hawk, Javanese peacock, Javanese silver gibbon, glittering ghulman, Javanese deer, and Javanese leopard. The island is home to over 450 species of birds (of which 37 are endemic), 100 species of snakes and more than 500 species of butterflies.
But it should be remembered that the island is inhabited by a huge number of people. With a population of over 143 million in 2014, that's more than half the population of Indonesia. With the growth of the population, tropical forests were ruthlessly destroyed, surviving only on the mountain slopes and isolated remote areas. In place of tropical forests, a new landscape with rice terraces, which significantly changed the ecosystem of the island.
Some of the endemic animal species have already disappeared (Javanese tiger), some are on the verge of complete extinction. To preserve the wildlife world from human economic activities, a number of national parks were founded on the island: Mount Halimun Salak, Mount Gede Pangrango, Baluran, Meru Betiri and Alas Purvo, Ujung Kulon (the latter was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1991).
Administrative division
Administratively, Java is divided into 4 provinces (propinsi):
Banten, Serang administrative center;
West Java (Jawa Barat), the administrative center of Bandung;
Central Java (Jawa Tengah), the administrative center of Semarang;
East Java (Jawa Timur), the administrative center of Surabaya;
and two special regions:
Jakarta (Special Capital Region);
Yogyakarta (semi-autonomous region).
1. Special Capital Region Jakarta
Officially, Jakarta is not a city, but a province with the status of the capital, therefore it is governed not by the mayor, but by the governor. As a province, Jakarta consists of 5 municipalities: Central, North, East, South and West (according to the geographical location on the map). It is the only city in Indonesia with provincial status. The Special Capital Region of Jakarta includes the cities of Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi with a population of about 23 million. Until 1527, the city was called Sunda Kelapa, in 1527-1619 Jaykarta, in 1619-1942 Batavia, and from 1942 to the present day Jakarta.
2. Semi-autonomous region of Yogyakarta
The semi-autonomous region of Yogyakarta is located in the south of Java and borders the province of Central Java in the north. Unlike other provinces in Java, Yogyakarta is ruled by a sultan who is not elected in elections or appointed as the central authority in the capital. The semi-autonomous region consists of 4 districts and one large city, Yogyakarta. On the outskirts of Yogyakarta is the most active volcano in Indonesia - Merapi, and two of the most famous temple Indonesia: Borobudur and Prambanan.
3. Province of Banten
Banten province used to be part of West Java province, but since 2000 it has received the status of a separate administrative unit. Banten Province consists of 4 municipalities and 4 cities. Serang is the main city of Banten province. The total population is 9 351 470 inhabitants (2006). Banten is conveniently located on the route of navigation of merchant ships between Australia and New Zealand, the countries of Southeast Asia (Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore), the islands of Java and Sumatra.
4. West Java Province
This province has 17 counties and 9 cities. In 2002, the population of West Java reached 37,548,565 people. Most of the inhabitants of West Java are Sundans. The administrative center of the province is the city of Bandung.
5. Central Java Province
The central province is considered the center of Javanese culture. The majority of the population of Central Java is Javanese. Administratively, the province is divided into 29 municipal districts and 6 cities. The population of the province is 32,380,687 inhabitants. The administrative center is located in the city of Semarang.
6. Provinces of East Java
With an area of 47,922 km² and a population of 37,070,731 (2005), it is the largest province in terms of territory and the second in terms of population. The administrative center is located in the city of Surabaya. Includes the island of Maduro with a population of almost 4 million inhabitants.
Demography
With a population of over 143 million (2014) and a density of 1,029 inhabitants per km² and above, Java is one of the most densely populated islands in the world. It is home to 57% of the Indonesian population. The highest concentration of the population is in the west of the island (West Java, Banten and Jakarta), where the population density exceeds 1400 people per km².
Occupying 7% of the total area of Indonesia, the island is home to 57% of the country's population. From about 5 million inhabitants in 1815, the population grew to 143 million in 2014. The five largest and most populous cities in Indonesia are located on the island of Java: Jakarta, Surabaya, Yogyakarta, Semarang and Bandung.
From the 1970s until the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian government undertook a program to relocate Java residents to other, less populated islands in the country. During the implementation of this program, conflicts often arose between local residents and newly arrived settlers. From the 1970s until the fall of the Suharto regime in 1998, the Indonesian government managed to relocate about 3 million inhabitants.
Ethnic groups
Unlike other large islands in Indonesia, Java is relatively homogeneous in its ethnic composition. The bulk of the population is represented by three main ethnic groups: Javanese (approximately 70% of the island's inhabitants), Sundanese and Madurians. Javanese live mainly in the central and eastern part of the island, Sundans mainly in the west and Madurians in the east. Historically, Madurians inhabited the island of Madura off the northeastern coast of Java, and immigrated to East Java in the 18th century.
