Exactly Pyramids of Egypt gained worldwide fame in their time. At first glance, all this excitement around the pyramids seems strange. In appearance, these are ordinary triangular-shaped buildings. It will not be difficult to build something similar in Russia or any other country. First, it will be necessary to make 3D models of future pyramids using a computer program, purchase the necessary building material and adjust modern construction equipment.
All of this is common construction work. Only the ancient Egyptians most likely did not even think about the appearance of computers in the distant future. They mined building materials on their own, and did not buy them in specialized stores. Instead of construction equipment, they used their own back, arms and legs. With such a modest building arsenal, they managed to build giant structures of exact shape from heavy stones with small rooms and passages inside. But there is another popular version among the people. Perhaps the Egyptian pyramids were built by a more advanced civilization.
What are Egyptian pyramids
Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid-shaped stone structures that are located in Egypt. In recent years, approximately 138 Egyptian pyramids have been found. Most of these buildings are tombs for the pharaohs. The most ancient Egyptian pyramids are located in the city of Saqqara.
The most famous Egyptian pyramids are located in Giza. Three of them were considered the largest objects in the world. They are also called the Great Pyramids. These are the tombs of the pharaohs Menkaure, Khafre and Cheops. The largest pyramid of Cheops. The great Egyptian buildings have the most even shape, unlike the first step pyramids. It is surprising that each of their faces looks exactly towards the sun.
The most famous
Pyramid of Menkaure
This pyramid is the lowest of the Great Pyramids at Giza. The length of the base is 108.4 m, and the height is 66 m. There is an assumption that it did not have a single construction plan. At first they planned to leave it to the heir to the throne, but then the dimensions were increased.
Pyramid of Khafre
The second largest Egyptian pyramid of the Great Pyramids. Located next to the Great Sphinx. It has a height of 143.5 m and a base length of 215.3 m. There are two tombs in the pyramid itself. One of them was turned into a treasure room. Near the pyramid there is another pyramid, where the wife of the pharaoh rests. There is also a port and a temple nearby.
The Pyramid of Cheops
The famous pyramid of Cheops is the largest of all existing in Egypt. The length of the base is 230 m, the initial height is 146.6 m. At the moment, the facing of the pyramid is collapsing. Therefore, today its height is 138.8 m.
More than 2.3 million stones were used to build the pyramid of Cheops. One such pebble of medium size weighs 2.5 tons. A large analog will drag on all 15 tons. The composition of the structure includes: blocks of granite, limestone, basalt. The main entrance to the pyramid is located at an altitude of 15.63 m. Tourists are led through a breach in the pyramid, which was made in 820. Inside there are three tombs located one on top of the other. The bottom one was not finished yet. The middle tomb is the "Queen's Chamber", the upper one is the "King's Chamber".
Aliens and Egyptian pyramids
There are many versions of the appearance of triangular-shaped buildings in Egypt. Herodotus began to describe the first assumptions in his book. He was sure that the body of Pharaoh Cheops rested on the island in the hidden tomb of the pyramid. Engineers Howard Wise and John Perring undertook to check this version in the 19th century. To do this, they dug a well 11.6 meters deep and began to look out Cheops. But all efforts were in vain. Later studies showed that one chamber was not completed, and the tombs are located in the very center of the pyramid.
It has already been scientifically proven that the Egyptian pyramids were built by the Egyptians. But the fans are all over it. They are trying in every possible way to attribute authorship to aliens. Allegedly, people could not lift such weights without special equipment, and the Egyptians not only lifted, but also created the correct forms of pyramids from these stones. At that time, only aliens with advanced technology could have such opportunities.
But recent studies have proven the absurdity of the version with aliens. At the base of the pyramid of Cheops, obvious irregularities were found. This once again proves the participation of ordinary ancient Egyptians in the construction of the pyramids and no one else. Poor people under the yoke of the pharaohs pulled heavy stones for a penny and crumbs of bread. The limitlessness of human possibilities is simply amazing. Today is a completely different time. A person is only required to believe in himself and the success of his personal Egyptian pyramids.
Almost any representative of modern society at least once in his life wondered who or with whose help the great historical monuments were built, what tools, tools and mechanisms our ancestors used in the construction process, and are there any answers to the mysteries of the pyramids of antiquity?
To begin with, we suggest first of all to get acquainted with some concepts, moments in history, as well as with the opinions of various people.
What is a pyramid?
