Geographical position, area of the Crimea. Geography Extreme points of Crimea and their geographic coordinates

14.10.202127.05.2017

Crimea today is the blessed land of the Crimean peninsula washed by the Black and Azov seas. In the north it stretches a plain, in the south - the Crimean mountains with a necklace near the coastal strip of seaside resort cities: Yalta, Mishor, Alupka, Simeiz, Gurzuf, Alushta, Feodosia, Evpatoria and seaports - Kerch, Sevastopol.

Crimea is located within 44 ° 23 "(Cape Sarych) and 46 ° 15" (Perekop ditch) north latitude, 32 ° 30 "(Cape Karamrun) and 36 ° 40" (Cape Fonar) east longitude. The area of the Crimean peninsula is 26.0 thous. Km. the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.

A narrow eight-kilometer strip of land to the north (the Perekop Isthmus) connects the Crimea with the continents, and 4-5 km - the width of the Kerch Strait in the east (the length of the strait is about 41 km) - separates it from the Taman Peninsula. The total length of the Crimean borders exceeds 2500 km (taking into account the extreme tortuosity of the northeast coastline). In general, the shores of the Crimea are little indented, the Black Sea forms three large bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia; The Sea of Azov also formed three gulfs: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

The physical and geographical position of Crimea as a whole is distinguished by the following most characteristic features. First, the location of the peninsula at 45 ° north latitude determines its equidistance from the equator and the North Pole, which is associated with a fairly large amount of incoming solar energy and a large number of hours of sunshine. Secondly, Crimea is almost an island. This is connected, on the one hand, a large number of endemics (plant species that are not found anywhere except in the area) and endemics (similar animal species); on the other hand, this explains the significant impoverishment of the Crimean fauna; in addition, the climate and other components of nature are significantly influenced by the marine environment. Thirdly, the position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere is especially important, leading to the prevalence of westerly winds in Crimea. Crimea occupies a borderline position between the temperate and subtropical geographic zones.

The peculiarities of the transport and geographical position of Crimea in the past determined the nature of the population of the peninsula and the specifics of its economy. In the Middle Ages, Crimea was a kind of dead end on the path of many nomadic tribes. Many settled here and perceived the local languages, culture and religion.

The maritime environment of the Crimea determined not only the peculiarities of external economic relations, but also the development of seaside recreation. Through the Danube and Dnieper rivers, Crimea has access to the ports of the countries of Central Europe, the Baltic States and Scandinavia, and through the Don and the canal system of European Russia - to the Baltic and White Seas, the Caspian states.

A favorable feature of the economic and geographical position of Crimea is its proximity to the economically developed Kherson and Zaporozhye regions of Ukraine and the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation.

The nature of the Crimea is called a natural museum. There are few places in the world where diverse, comfortable and picturesque landscapes would be combined in such an original way. In many respects, they are due to the originality of the geographical location, geological structure, relief, climate of the peninsula. The Crimean mountains divide the peninsula into two unequal parts. Big - northern - is located in the extreme south of the temperate zone, southern - the Crimean sub-Mediterranean - belongs to the northern edge of the subtropical belt.

The flora of Crimea is especially rich and interesting. Only wild higher plants account for more than 65% of the flora of the entire European part of the Commonwealth countries. Along with this, about 1000 species of foreign plants are cultivated here. Almost all the flora of Crimea is concentrated in its southern mountainous part. This is a truly museum richness of flora.

The climate of most of Crimea is the climate of the temperate zone: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, typical for deciduous forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and shrubs.

Crimea, especially its mountainous part, due to its comfortable climate, richness of clean air toned with phytoncides, sea salts, pleasant aroma of plants, also has great healing power. The bowels of the earth also contain healing mud and mineral waters.

The Crimean peninsula is provided with a lot of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January, there is 8-10 times more heat per unit of the earth's surface per day than, for example, in St. Petersburg. Crimea receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer, especially in July. Spring is cooler here than autumn. And autumn is the best season of the year. The weather is calm, sunny and moderately warm.

True, sharp fluctuations in pressure during the day exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in people who are not completely healthy. In Crimea, which is well supplied with heat, the biological productivity of plants, including agricultural crops, and the resistance of landscapes to stress largely depend on the amount of moisture. And the need for water is constantly growing among the local population and the national economy, primarily in agriculture and health resorts. So the water in Crimea is a true engine of life and culture.