The fourth group is the Betavs (descendants of people living around Jakarta, from the 17th century to 1942 this city was called Batavia). The Betavas are a result of the mixing of the local ethnic groups of the island with foreigners: Portuguese, Dutch, Chinese and Hindus. Their culture and language is different from the Sundanese and Javanese.
In the area of the Bromo volcano and the Tengger mountain range, there are about 600,000 tenggers. Other minor ethnic groups: Badui, Batak, Balinese, Papua.
Of the foreigners, the most common are the Chinese, who control much of the island's trade.
Languages
Java has 3 main languages: Javanese, Sundanese and Madurian. Other languages include Betavi (one of the Austronesian languages, common in the west of the island), Osing (one of the Austronesian languages, common in the east of the island), Tenger (Hindus living in the Tenger mountains in the east of the island), Badui (living in the mountainous regions of Kedang on west of the island), Balinese (eastern areas of the island around the city of Banyuwangi, adjacent to Bali) and Banyumasan language. The overwhelming majority of the population speaks Indonesian, the state language of the country.
Religion
The Indonesian constitution recognizes 5 "official" religions: Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Protestantism and Catholicism. Previously, Confucianism was also recognized, but in 1979 the Indonesian government removed from the list of "official religions".
According to the 2000 census, the share of Muslims is 86.1%, Protestants - 5.7%, Catholics - 3%, Hindus - 1.8%, Buddhists and adherents of other religions - 3.4%.
There are few places on Earth where the three main religions (Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism) are mixed so deeply as on the Indonesian island of Java. Hinduism and Buddhism were the dominant religions for 1000 years, but Islam came to replace them in the 16th century. Influenced by Hinduism and Buddhism, Indonesian Islam incorporated the rites of these two religions. Some of the excavated temples in East Java have a Hindu upper part and a Buddhist lower half, and a number of early mosques have roofs in the form of Hindu temples. Early mosques were not built in the direction of Mecca, but to the west or east, in the style of Hindu temples. Islam in Indonesia developed under the enormous influence of the more advanced Buddhist and Hindu religions.
Economy
Java is the most economically developed island in Indonesia. Based on statistics for 2012, Java produces 57.51% of Indonesia's gross domestic product.
The original economy was based solely on rice cultivation. The power of the ancient kingdoms (Taruma, Mataram, Majapahit) largely depended on the yield of rice. The island has been a renowned exporter of rice since ancient times, and the cultivation of rich crops of this important agricultural crop has contributed to the growth of the island's population. The hillsides covered with rice terraces remain a characteristic feature of the island's landscape to this day.
During the colonial period, the Dutch introduced other agricultural crops: sugar cane, rubber, coffee, tea, and cinchona. Java was the first of all the islands of the Indonesian archipelago to start growing coffee (1699). In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Javanese coffee gained worldwide popularity. The name Java has become synonymous with good coffee today.
Nowadays, two thirds of the land area of the island is occupied by agricultural land. Kapok, sesame seeds, vegetables, bananas, mangoes, durian, citrus fruits and vegetable oils are produced for local consumption. Tea, coffee, tobacco, rubber, cinchona, sugarcane, kapok and coconuts are exported abroad. Java's soils are very fertile due to the periodic enrichment of volcanic ash.
The need to transport rice, coffee and other goods from the plantations of the hinterland to ports on the coast has stimulated the construction of roads. In 1808, construction began on the Great Javanese Road, connecting the cities of Anyer in West Java and Panarukan in East Java. A developed network of toll roads began to be built during the reign of President Suharto, connecting major cities and industrial centers.
Oil is produced in the Arjun region near the northwest coast and refined at the refineries in Chilakap and Surabaya. There is also limited mining of manganese, sulfur, phosphates, gold and silver. Small-scale production includes the manufacture of clothes and fabrics with batik painting, iron casting, silver jewelry, agricultural tools, leatherwork, and ceramics. Large-scale production is represented by the textile industry, car assembly, brewing, large industries are engaged in the manufacture of shoes, paper, cement and cigarettes. Surabaya and Tanjung Priok (near Jakarta) are the main ports of the island.
Climate
Java's climate is hot and humid throughout the year. Average temperature +22 ° С +29 ° С, average humidity 75%. The maximum temperatures are observed in the plains along the northern coast, with an average of + 34 ° C in the dry season. The southern coast is cooler than the north, and in the mountainous inland regions the temperature is even lower (average + 22 ° C, but in the dry season it drops to zero or even lower). Like other areas on the tropical island, Java's climate has two seasons: the rainy season (November to March) and the dry season (April to October). Precipitation tends to fall in the afternoon, with the wettest months in January and February. During the dry season from April to October, it can also rain, but overall the weather is sunny and cloudless.
Precipitation is distributed extremely unevenly, for example, West Java is more humid than East Java, the inner mountainous regions receive much more precipitation. Thus, the annual amount of precipitation in the Parahyangan Highlands in West Java is more than 4,000 mm per year, on the northern coast of East Java only 900 mm, and in the country's capital Jakarta, on average, about 1,760 mm.