From the point of view of architectural science, a pyramid is a structure that is a polyhedron, usually with four triangular faces. For ancient people, this kind of structure served as tombs (mausoleums), temples, or simply monuments.
The history of the pyramids begins around the 3rd millennium BC. It is these figures that confuse many historians. It is difficult to believe that people had advanced tools of labor at that time, if the descendants of some of them are still engaged in hunting and gathering, which is typical for the primitive level of development.
Modern scientists identify several main points of concentration of the ancient pyramids.
Egypt
It's no secret that the "country of the pyramids" is the second name of Egypt. Such a metaphor is well deserved. It was here that the very first pyramids in the world were built. They are located on the Giza plateau, on the territory of an ancient cemetery.
Only a few pyramids have survived to this day. ancient egypt. These are the pyramids of Cheops, Mykerin and Khafre. According to scientists, there were many more of them before.
The Pyramid of Cheops is considered to be the most important, because it is the highest pyramid. Formally, it is she who is recognized as one of the wonders of the world. Its height is 147 meters, which is comparable to the height of five ten-story buildings. The sides of the bases, in turn, are about 230 meters long. The building area is 50 square kilometers.
The size of the pyramid of Cheops at one time was struck by the great Napoleon. According to his saying, the stone blocks with which the Egyptian pyramids were built would be enough to completely surround France with a three-meter wall.
The Pyramid of Khafre was built as a tomb for the son of Cheops. Its dimensions are slightly smaller than the previous one.
It should be noted that this burial complex, unlike other pyramids, includes the famous Great Sphinx. According to one of the legends, the gaze of the Sphinx is directed to the side in the depths of which, according to ancient legends, secret knowledge is imprisoned.
It is considered the smallest and "youngest". Its height is 62 meters, and the length of the sides is equal to the length of the football field. There are suggestions that the pyramid used to be a little larger, since the structure was originally covered with red granite facing, which may have been lost as a result of Mameluke raids. During the construction of this pyramid, Menkura ordered the use of blocks of stone, much larger in size than in the pyramids of Khafre and Cheops. He also allowed workers to process the stone not carefully. The fact is that the pharaoh wanted to complete the tomb before his death and by all means tried to speed up the construction process. However, Menkur could not live to see his graduation.
Mesopotamia
It would seem that it is not so far from Mesopotamia to Egypt, the conditions for construction and materials are practically the same, therefore, their approach to architecture should not differ much. But it was not there.
The pyramids of Mesopotamia are unique religious buildings - ziggurats (translated from the Babylonian "mountain peak"). Their external structure resembles the Egyptian pyramids, but, unlike them, the levels of the ziggurat were connected with the help of stairs, and along the edge of the wall, in turn, there were special ramps (sloping ascents) that led to the temple.
Another feature of the structure of ziggurats is the broken line of the wall, formed with the help of ledges.
In the event that it was required to have window openings in the structure, then they were created, as a rule, on the upper part of the wall. They were a narrow gap.
It is noteworthy that the peoples of Mesopotamia did not use ziggurats as burial structures for the reason that they did not see any connection between the preservation of the body of the deceased and his gaining immortality in the next world, as the ancient Egyptians did.
Sudan
At one time, the Sudanese kings revived the ancient Egyptian tradition associated with the use of pyramids as burial places for the rulers of the country.
By and large, the cultures of ancient Egypt and Sudan were closely related. Consequently, the architecture had a lot in common.
In ancient Sudan, the following types of pyramids existed: classical structures (according to the principle of the Egyptian structure) and mastabas, having the shape of a truncated pyramid. In contrast to the Egyptian ones, the Sudanese buildings have a steeper slope.
The most famous pyramids are the cities of Meroe. In the second half of the sixth century BC, the capital was moved here, which later became the cultural and religious center of the state.
Modern scientists in Meroe counted several dozen pyramids that have survived to this day. In 2011, these archaeological sites were officially declared a World Heritage Site.
Nigeria
Here, according to custom, the pyramids were erected in honor of the god Al. Ancient people believed that it was possible to contact the deity through these structures. They believed that on the tops of the pyramids his abode is located.
The official opening of these religious buildings took place only in the 30s of the last century. Then, the famous archaeologist Jones took several photographs of the pyramids for his own archive (however, they were published only eighty years later).
In his opinion, the buildings of Nigeria were built much earlier than the pyramids of Ancient Egypt, and also that the local civilization is much older than many others. Unfortunately, the pyramids have survived to this day in a rather worn condition.
Mexico
Since ancient times, this country was inhabited by a people to whom modern historians attribute a rich mythology and cultural heritage, Aztecs.