A relatively small amount of atmospheric precipitation, a long dry summer, the spread of karst rocks in the mountains led to the poverty of the Crimea in surface waters.

Crimea is divided into two parts: a plain steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and a mountain forest with a relatively dense river network. There are no large freshwater lakes here. In the coastal strip of the flat Crimea there are about 50 lakes with a total area of 5.3 thousand km2.

Depending on the direction of surface water runoff, the Crimean rivers are divided into three groups: rivers on the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains, the rivers on the southern coast of Crimea, and rivers on the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains.

All rivers on the northwestern slopes run almost parallel to each other. Until about the middle of their course, they look like typical mountain streams. The largest of them are Alma, Kacha, Belbek and Chernaya.

The rivers of the southern coast of Crimea are short, have very steep channel slopes, stormy temper in floods.

In the west, besides the usually dry ravines and the Khastabash brook, the largest is the Uchan-Su river. Quickly running down to the sea, it forms waterfalls in four places. The uppermost and largest of them is Uchan-Su (Flying Water).

The rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains are distinguished by the fact that outside the mountains they deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash - the lagoon of the Azov Sea. In the upper reaches of the river, it is constantly with water, and within the plains in summer, their channels are often dry.

Salgir is the longest river in Crimea. Together with the tributary Biyuk-Karasu, it represents the largest water system in Crimea. The upper reaches of the Salgir are formed from the confluence of the Angara and Kizil-Koba rivers. A large tributary of the Ayan flows into Salgir near the village of Zarechnoye.

Salgir fills the large Simferopol reservoir, built in 1951-1955. Below Simferopol, the river receives its right tributaries - the Beshterek, Zuya, Burulcha rivers, and 27 km from Sivash - Biyuk-Karasu. The Taiganskoye and Belogorskoye reservoirs have been built on Biyuk-Karasu.

The population of Crimea is unevenly distributed throughout the territory. 50% of the population of the republic lives on the coast. In 1991, 69% lived in cities, and 31% in rural areas. 43% of the Crimean population lives in four large cities: Sevastopol (371.4 thousand people in 1991), Simferopol (357 thousand people), Kerch (189.5 thousand people) and Evpatoria (113.3 thousand people).

Crimea is characterized by an increase in the number of cities and urban-type settlements and the relative stability of rural settlements. In recent years, cities such as Sudak, Krasnoperekopsk, Armyansk, Shchelkino have appeared on the map of Crimea. The number of urban-type settlements is growing rapidly - since 1959 more than doubled.

The bulk of the population of Crimea is made up of workers (about 60 percent), office workers - 28, peasants - less than 11 percent.

Crimea has always been distinguished not only by a high proportion of the urban population, but also by a high level of literacy and education of its inhabitants. For every thousand inhabitants in cities there were 900, and in villages 730 people with higher, secondary specialized and secondary education.

The training of highly qualified specialists is carried out by 6 state higher educational institutions (Simferopol State University, Crimean Medical Institute, Crimean Agricultural Institute. Sevastopol Instrument-Making Institute, Crimean Institute of Environmental Protection and Resort Construction. Crimean State Industrial Pedagogical Institute), two branches of universities - Kiev Economic University (in Simferopol) and the Kaliningrad Fish University (in Kerch), as well as several commercial universities.

Military specialists are trained by the military institute in Sevastopol and the civil engineering school in Simferopol.

In recent years, colleges have been established on a commercial basis. 30 secondary specialized educational institutions are engaged in the training of specialists. Vocational schools train personnel in 120 specialties.

In Crimea, there are academic institutes and cultural institutions. In Simferopol there is the Crimean branch of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the production association "Efirmaslo", "KrymNIIproekt", in the village of Nauchny - the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and others.

There are several professional theaters and a philharmonic society, an art gallery in Feodosia. A large number of newspapers are published. Publishing houses "Tavrida", "Tavria", "Krymuchpedgiz" and others work. There are a large number of museums in Crimea, many of which are associated with the destinies of prominent writers, artists, scientists who lived on the peninsula.

The economic appearance of the Crimea, the structure, the nature of the location of industries and the population evolved mainly in accordance with its natural and socio-economic conditions.