The dry season (April to October) is the best time to visit the island.
In the insular Republic of Indonesia, there is the island of Java, which has become the world record holder for population. On the world map, it is located in Southeast Asia. The island of Java is covered with tropical forests, which are adjacent to the stone jungle of the capital of Indonesia - Jakarta.
The island is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago in Southeast Asia. On the map, it is located between Eurasia and Australia, next to the island of Sumatra, which is located just north of Java. On the south side, the island is adjacent to the smaller Sunda Islands and Bali, and on the east - the islands of Sulawesi and Malaysia.
Java island on the world map has coordinates:
- Geographic: 7 ° 17 '56 "S, 109 ° 56'06" E.
- Decimal degrees: longitude -7.298904; latitude 109.942516.
Height above sea level 3675 m.
Island length and width, area and shape
The island stretches for 1 thousand km in the west-east direction, and is 205 km wide. Its area is about 130 thousand km 2, of which 44 thousand km 2 are covered with tropical forests and impenetrable jungle.
The island has an oblong shape, similar to a horizontally lying boot. The shores of Java are washed by the Indian and Pacific Oceans, and from the north by the Java Sea. Java is separated from Sumatra by the Sunda Bay.
A significant part of the island's territory is occupied by 120 volcanoes, 30 of which are considered active. The island also has a large number of rivers. But the main source of fresh water is the Solo river bed.
The island's territory is divided into:
- western;
- eastern;
- central.
How to get to the island?
There are several ways to get to the island.
By plane
There are 6 international airports on the island of Java. The largest of these is Soekarno-Hatta in Jakarta, which receives large-capacity airliners and is also used for transfers within the country.
You can get to Java by plane from Jakarta. The remaining 5 air terminals near the cities of Bandung, Yogyakarta, Surakarta, Jativangi and Surabaya are connected only with the city of Kuala Lumpur in Malaysia and international airports Thailand. The island of Java can also be reached from the city of Moscow.
Several airlines operate flights to the city of Jakarta:
| Airline name | Transfer | Final destination | Frequency of flights per day |
| Qatar airway | Doha | Kuala Lumpur | 1-2 |
| Thai airway | Bangkok | Jakarta | 1 |
| Singapur airline | Singapore | Surabaya | 2 |
| Emirates | Dubai | Jakarta | 1 |
On average, any flight takes at least 20 hours.
On the ferry of the national shipping company "Pelni"
This type of transportation can be used to get to Java from other islands:
- Bali;
- Sulawesi;
- Sumatra.
Ports in Java are located in cities:
- Jakarta;
- Surabaya;
- Semerang;
- Cirebon.
Moving around the island
The island of Java on the world map stands out for its length. For fast movement on it they use.
Aircraft
Flights between the cities of Java are carried out from the air terminals of the cities of Jakarta and Surabaya by companies:
- "Garuda";
- "Merpati";
- "Mandala";
- "Batavia".
Railway
There are 4 rail networks on the island of Java:
- North: Jakarta - Chiberon - Semarang - Surabaya.
- South: Jakarta - Bandung - Yogyakarta - Surakarta - Surabaya.
- Eastern: Surabaya - Sidoarjo - Bangil - Pasuruan.
- Western: Jakarta - Tangerang - Serang - Chilegon.
Each electric train has several types of cars:
- air-conditioned compartment;
- seat place;
- economy with a small number of seats.
Bus
You can also travel between cities by bus. It is worth noting that this type of transport on the island is considered the most inconvenient, since flights do not have an exact departure-arrival schedule, and wandering musicians enter the salon along the way, and after an impromptu concert, they require a small payment.
| Month | Western part of the island | Eastern part of the island | ||||||
| Average temperature, degrees | Number of rainy days | Water temperature, degrees | Average temperature, degrees | Number of rainy days | Water temperature, degrees | |||
| Day | Night | Day | Night | |||||
| January | 28 | 22 | 15 | 28 | 31 | 24 | 21 | 28 |
| February | 28 | 22 | 15 | 29 | 33 | 22 | 19 | 29 |
| March | 29 | 22 | 12 | 30 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 29 |
| April | 30 | 23 | 11 | 30 | 33 | 26 | 12 | 30 |
| May | 31 | 24 | 9 | 30 | 36 | 27 | 5 | 30 |
| June | 30 | 24 | 5 | 29 | 36 | 28 | 3 | 29 |
| July | 30 | 25 | 5 | 28 | 34 | 27 | 1 | 28 |
| August | 30 | 25 | 2 | 28 | 34 | 28 | 1 | 28 |
| September | 31 | 25 | 5 | 29 | 33 | 26 | 2 | 28 |
| October | 31 | 24 | 11 | 28 | 31 | 27 | 7 | 29 |
| November | 30 | 23 | 12 | 30 | 32 | 27 | 9 | 30 |
| December | 29 | 23 | 15 | 29 | 31 | 26 | 18 | 29 |
The buses also do not have air conditioning, and in the event of a breakdown, other transport is not provided.