Although the heyday of civilization dates back to the XIV-XVI centuries, the Aztec pyramids were built long before that. So, for example, the famous one, which occupies the 3rd place in the world in size and only seven meters below the tomb of Cheops, according to historians, was erected around 150 BC.
The pyramids of Teotihuacan, in turn, are considered a monumental attempt to realize an eternal blessed utopia.
For seven centuries, the Aztec pyramids were a kind of guiding star, whose radiance called all those who were thirsty to taste a noble dream. It is believed that the city of Teotihuacan was obsessed with the idea of order and regularity. However, love and harmony did not prevent the flow of human blood through the blades of barbarism and inhumanity. The Aztecs mercilessly killed everyone objectionable and sacrificed them to the gods.
The pyramids, where these sacrifices were made, had some similarities with the Mesopotamian ziggurats: they also had a “stepped” shape, there was also a ramp (it was the only one leading to the very top of the structure).
Unfortunately, not all the Aztec pyramids were able to survive today. Most of them were destroyed during the invasion of Mexico by European colonialists, which took place in the 16th century.
China
Of course, some readers, seeing this subtitle, were very surprised. After all, almost no one talks or writes about the Chinese pyramids.
In total, scientists have about a hundred such structures. They acted as barrow tombs for the rulers of famous Chinese dynasties. The shape of the pyramid was truncated (like the Sudan scale). Due to the peculiarities of the local flora, some large structures have taken the form of overgrown hills.
Quite interesting is the origin of the pyramids. The fact is that in written sources that date back to the fifth century BC, the structures are already called “ancient”. Did the pyramids really exist long before the document was written? It must be admitted that humanity is unlikely to know about this. A detailed study of structures, as is done in Egypt, is practically impossible: excavations in the areas where they are located are often prohibited by local authorities.
North America
In the 11th century, when endless wars were fought on the territory of Europe, at the other end of the hemisphere, in the Mississippi Valley, the civilization of the Indians peacefully developed and flourished. They quickly built their own homes, developed infrastructure.
Also, the ancient Indians had a habit of building special mounds, with an area of about a few dozen football fields. Here they did almost everything: they celebrated holidays, held religious and sporting events, etc. Quite often, mounds also served people as mounds (burial places). One of the largest concentrations is Cahokia - a group of 109 burial mounds. It has also been declared a World Heritage Site.
Who built them and why?
People have been scratching their heads over this question for years. It is unlikely that anyone will be able to fit into the head the fact that the construction of the pyramids at the level at which ancient people did it, even today, is a rather complicated process, given modern methods and technologies. How, for example, the Egyptians dragged stone blocks weighing 7-10 tons to the height of a ten-story building, and how did they manage to process them perfectly (sometimes even a blade cannot squeeze between loose blocks)?
Currently, there are several theories and hypotheses that are the most plausible.
I. The existence of a highly developed pracivilization
Everyone is used to thinking that a person today is a highly developed and enlightened being, to whom Mother Nature herself is sometimes subject, and many thousands of years ago people were savages living to satisfy their primitive needs. However, few people thought that once on our planet there already existed a similar civilization with a high level of intelligence and technology. Maybe they knew much of what we are rediscovering today?
According to one version, this civilization may be the Atlanteans, who either built the pyramids themselves using technologies inaccessible to others, or helped to do this.
According to another, ancient people were able to find and quickly adapt for use the technologies of pre-existing, but disappeared highly developed civilizations.
Another version says that the ancient people (the same Egyptians) themselves were at a fairly high level of development, both mentally and technologically.
All this can refute the only fact - the ancient manuscripts never mentioned contacts with any super-civilizations.
II. Alien intervention
This theory of the origin of the pyramids is the most common and discussed. According to her, representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations helped people build various kinds of structures.
To begin with, let's figure out why all of a sudden aliens from outer space (if they already took place) help people who were underdeveloped at that time to build the pyramids of the world?
According to one version, the structures served representatives of extraterrestrial civilizations as a source of energy, still incomprehensible to mankind, or as intermediaries for communication between the planets (a rather strange form of a pyramid, as an architectural structure as a whole, is also attributed here).
There is another theory. It lies in the fact that ancient people, coming into contact with aliens, could take them for gods.
The aliens, with their technology and "chariots of fire", had a huge number of opportunities, which people used, turning to representatives of highly developed civilizations for help in such a matter as building pyramids.