Until 1917, the republic's economy was predominantly agrarian. Gradually, it developed into an industrial-agrarian one.

Crimea is distinguished by a diversified agriculture and recreational economy, the production of soda ash, titanium dioxide, sulfuric acid, technological equipment for the food industry, televisions, ocean ships, fish and fish products. In addition to mechanical engineering, chemical industry, agriculture and recreation, the industries of specialization also include the food industry, which produces grape wines, canned fruits and vegetables, and essential oils.

In the structure of industrial production, the leading place belongs to the food industry, followed by mechanical engineering and metalworking, the chemical industry, and the construction materials industry.

Agriculture of the Crimea is specialized in grain and animal husbandry, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as in the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, rose, sage). The volumes of gross production of animal husbandry and crop production are balanced.

Of great importance for the republic is sea transport... Export-import transportation of various cargoes is carried out through the Crimean ports. The most important ports are Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, Evpatoria. The largest port city is Sevastopol.

Crimea is connected by air with all CIS countries and many non-CIS countries.

The recreational economy is one of the leading industries in the republic. From the Latin language, recreation is translated as "restoration", meaning the restoration of the physical and psychophysiological conditions of a person. The recreational facilities include: sanatoriums, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist hotels and tourist centers, campings, children's camps. The recreational farm operates on beach, balneological and climatic resources, curative mud, sea water, landscape resources.

The sectors of the Crimean social infrastructure - utilities, consumer services, public education, public catering, trade, health care, social security, culture, physical education, credit and insurance, science and scientific services - are distinguished by a high level of development.

The Crimean peninsula is located in the south of Russia. Latitude of southern France or northern Italy. From the east, the coast of Crimea is washed by the waters of the Azov Sea, and from the west and south - by the Black Sea. The Crimean Peninsula is connected to the continent only along a narrow isthmus, a maximum of eight kilometers wide. The name of the isthmus at first glance seems unexpected - Perekopsky (why did they want to dig it up, but did not have time?!).

The Crimea also includes two peninsulas:

Kerch, it is located in the east between the Black and Azov seas,
Tarkhankutsky, occupies the western part of the Crimea.

The southern coast of the Crimean peninsula is considered to be the most favorable for a reason: the sea is located from the southeast, and the mountains are protected from the winds from the northwest. This creates a velvety climate of dry subtropics.

The Crimean peninsula has borders with Ukraine, Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey and Georgia. The capital and the largest transport hub on the peninsula is the city of Simferopol. The population of Simferopol is about 400 thousand inhabitants.

Geographic characteristics

Territory - 26860 km². Length: from east to west - 360 km, from south to north - 180 km.
The southernmost part is Cape Sarych; the westernmost cape - Priboiny; a cape with the telling name Lantern is in the east.

There are many seaports, the largest are Evpatoria, Feodosia, Yalta, Kerch.

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The length of the coastline of the Crimean Peninsula is more than 2,500 km. Of these, almost 50% falls on the Sivash Bay, 750 km - the Black Sea coast and about 500 km - the Azov Sea coast. The shores of the peninsula are indented with numerous bays, bays and coves.

The territory of Crimea is 72% of plains, 20% of mountains and 8% of lakes and rivers.

Relief

The Crimean peninsula in the distant years, judging by the results of the study, had favorable natural conditions. People have been living here for a long time. Here are found monuments from the Middle Paleolithic (about 150 thousand years ago), Mesolithic, Neolithic, Eneolithic and Bronze Age.

In many Crimean museums of local lore, unique archaeological finds are stored, found in grottoes, caves, under the canopies of rocks, where primitive people found a natural refuge.

Here are some natural and historical monuments of Crimea:

burial of Neanderthals in the Kiik-Koba cave, located near the village. Zuya in the Belogorsk district,
Wolf grotto and Chokurcho near Simferopol,
Staroselie near Bakhchisarai,
Ak-Kai near Belogorsk.

No older finds are known in Europe.

The relief of the Crimean peninsula consists of three unequal parts:

North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory),
Kerch Peninsula
and in the south - the mountainous Crimea stretches in three ridges.

The highest is the Crimean Mountains is Mount Roman-Kosh (1545 m).