Car rental
You can rent a car at the hotel or at the rental offices. It should be noted that the roads on the island are practically not repaired, and in combination with the two-lane road, this makes travel time-consuming, since there are a lot of traffic jams on the island.
Rickshaws and motor vehicles
The most convenient and popular transport on the island is rickshaw. Carrier services cost little money. But such a device cannot travel long distances.
Climate and weather in Java by months
The island of Java is located almost parallel to the equator, so the temperature here ranges from 26 ° to 32 ° all year round. The climate of the island is equatorial and subequatorial, so the humidity varies from 70 to 95%. The period from March to October is considered favorable for relaxation, the rest of the time it rains heavily in Java.
The determining factor of climatic conditions are monsoons:
- northwest wind forms rainy weather;
- the southeast monsoon determines dry weather.
At different times, the weather on the island of Java may differ slightly:
Attractions of the island
The island of Java on the world map occupies a significant area. It contains most of the attractions of the Indonesian Republic. Some of them are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Bromo-Tenger-Semeru National Park
The attraction is located on the territory of East Java near the city of Malang. The name of the park consists of three words: the names of the two peaks Semeru and Bromo and the local aborigines - Tenggers. The area of the park is about 500 km 2. There are jungles and several lakes on the territory.
50 rivers and waterfalls, as well as volcanoes:
- Bromo;
- Batok;
- Kursi;
- Watangan;
- Vidodaren.
All volcanoes are surrounded by volcanic ash, which is called the "sea of sand" and forms whole deserts. The entrance to the park is through the village settlement of Ngadisari at about 3-4 in the morning, as the sun sets by 17.00 and the park closes.
In the Bromo-Tenger-Semeru National Park, they inspect:
- Mount Bromo, on which there is a crater of the active volcano of the same name.
- Summit Semeru... They climb the mountain for several days without special equipment.
- Mount Penanjakan... At the top there is an observation deck, which offers a wonderful view of Bromo and the Tengger caldera. Most often, dawn is met at this peak.
- Summit Batok... Volcano Batok is considered inactive and heavily overgrown with jungle. The climb up the mountain takes about an hour. From the observation deck at the top, the Bromo crater and caldera are clearly visible.
- Pura Luhur Poten Temple, on the territory of which Yadna Kasada is celebrated - the triumph of taggers.
- Madakaripura waterfall located inside the cliff.
Temple complex Borobudur
Borobudur was built around 800 AD. BC. The temple complex is located in Central Java, about 42 km from Yogyakarta towards the northwest. Borobudur is a 9-tiered structure with over 500 Buddha statues and over 2000 bas-reliefs.
At the base of the temple there are 6 square slabs of different sizes, and on top there are 3 round platforms. At its very top is a dome surrounded by 72 Buddha statues.
Borobudur received the status of the largest building dedicated to the traditions of Mahayana Buddhism. The area of the temple is 55 thousand km 2, and the dimensions of the lower slab are 120 × 120 m. The Borobudur temple was restored in 1982 and is included in the UNESCO list.
Temple complex Prambanan
Prambanan was built in the 10th century. The complex is located in Central Java, 17 km from Yogyakarta towards the east from the southern side of the Merapi volcano. The temple complex was restored in 1950, and in 1991 it was included in the UNESCO list.
The historical monument combines Buddhist and Hindu features and was erected in honor of Shiva, Brahma and Vishna.
The Prambanan complex includes 2 hundred temples, some of which have not been restored. Its main part is considered to be 3 temples over the center of one of the platforms. Nearby are the Nandi Bull and Garuda Riding Bird Shrines.
Not far from them are the Sevu and Lara Jongrang temples, which are the main attributes of the Parambanan complex. Between them are smaller structures: Lumbun, Asu and Burakh.
Mount Merapi
The active volcano Merapi is located 22 km from the Borobudur Complex and the city of Yogyakarta. It is the largest volcano on the island: its height reaches 3 km. Merapi belongs to the Pacific Volcanic Ring.
The volcano is activated every 6-7 years in the form of strong eruptions, and 2 times a year in the form of small ones. In 1673, the volcano destroyed several cities in Java, the most powerful eruption in the history of Indonesia. The last major eruption took place in 2006, when more than 3 thousand people died. Despite the great danger, ascents are made daily.
You can climb the volcano from:
- villages Selo;
- the villages of Kaliurang;
- suburb of Surakarta.
On the observation platforms, you can meet the sunrise or watch the sunset.
Old city
Java is rich in sights. On the world map near the city of Jakarta, an area of 1.5 km 2 is visible called Old city... In Indonesian, it is called Kota Tua and represents the main trade hub of Indonesia.
The old town was founded in the 14th century and for 3 centuries the city received the title of the main port trade center. By the end of the 18th century, a fortress wall was built around the Old Town. Kota Tua is listed on the UNESCO heritage list. The city combines many cultures, times and religions. Nearby is Chinatown with the oldest temple in Java history - Vihara Dharma.