Crimean mountains

Once upon a time, 200 million years ago, waves of the Tethys primordial ocean were kneading at this place. The Crimean and Caucasian mountains rose from it 7-8 million years ago. These mountains divided the ocean waters to form the Black and Caspian Seas.

They have three main ridges, which are separated by valleys. These ridges begin in the southwest of Crimea. Here are their names:

The main one (aka South) - begins at and follows along the coast to Feodosia. It has a length of almost 180 km. Ends at the Cape of St. Elijah;
Inner ridge (Middle), stretches from the Mekenziev mountains towards the Old Crimea;
External - starts from the Kara-Tau upland, which is on the watershed of the Belbek and Kacha rivers, and follows to Simferopol.

The width of the mountain strip reaches 50 km.

Crimean mountains are very picturesque and not like others. They are like huge frozen waves. The main ridge to the north has gentle slopes, and to the south it breaks off with high steep walls. It has its own peculiarity - it has not the usual tip of the top, but wavy mountain plateaus. In Crimea, they are called yayls (translated as summer pasture).

In Alushta, the Main Ridge is divided into separate massifs bearing the names Babugan, Chatyr-dag and Demerdzhi. The gently sloping Dolgorukovskaya Yayla goes to the north, and the largest Karabi-Yaila in terms of area goes to the east. It is connected with Demerdzhinskaya only by a “bridge” in the form of the Table-Mountain.

After that, the Main Ridge finally disintegrates, only individual mountain ranges, peaks and volcanic massifs remain, of which the most interesting and unusual is Karadag.

In many places on the East Coast, the ancient "Tauride platform" protrudes directly from the ground, forming an unusual form of elevation with collapses, cracks, and ravines. Further, to the east of Feodosia, there are roads and paths of a sparsely populated land, the relief of which is called the Kerch Hill Mountains.

To the north and north-west of the Feodosiya Bay, almost the entire small Crimea was occupied by the huge Crimean steppe, in comparison with the coastal resort strip. So “Cimmeria” (sometimes called “Kimtavria”) is a land of contrasts - mountains, coast, flat hills, steppe.

Steppe

The steppe occupies the most extensive part of the territory of Crimea. It is the southern edge of the East European, or Russian, plain and slopes slightly to the north. The Kerch Peninsula is divided by the Parpach Ridge into two parts: the southwestern - plain and the northeastern - hilly, which is characterized by the alternation of ring-shaped limestone ridges, gentle depressions, mud hills and coastal lake basins.

In the flat part of the peninsula, varieties of southern and calcareous chernozems prevail; dark chestnut and meadow-chestnut soils of dry forests and shrubs, as well as brown mountain-forest and mountain-meadow chernozem-like soils (on yayls), are less common.

The Crimean peninsula has extensive agricultural land. More than 52% of the territory is occupied by arable land, there are not so many orchards and vineyards - about 5%. It's not even clear where the Crimean wines came from in our stores now! Part of the land is used for pastures. There are also forests.

Rivers and lakes

On the Crimean peninsula, more 1600 rivers and temporary drains. Their total length is about 6,000 kilometers. However, these are usually small streams, which almost dry up in summer. There are only 257 rivers with a length of more than 5 km.

The most significant of the rivers, according to their geographic location, are divided into several groups:

rivers of the northern and northeastern slope of the Crimean mountains (Salgir, the longest river of the peninsula, - 232 km; Wet Indol - 27 km; Churuksu - 33 km, etc.);
rivers of the northwestern slope (Black - 41 km, Belbek - 63 km, Kacha - 69 km, Alma - 84 km, Western Bulganak - 52 km, etc.);
rivers of the Southern coast of Crimea (Uchan-Su - 8.4 km, Derekoyka - 12 km, Ulu-Uzen - 15 km, Demerdzhi - 14 km, Ulu-Uzen Vostochny - 16 km, etc.);
beams of the flat Crimea and the Kerch Peninsula.

The rivers of the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains flow almost parallel to each other, up to the middle of the course they are typically mountainous. The rivers of the northern slopes in the plain deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash. The short rivers of the South Bank, flowing into the Black Sea, are typically mountainous along their entire length. The mountain river Uchan-Su runs down to the sea, forming waterfalls in four places.

There are also many lakes and estuaries on the territory of the peninsula - over three hundred. Some of them are mud. The lakes along the coast are mostly salty. On the Tarkhankut Peninsula there is a fairly large freshwater Ak-Mechetskoye lake. Mountain lakes are mainly artificial reservoirs. There are more than 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of which is Lake Sasyk (Kunduk) - 205 sq. Km.

Weather in Crimea

The natural conditions of the Crimean peninsula are quite extraordinary. This amazing region is endowed with fertile lands, and magnificent sea coast, and majestic, unique in their beauty, mountain ranges. The Crimean peninsula has a mild climate throughout the peninsula.

In the south and north, however, there are differences. On the southern coast, the Crimean peninsula is close to the Mediterranean and subtropical, and in the northern part of the peninsula it is continental.

Summers are sunny and quite hot, with occasional but heavy rains. It usually begins in mid-May and lasts until the end of September. The air in these places is not very humid. Autumn in Crimea is rainy, but warm, almost calm, smoothly turning into winter with little snow with rare, not severe frosts.

Crimea is not only an administrative and resort unit. Primarily it is a peninsula, a geographical unit. Consequently, in the geography lessons of their native land, local schoolchildren memorize the extreme points of the Crimea - their coordinates, names and features.

Extreme northern point in Crimea

Coordinates - 46.161050, 33.692249.

It is difficult to name a specific point for this end of the peninsula - the northern cordon of Crimea runs across the Perekop Isthmus. But where is it? Theoretically exactly in the middle. Where is the middle?

As a result, the geographers took the path of least resistance, giving out a conditional border, indicating that the village of Perekop is the closest settlement to the northern point of Crimea. It is subordinate to the City Council of Armyansk (the city is also located on the isthmus). The village was the result of an attempt to restore the town of the same name - it was destroyed during Civil war... Nowadays about 1000 people live in it, in fact it is a district. Nearby is the border zone. But the village itself is not included in it.

As for, it has always been considered the most vulnerable and "responsible" part of the Crimea. It connects it with the mainland, while it is very narrow (no more than 9 km). When trying to attack Taurida from land, Perekop took the main blow - for this reason, in ancient times, it was blocked by defensive structures called. Due to the narrowness of the perimeter, the defense could be held for a long time and reliably - this business was always entrusted to the best military leaders, and the reliable defense of Perekop greatly increased the overall security of Crimea (it is also not easy to take it from the sea).

Of the "warriors of Perekop", the Tatar murza Tugai-bey (associate of B. Khmelnitsky) and M.V. Frunze, who organized in 1920 a unique military operation to defend the white army of Baron Wrangel.

The extreme point in the south of Crimea

Coordinates - 44.386747, 33.777032.

With the south, everything is also not easy, sources name two capes - and Nicholas (both - next to and adjacent to each other).

In fact, the extreme southern point of Crimea is M. Nikolay, but Sarych is 3 geographic minutes to the north. It is simply more famous, in particular, for the legendary battle of the Russian squadron with the cruisers Breslau and Goeben at the initial stage of the First World War.

Its name is associated with the name of N.N. Raevsky, general, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, father-in-law of the Decembrist S.G. Volkonsky. For his military exploits, the commander was awarded a dacha estate near the cape, and geographic feature named after the patron saint of him and his father.

Now it is problematic to get to the ledge itself - there is a border post on it. The Foros camp is located near it.

The extreme point in the west of Crimea

Coordinates - 45.390415, 32.480458.

The extreme western point of Crimea will not provide a comfortable rest - the shores of Cape Priboyny (the Tatar name Kara-Mrun is also common) is steep, there are no bearable roads on its plateau.

But it is located in a romantic resort area - it is part of the Tarkhankut Peninsula. Closest to him locality- popular. Surf separates and. From the north, its neighbor is Ocheretai Bay, also famous among tourists.

A geodetic mark has been installed on the cape. Its plateau is covered with common annual meadow grasses and, in principle, is not very interesting. Usually regulars come here to take pictures “in the very west of Crimea”.

The easternmost point in Crimea

Coordinates - 45.382946, 36.644643.

But not all extreme points of Crimea are so mysterious or everyday. Its eastern extremity - - has a clear location on the map, a rich and well-studied history, and no one disputes its right to be called a "border".