There are also museums on the territory of the Old Town:
- history of Jakarta;
- Arts and Ceramics.
Taman Sari Water Palace
Taman Sari is a whole complex consisting of:
- swimming pools;
- grottoes;
- channels;
- palaces.
The palace was built in 1755 by order of the Sultan of Yogyakarta Khamengkubuvono I. Portuguese architects participated in the design.
Taman Sari had many secret passages, cellars and rooms. During the reign of the Sultan, the palace was surrounded by an artificial reservoir, through which it was possible to get to the inner pools. In the center of Taman Sari there is a tower, from which Khamengkubuvono I watched his wives. The castle became famous for its sewerage system and fountains, as well as an underground prayer room.
Taman Sari was a resting place and a fortress at the same time, but in 1867 the castle was destroyed by the eruption of the Merapi volcano. After that, the restoration of the central building and the Sultan's baths was carried out. And in 1995, the Taman Sari Water Palace was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Botanical Garden of Bogor
The botanical garden was built in 1817 in West Java near the city of Bogor. It is considered one of the largest gardens in the world. The collection of the garden includes 14.5 thousand different plants. The number of species is more than 5 thousand specimens. The area of the Bogorsky Garden is 88 hectares.
The botanical garden has several branches: on the island of Bali and in the city of Chibodas on the island of Java.
Since it belongs to the Scientific Community of the Republic of Indonesia, on the territory of the Bogor Branch there are:
- Museum of Zoology;
- Botanical laboratory;
- Chemical laboratory;
- Pharmacology laboratory;
- Herbarium;
- Experimental Garden;
- Laboratory for ichthyological research.
The entire area of the central office is divided into many zones, in each of which certain types of plants grow.
On the territory of the Botanical Garden they carry out:
- relaxation courses;
- yoga;
- weddings.
Sea of sands
The island of Java on the world map stands out as a large cluster high mountains and volcanoes:
- Bromo;
- The course;
- Batok.
They are located in the Tengger caldera, which is 8 km in diameter. The bottom of this crater is a thick layer of volcanic ash. This place is called the sea of sand. It covers the foothills of all 3 mountains.
Due to volcanic eruptions and ash accumulation, the crater's landscape resembles unearthly territories. On the territory of the sea of sands, no plants grow, and no animals and insects are found. Officially, since 1919, the landmark belongs to the Bromo reserve and is strictly guarded.
Thousand Islands
In the Gulf of Jakarta there is an archipelago, which consists of 112 islands. These islands have an area of 100 thousand hectares. and stretched for 97 miles.
Approximately 100 km 2 of the islands have the status of a national reserve. This district is located 45 km north of Jakarta and includes 44 islands. The climate of the Thousand Islands is similar to that of Java: subequatorial humid with an air temperature of 29-36 ° and an air humidity of 80%. A thousand islands amazes with the richness of flora and fauna.
The archipelago is popular for active recreation:
- fishing;
- canoeing;
- water skiing;
- scuba diving;
- windsurfing.
On the shores of each of the islands there are zones for playing:
- Beach volleyball;
- tennis;
- golf.
The most popular among tourists are the islands:
- Kotok;
- Bidadari;
- Putri;
- Sepa.
Resorts on the island. Titles, descriptions, benefits
The island of Java is famous not only for its sights, but also for its resorts.
Asnieres
The recreation area is located in West Java.
On its territory there are:
- own sandy beaches;
- restaurants;
- hotels;
- small local market.
Also in Asnieres, you can see the lighthouse, which was built by Portuguese architects. For a small fee, you can watch the sunset at the lighthouse.
Carita
This resort is suitable for families.
On the territory there are:
- wide embankment;
- sand beach.
Carita is located near the Krakatua volcano, which provides many options active rest from diving to mountain climbing.
Batu Karas
The shores of this resort are famous for high waves, which allows surfing all year round.
On the territory are located:
- Cafe;
- hotels;
- Black Beach is a mixture of sand and volcanic ash.
The resort is located near the city of Pangandaran.
Pangadaran
The resort is a beachfront complex located on a peninsula in South Java.
The resort has:
- guest houses;
- Cafe;
- the bus station from which you can go to Batung;
- base for surfing;
- the beach is dark brown in color as it contains volcanic sand.
Pandagaran is notable for its coziness, silence and the absence of crowds of tourists.
Panaitan Island
This resort differs from the rest, as it is the property of the Indonesian nation. Entrance to the territory is possible only with the permission of the governor. The island is not intended for tourists: there are no cafes or hotels. The shores of Panaitan are only suitable for surfing or diving.
Sukamade Beach
The resort is designed for camping away from civilization. There is no cellular communication, electricity and cafes on the territory. The beach is famous for its sea turtles, which lay eggs on its shores.
Also on the territory is the park Meru Betiri. There is a hotel 5 km from the beach. It is also allowed to set up a tent near the beach or rent a small cottage.