The cape is found on, at the outskirts of modern Kerch and marks the entrance to. For this reason, it has been noted by people since ancient times. Archaeologists have recorded the existence of settlements of the Bronze Age and the ancient Greek settlement of Parthenium on the Lantern.

There is an active lighthouse on the cape. It appeared there in 1820, but now you can see only new buildings - the old ones were destroyed during the Great Patriotic War (here the participants of the Kerch-Eltingen operation were disembarked). The lighthouse complex still does not guarantee against wrecks - in 1995 the dry cargo ship "Doga" sank under the Syrian flag on the abeam of the Lantern - the now abandoned ship is a bait

Crimea is located within 44о23 ′ (Cape Sarych) and 46о15 ′ (Perekop ditch) north latitude and 32о30 ′ (Cape Karamrun) and 36о40 ′ (Cape Fonar) east longitude. The area of the Crimean peninsula is 26.0 thousand km2, the maximum distance from north to south is 205 km, from west to east - 325 km.
A narrow eight-kilometer strip of land in the north (Perekop Isthmus) connects Crimea with the mainland, and 4-5 km - the width of the Kerch Strait in the east (the length of the strait is about 41 km) - separates it from the Taman Peninsula. The total length of the Crimean borders exceeds 2500 km (taking into account the extreme tortuosity of the northeast coastline). In general, the shores of Crimea are little indented, the Black Sea forms three large bays: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodossiysky; The Azov Sea also formed three gulfs: Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash.

Physical and geographical position of Crimea in general, it is distinguished by the following most characteristic features. First, the location of the peninsula at 45 ° north latitude determines its equal distance from the equator and the North Pole, which is associated with a fairly large amount of incoming solar energy and a large number of hours of sunshine. Secondly, Crimea is almost an island. This is connected, on the one hand, with a large number of endemics (plant species that are not found anywhere except in this area) and endemics (similar animal species); on the other hand, this explains the significant deprivation of the Crimean fauna; in addition, the climate and other natural components are significantly influenced by the marine environment. Thirdly, the position of the peninsula in relation to the general circulation of the Earth's atmosphere is especially important, leading to the prevalence of westerly winds in Crimea. Crimea occupies a borderline position between the temperate and subtropical geographic zones.

Features of the transport and geographical location of Crimea in the past determined the nature of the population of the peninsula and the specifics of its economy. In the Middle Ages, Crimea was a kind of dead end on the path of many nomadic tribes. Many settled here and perceived the local languages, culture, and religion.
The maritime environment of the Crimea determined not only the peculiarities of external economic relations, but also the development of seaside recreation. Through the Danube and Dnieper rivers, Crimea has access to the ports of Central Europe, the Baltic States and Scandinavia, and through the Don and the canal system of European Russia - to the Baltic and White Seas, the Caspian states.

A favorable feature of the economic and geographical location of Crimea is its neighborhood with the economically developed Kherson and Zaporozhye regions of Ukraine and with the Krasnodar Territory of the Russian Federation.

State and territorial structure
The capital of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is the city of Simferopol. The territorial-administrative structure of Crimea includes villages, urban-type settlements, cities. Sevastopol has a special status of “a separate administrative unit”, but it is an integral part of Crimea.

Languages used on the territory of Crimea- Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar.

The central figure of the coat of arms of Crimea is a white (silver) griffin holding a shell with a blue (azure) pearl in its raised paw. The griffin (a winged lion with an eagle's head) is a mythological creature - a symbol of the ancient cities of Chersonesos, Panticapaeum and others, in later times - the cities of Sevastopol and Kerch.
Since ancient times, protective properties have been attributed to the griffin. On the coat of arms of Crimea, he is depicted as a symbol of the guardian and defender of the republic. The blue pearl symbolizes Crimea as a unique corner of the planet, the unity of all its peoples, religions and cultures.
The griffin is placed on the Varangian shield (small coat of arms) - a symbol of the intersection of important trade routes, and its red color is a symbol of courage, bravery and courage of the Crimean peoples of all ages.
The shield is held by antique marble columns. The crown of the coat of arms is the rising golden sun - a symbol of rebirth and prosperity, warmth and light.
Under the shield, wrapped in rings around the columns, is a blue-white-red (in the colors of the Crimean flag) motto ribbon with the inscription: “Prosperity in unity”.