Resort City Bandung
Bandung belongs to the mountain resorts. From the city there are excursions to Dago Falls, Tangkuban Praia Volcano and Situpatengang Lake. Not far from the city are the beaches of Anyer and Karagan-Bolong, Punchake tea plantations, national park Pendant and safari park.
Karagan Bolong Beach
The resort is not intended for a beach holiday, as strong waves come from the Indian Ocean and sharp rocks are located on the shore. On the beach, you can have a picnic and watch the sunset through the arch formed from the coral reef after the tsunami.
Hotels on Java island, room rates and meals
Hotel table:
| Town | The name of the hotel | Rooms and services | Number of stars | Nutrition | Beach | Average rating of tourists | Price for 7 nights, rub |
| Jakarta | Sotis Residence Pejom-pongan | 2-bed deluxe | 3 | Breakfast | Not | 8,0 | 20160 |
| OYO 117 Blueberry Homestay | 2-bed standard | 2 | Not | Not | 7,8 | 6772 | |
| Badung | De Paviljoen Bandung by HIM Hotel | 2-seater | 4 | Breakfast | Artificial | 8,6 | 50300 |
| 4-bed room | 55398 | ||||||
| Surabaya | JW Marriott Hotel Surabaya | 2-bed deluxe | 5 | 3 times a day | Not | 8,9 | 46416 |
| 2-seater premium | 99078 | ||||||
| Askhara Guesthouse | 2-bed deluxe | 2 | Breakfast | 8,2 | 9892 | ||
| Common room for 6 persons | Not | 4109 | |||||
| Jokyakarta | Hotel Neo Malioboro | 2-bed deluxe | 3 | Breakfast | Not | 8,4 | 22753 |
| Royal Ambarr-ukmo | 2-bed deluxe | 5 | Breakfast | No | 9,0 | 33026 | |
| 2-seater premium | 114526 | ||||||
| Phangan Daran | Mini tiga homestay | 2-bed standard plus | 1 | Breakfast | There is | 9,0 | 6392 |
| Pondok wayang | 1 local standard | 2 | Breakfast | There is | 8,5 | 5935 | |
| 2-bed standard plus | 10300 |
A huge number of the main attractions of Indonesia are collected on the island of Java. Java is also rich in landscape diversity: vast areas of tropical forests, mountainous terrain and desert steppes are visible on the world map.
Article formatting: Lozinsky Oleg
Video about the island of Java
All the beauties of the Indonesian island of Java:
The capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is located on the island of Java. It has a length of 1000 kilometers from west to east. The island is full of volcanoes, of which 30 are considered active.
The coordinates of the island of Java:
7 ° 30'10 ″ south latitude
111 ° 15'47 ″ east longitude
Java on the world map which can be controlled (zoom and move with the mouse)Java facts:
- The area of the island is 132,000 thousand km².
- 30% of Java is jungle.
- On the island, archaeologists have discovered the remains of Pithecatropes and Javanthropus.
- Java was discovered in 1511.
- Java is considered the most populated island in the entire world.
- The population is 140 million people.
- Java is spoken in 2 languages: Javanese and Indonesian.
- The famous Kopi Luwak coffee is grown on the island.
- One of the main attractions is the Borobudur Temple.
- Jakarta is the largest and most modern city on the island.
- The best beaches are located in the west of the island.
Java is on the list: islands
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Latitude: 42 ° 23′58 ″ N
Longitude: 43 ° 56′12 ″ E
Elevation: 1084 m
Coordinates of Java in decimal degrees
Latitude: 42.3997200 °
Longitude: 43.9366700 °
Coordinates of Java in degrees and decimal minutes
Latitude: 42 ° 23.9832 ′ N
Longitude: 43 ° 56.2002 ′ E
All coordinates are given in the world coordinate system WGS 84.
WGS 84 is used in a satellite-based global positioning and navigation system (GPS).
Coordinates (latitude and longitude) define the position of a point on the Earth's surface. Coordinates are angular values. The canonical form of representing coordinates is degrees (°), minutes (′), and seconds (″). GPS systems widely use the representation of coordinates in degrees and decimal minutes or in decimal degrees.
Latitude ranges from -90 ° to 90 °. 0 ° - latitude of the equator; −90 ° - latitude of the South Pole; 90 ° is the latitude of the North Pole. Positive values correspond to northern latitude (points north of the equator, abbreviated N or N); negative - southern latitude (points south of the equator, abbreviated S or S).
Longitude is measured from the prime meridian (IERS Reference Meridian in the WGS 84 system) and ranges from −180 ° to 180 °. Positive values correspond to east longitude (abbreviated as E or E); negative - west longitude (abbreviated W or W).
Altitude indicates the height of a point relative to the reference sea level. We use a digital elevation model
Java is part of the Greater Sunda Islands, which form the Malay Archipelago. On the map, he can be found in the northeastern Indian Ocean.
It is not known exactly where the island of Java got its name. According to one of the existing versions, it comes from the Proto-Austronesian word "house". According to the other, the consonant name of the island is found in the manuscripts of the early Indian epic. There is also an opinion of some experts, according to which "Java" is a derivative of the word "Jau". From the Sanskrit language it can be translated as "barley" or "lying in the distance."
Geography
The island of Java (see photo below) was formed, according to scientists, about six to seven million years ago. In the same period, the entire Malay archipelago appeared.
Java is considered the protruding end of the mountain range that stretches from Burma to Sumatra, passing through the Nicobar and Andaman Islands. Many years ago, seismic and volcanic processes provoked the subsidence and uplift of the continent that previously existed in this place. As a result of all this, the island of Java appeared. The landscape of its central part is decorated with a mountain range stretching from west to east. On this part of the territory, the island of Java has volcanoes. In total, there are more than one hundred and twenty of them, among which thirty are active. The highest volcano is Semeru. Its height is 3676 m. This is the highest point of the island. Others, the most significant:
Bromo - 2329 m;
- Merapi - 2914 m.
The last of these two volcanoes is one of the ten most active on our planet. In 1006, its catastrophic eruption destroyed life on the island for three centuries. Fertile soil has turned into a desert. Java Island - "Death Valley". So, without a doubt, you could call it in those days.
Unfortunately, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions often occur in these places. The consequences of such seismic activity are very sad. They lead to numerous destruction and loss of life.
In contrast to the central part of the island, the coastal areas are marshy lowlands. There are a large number of lakes and many rivers flowing here.
Java has a rather winding coastline. In its bends there are a large number of convenient bays and bays, which allow ships with different landings to dock.
The coast of the island along almost its entire length has numerous narrow sandy beaches with small dunes that end in a tropical jungle.
Climate
The island of Java is located near the earth's equator. This geographical position has a significant impact on the climate of the area. It is equatorial, relatively hot and humid. The weather on the island is characterized by the absence of seasonal temperature changes. It's warm here all year round. The air warms up in the range from twenty-three to twenty-six degrees. The precipitation on the island is usually short-term tropical showers. Their number during the year can exceed 1000-1100 mm. In the northwestern and northern parts of the island, this figure is slightly higher. Sometimes it reaches 3000 mm.
Population
Today Java is home to over one hundred and forty million people. This allows it to be recognized as the most populous island in the whole world.
Most of the inhabitants of Java are Indonesians. In addition to them, representatives of a number of ethnic groups live on the island, the list of which includes:
Madurians;
- Sundans;
- minangkabau.
Alien peoples from India, China and Indochina also live here. All of them speak Malay, which is recognized as the state language on the island. You can often hear Javanese words in everyday life. There are also Chinese dialects in the conversation of local residents.
What are the main directions of the national economy, which the island of Java is proud of? The population of rural areas and small towns is engaged in the cultivation of barley, rice, coffee, including such a famous variety as "Kopi Luwak". Developed on the island and industry. Its industries such as electronics, processing, mining and textiles employ the population of large cities.
Administrative structure
In Java, the city of Jakarta is the largest in terms of population, importance and size. On the map, he can be found in the northwestern part of the island, on the coast itself. It is the largest settlement in the Malay Archipelago, which is also the capital of Indonesia. Jakarta has a population of 9.6 million. The list of major cities in Java includes:
Semarang.
- Yogyakarta.
- Bandung.
- Serang.
- Kudus.
- Hook.
- Surabaya.
- Malang et al.
According to its administrative structure, the island is divided into three provinces. These are West, East and Central Java.
Pearl of the Malay Archipelago
Indonesia includes about seventeen thousand islands. However, Java is without a doubt the real queen among them. Despite the fact that it is the most densely populated island on our planet, there are many places untouched by man. A trip to Java will appeal to the most adventurous tourists who want to recharge their energy and get a real drive. The island offers its guests ancient monuments and huge National parks, volcanoes and rice paddies adjacent to dense forests, shroud patches and large cities.
Jakarta
Many tourists wishing to get to know Indonesia first of all fly to the island of Java. The capital of the country, Jakarta, which is a colossal metropolis, serves as a starting point for many, from which begins the path to more interesting and calm routes.
This city is very complex and ambiguous. But it is from him that, as a rule, tourists begin to explore the island of Java. Only in Jakarta, after sightseeing and sightseeing, can you experience the country's rich history, its diverse culture and unusual architecture.
The list of interesting places in the capital of Indonesia includes numerous exhibition centers and parks. But among them there are those that deserve special attention of tourists. This is, for example, the Taman-Mini park. On its territory there are 27 pavilions, each of which displays traditional buildings, interesting decorations and other exhibits presented by different provinces. Here you can also admire the miniature, which in every detail represents Indonesia.
The park of dreams, located in the Anchola region, also attracts tourists. On its territory you can buy bone ornaments, batiks and other creations of local craftsmen.
The center "Tamaya Ismail Narzuki" is also interesting for the guests of Jakarta. On its territory there are many venues with five theaters and numerous exhibitions. The complex includes a dance hall and a planetarium.