Crimea nature
The nature of the Crimea is called a natural museum. There are few places in the world where a variety of comfortable and picturesque landscapes would be combined in such an original way. In many respects, they are due to the originality of the geographical location, geological structure, relief, climate of the peninsula. The Crimean mountains divide the peninsula into two unequal parts. Big - northern - is located in the extreme temperate zone, southern - the Crimean sub-Mediterranean - refers to the northern edge of the subtropical belt.
The flora of Crimea is especially rich and interesting. Only wild higher plants account for more than 65% of the flora of the entire European part of the Commonwealth countries. Along with this, about 1000 species of foreign plants are cultivated here. Almost all the flora of Crimea is concentrated in its southern mountainous part. This is a truly museum richness of flora.

The climate of most of Crimea- this is the climate of the temperate zone: mild steppe - in the flat part; more humid, typical for deciduous forests - in the mountains. The southern coast of Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate of dry forests and shrubs.
The Crimean peninsula is provided with a lot of heat not only in summer, but also in winter. In December and January, there is 8-10 times more heat per unit of the earth's surface per day than, for example, in St. Petersburg.
Crimea receives the greatest amount of solar heat in summer, especially in July. Spring is cooler here than autumn. And autumn is the best season of the year. The weather is calm, sunny and moderately warm. True, sharp fluctuations in pressure during the day sharply exacerbate cardiovascular diseases in people who are not entirely healthy.
In Crimea, which is well supplied with heat, the biological productivity of plants, including agricultural crops, and the resistance of landscapes to stress largely depend on the amount of moisture. And the need for water is constantly growing among the local population and the national economy, primarily in agriculture and health resorts. So the water in Crimea is a true engine of life and culture.
A relatively small amount of atmospheric precipitation, a long dry summer, the spread of karst rocks in the mountains led to the poverty of the Crimea in surface waters. Crimea is divided into two parts: a plain steppe with a very small number of surface watercourses and a mountain forest with a relatively dense river network. There are no large freshwater lakes here. In the coastal strip of the flat Crimea there are about 50 estuary lakes with a total area of 5.3 thousand square kilometers.

In Crimea, there are 1,657 rivers and temporary watercourses with a total length of 5996 km. Of these, about 150 rivers are dwarf rivers up to 10 km in length. The Salgir River alone is more than 200 km long. The river network is extremely unevenly developed on the peninsula.
Depending on the direction of surface water runoff, the Crimean rivers are divided into three groups: rivers on the northwestern slopes of the Crimean Mountains, the rivers on the southern coast of Crimea, and rivers on the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains.
All rivers on the northwestern slopes run almost parallel to each other. Until about the middle of their course, they look like typical mountain streams. The largest of them are Alma, Kacha, Belbek and Chernaya.
The rivers of the southern coast of Crimea are short, have very steep channel slopes, stormy temper in floods.
In the west, besides the usually dry ravines and the Khastabash brook, the largest is the Uchan-Su river. Quickly running down to the sea, it forms waterfalls in four places. The uppermost and largest of them (Volatile Water).
The rivers of the northern slopes of the Crimean Mountains are distinguished by the fact that outside the mountains they deviate to the east and flow into the Sivash - the lagoon of the Azov Sea. In the upper reaches of the river, it is constantly with water, and within the plains in summer, their channels are often dry.
Salgir is the longest river in Crimea. Together with the tributary Biyuk-Karasu, it represents the largest water system in Crimea. The upper reaches of the Salgir are formed from the confluence of the Angara and Kizil-Koba rivers. A large tributary of the Ayan flows into Salgir near the village of Zarechnoye. Salgir fills the large Simferopol reservoir, built in 1951-1955. Below Simferopol, the river receives its right tributaries - the Beshterek, Zuya, Burulcha rivers, and 27 km from Sivash - Biyuk-Karasu. The Taiganskoye and Belogorskoye reservoirs have been built on Biyuk-Karasu.