The main attraction of the capital, of which the island of Java is rightfully proud (see photo below), is the National Monument. It is a tower that rises more than 130 m above the surface of the earth. The material for its production was Italian marble. Above, the National Monument is decorated with an imitation of a flame made of gilding. For Indonesia, this tower is a symbol of the capital.
What else can Java Island please its guests with? Reviews of tourists are recommended to include the Istiklal Mosque in the list of must-see sites. It is the largest Muslim sanctuary located in Southeast Asia.
Borobudur
Numerous tourists tend to visit the temples of Java. Getting acquainted with Indonesia, it is impossible not to visit Borobudur. It is the third largest Buddhist-Hindu temple in the entire world. In size, Borobudur is second only to Cambodian Angkor, as well as Burmese Shwedagon.
The Indonesian temple is a stepped pyramid, the height of which is 34 m.It rises on an artificially created hill that embodies sacred mountain Meru (according to ancient Indian legends, it is she who is the center of the whole world). According to the teachings, any visitor to Borobudur or a pilgrim begins his ascent "from earth to heaven." Moreover, the road leading to the temple is a spiral. Walking along it, visitors examine the eight terraces of Borobudur and get acquainted with the history of the emergence of Buddhism, carved on one and a half thousand reliefs and stone sculptures.
The architecture of the temple itself indicates the influence of Persian, Greek, Indian and Babylonian architects. It is a majestic structure with a breathtaking and grandiose view from the upper levels. There is also a sculpture of Buddha. There is a legend that the one who was able to reach his little finger will certainly be in luck.
The island of Java (Indonesia) is rightfully proud of this real wonder of the world. After all, the Borobudur temple, which was erected 1200 years ago, is a beautiful, grandiose and picturesque structure. It survived the eruption of the nearby volcano Merapi, a change in the island not only of the political course, but also of religion. It has retained its beautiful appearance even after the invasions of treasure hunters.
Prambanan
What else attracts tourists to the island of Java? The sights located on its territory contain in their list another masterpiece, which is one rank below Borobudur. This is the Prambanan temple complex. Unlike Borobudur, it is located on a plain, which the locals call the Valley of the Kings. This area is literally littered with the ruins of ancient structures.
The Prambanan complex itself is a collection of three temples, each of which is dedicated to one of the gods - Vishnu, Brahma and Shiva. The walls of these amazingly beautiful structures are decorated with bas-reliefs, scenes from which are taken from the ancient Indian epic, which is called "Ramayana".
The end of the construction of Prambanan is considered to be 856. This temple commemorated the victory of the Hindu king Picatan over the Buddhist king belonging to the Shailendra dynasty.
Craton
What other temples does Java offer its guests to explore? Attractions that Javanese are proud of include the Kraton palace complex. Locals consider it to be the "navel" of the world. The palace was for the island not only the seat of the sultanate. The Javans believed that this is the center of the universe.
In Craton are located:
Chambers of the Sultan himself and his family members;
- throne room;
- pavilions for various performances;
- mosque;
- chambers for contemplation.
In the 19th century. the interior decoration of the palace complex was changed. He was given European features. Cast iron columns and Italian marble, Rococo furniture and chandeliers appeared. All of these interior details are in strong contrast to Kraton's Javanese foundation.
Bogor
Not far from the bustling capital of Jakarta, there is a tranquil town. Just an hour away from the metropolis by train, and you are in Bogor, famous throughout the island for its huge botanical garden. Here you can see the largest flower on our planet - titanic amorphophaldus.
Local residents call Bogor "the city of rain". Indeed, it always rains here every afternoon. That is why in botanical garden it is better to walk early in the morning. Visitors will see amazing trees that look like bell-bottomed trousers. There is a Mexican garden, an orchid garden and much more. Deer roam in the royal park next door.
Gunung Halimun
It is one of the most national parks in Java. It differs from all the others in that the road to it is relatively simple. It is enough to drive from Bogor just an hour and a half.
Gunung Halimun Park is worth a visit for those tourists who are lovers of fauna and flora. Here you can see a large number of plants, more than a dozen species of birds, as well as mammals (including the West Javanese gibbons, which are on the verge of extinction).
Malang
This city was founded by the Dutch in the 18th century. Tourists who choose it get acquainted with the eastern part of Java. Malang attracts guests with its surroundings, which are cozy coffee plantations. There are also numerous Hindu temples built on the slopes of Penanggungan Mountain, which the locals consider sacred. Not far from Malang are the most famous beaches among tourists, the most popular of which is Balekambang. From the city, you can quickly reach such volcanoes as Seperu, Bromo and Ijen. Public transport goes to them from Malang.
Taman Sari
There are also special attractions in Java. One of them is Taman Sari. This is a water castle, built specifically for the sultan in 1758. Taman Sari is a whole park of palace complexes with canals and pools. The castle has underground tunnels and special secret rooms.