Population of Crimea
The population of Crimea is unevenly distributed throughout the territory. 50% of the population of the republic lives on the coast. In 1991, 69% lived in cities, and 31% in rural areas. 43% of the Crimean population lives in four large cities: Sevastopol (371.4 thousand people in 1991), Simferopol (357 thousand people), Kerch (189.5 thousand people) and Evpatoria (113.3 thousand people).
Crimea is characterized by an increase in the number of cities and urban-type settlements and the relative stability of rural settlements. In recent years, cities such as Krasnoperekopsk, Armyansk, have appeared on the map of Crimea. The number of urban-type settlements is growing rapidly - since 1959 more than doubled.
The bulk of the population of Crimea is made up of workers (about 60 percent), office workers - 28, peasants - less than 11 percent.

Education
Crimea has always been distinguished not only by a high proportion of the urban population, but also by a high level of literacy and education of its inhabitants. For every thousand inhabitants in cities there were 900, and in villages 730 people with higher, secondary specialized and secondary education.
The training of highly qualified specialists is carried out by 6 state higher educational institutions (Simferopol State University, Crimean Medical Institute, Crimean Agricultural Institute, Sevastopol Instrument-Making Institute. Crimean Institute of Environmental Protection and Resort Construction, Crimean State Industrial Pedagogical Institute), two branches of universities - Kiev Economic University (in Simferopol) and the Kaliningrad Fish University (in Kerch), as well as several commercial universities.
Military specialists are trained by the military institute in Sevastopol and the civil engineering school in Simferopol.
In recent years, colleges have been established on a commercial basis. 30 secondary specialized educational institutions are engaged in the training of specialists. Vocational schools train personnel in 120 specialties.
In Crimea, there are academic institutes and cultural institutions. There are several professional theaters and a philharmonic society, an art gallery in Feodosia. A large number of newspapers are published. There are a large number of museums in Crimea, many of which are associated with the destinies of prominent writers, artists, scientists who lived on the peninsula.

The economic appearance of the Crimea
The economic appearance of the Crimea, the structure, the nature of the location of industries and the population evolved mainly in accordance with its natural and socio-economic conditions.
Until 1917, the republic's economy was predominantly agrarian. Gradually, it developed into an industrial-agrarian one.
Crimea is distinguished by a diversified agriculture and recreational economy, the production of soda ash, titanium dioxide, sulfuric acid, technological equipment for the food industry, televisions, ocean ships, fish and fish products. In addition to mechanical engineering, chemical industry, agriculture and recreation, the industries of specialization also include the food industry, which produces grape wines, canned fruits and vegetables, and essential oils.
In the structure of industrial production, the leading place belongs to the food industry, followed by mechanical engineering and metalworking, the chemical industry, and the construction materials industry.
Agriculture of the Crimea is specialized in grain and animal husbandry, viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing, as well as in the cultivation of essential oil crops (lavender, rose, sage). The volumes of gross production of livestock and crop products are balanced.
Sea transport is of great importance for the republic. Export-import transportation of various cargoes is carried out through the Crimean ports. The most important ports are Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta, Evpatoria. The largest port city is Sevastopol.

Recreational economy is one of the leading industries in the republic. From the Latin language, recreation is translated as "recovery", meaning the restoration of the physical and psychophysiological conditions of a person. The recreational facilities include; sanatoriums, boarding houses, houses and recreation centers, tourist hotels and tourist centers, campings, children's camps. The recreational farm operates on beach, balneological and climatic resources, curative mud, sea water, landscape resources.

Branches of social infrastructure of Crimea- utilities, consumer services, public education, public catering, trade, health care, social security, culture, physical education, credit and insurance, science and scientific services - are distinguished by a high level of development.

Located at the latitude of southern France and northern Italy.

Crimean rivers

The main river is Salgir. Her 232 -km channel begins in the Angarsk Pass area and is lost off the coast of the Azov Sea. A total of about 150 rivers. The most fertile and picturesque valleys are located between Bakhchisarai and Sevastopol. They are formed by the rivers Alma, Kacha, Belbek, Chernaya.

Being essentially an island, it has become a kind of reserve for some endemic (not found anywhere, except for this area) representatives of flora and fauna. Flora and fauna.

Rare plants and animals, unique landscapes, which the peninsula is so rich in, are under conservation protection. Their total area is about 700 square kilometers, it is more 2,5% from the territory, one of the highest indicators of reserve saturation for the CIS. Many of the protected sites are visited by tourists; here you are required to be especially careful with nature.