Many ufologists interested in the question of who built the pyramids are interested in the relationship between the location of the pyramids and the map of the starry sky. In their opinion, this connection is direct, since, for example, the famous Giza complex in Egypt, which we have already talked about today, corresponds to the three largest stars located in the constellation Orion. Perhaps this pattern is based on the fact that this constellation was symbolic for the Egyptians: it personified the god Osiris, one of the most important deities of Ancient Egypt.
But another question immediately arises: why did the Egyptians associate the names of the gods precisely with the stars? According to the same experts, perhaps it was some kind of connection between these very "gods" and their abode.
As another proof of the presence of aliens on Earth, one can cite various drawings depicting incomprehensible circles, and sometimes even humanoid creatures. Are these drawings depicted by real creatures, or are they just works of an artist with a rich imagination?
It is worth mentioning the ancient Egyptian manuscripts, which speak of a certain war of powerful Gods. What or whom could people call Gods, what was this war, did it exist in reality or is it just a fabulous myth? The answers to these questions have long been buried in oblivion.
III. Skeptical theory
According to her, the ancient people were able to independently build the pyramids of the world. According to scientists adhering to this point of view, people could have had enough incentives to build such structures: religious considerations, the desire to get a livelihood for the work performed, the desire to stand out in terms of unique architecture.
The ancient historian Herodotus was the first Greek scholar who, in his writings, was able to describe in detail the famous pyramids of Giza. In his opinion, for the construction of a structure of this type in a short time (according to the descriptions, the period of construction of one pyramid was, as a rule, 15-20 years), it was necessary to use at least one hundred thousand workers.
This does not include the gratuitous labor of slaves and prisoners, who died by the thousands at construction sites from disease, hunger and thirst, unbearable work, and the wrath of the owners. Unlike them, masons, architects, builders received money for building ancient pyramids.
Ordinary peasants could also be involved in the construction of the pyramids. This process could take the form of a kind of labor service, that is, the same people were called to work after a certain period of time (most likely, once a year or two for a period of several weeks). Thus, the Egyptians were able to easily renew their labor force.
It is possible that a kind of “competition” was held between the workers involved in the construction of the pyramids, the winners of which could be determined by the amount of work done both in a group and individually, its quality, etc. Those who could stand out from the others received various incentives.
As proof of Herodotus' theory, one can cite the multiple burials of workers and architects discovered by archaeologists during excavations, as well as ramps near the unfinished pyramids, along which stone blocks were most likely raised. From the same burials, one can also judge how difficult the work of the workers building the structures of that time was. This conclusion can be drawn by examining the remains of ancient people: numerous traces of healed fractures were found on their bones.
Moreover, the constituent parts of the device were found, which, most likely, is the prototype of the modern one. It is unlikely that the construction of the pyramids was accelerated and facilitated only through the use of this mechanism. It is possible that there were many other devices.
Skeptics also have certain views on the technique of building pyramids.
Let's start discussing the process from the very first stage of creating such structures - the production of building blocks. It has been scientifically proven that those who built the pyramids used “soft” limestone as the main materials, as well as harder ones: granite, quartzite and basalt. However, opinions about how exactly construction began are somewhat divided.
According to one version, the blocks were mined in special quarries located near the places where the pyramids were built. The disadvantage of the theory is that the use of these quarries would only complicate the construction process, and the transportation of blocks would make the process practically impossible.
Another hypothesis says that the blocks were cast on site, from limestone concrete. Its adherents are sure that those who built the pyramids knew how to make concrete mixtures from various hard rocks. However, there are opponents of this theory of the construction of ancient structures. They argue their point of view, referring to the fact that in some areas where the pyramids were built in in large numbers, there are simply no resources to create a binder concrete solution.
Speaking about the hypotheses of moving blocks, it is worth mentioning that here, too, the opinions of experts are divided.
The most common version of this is the version of pulling blocks. As proof of this theory, historians cite one of the ancient Egyptian frescoes, which depicts about one hundred and fifty people pulling the monument of Jehutihotep II. At the same time, workers use special sled-sleds. It is noteworthy that their runners, as depicted in the fresco, are poured with water, which was most likely used to reduce friction and facilitate the process. This hypothesis can be refuted by the fact that the process is quite laborious and it is unlikely that those who built the pyramids could do it quickly.
Another theory under discussion is the use by ancient people of various kinds of mechanisms. The most famous hypothetical devices are the so-called "cradle" mechanism, square wheel technology (using a special track), an internal ramp, etc. But, according to many, these technologies were not yet available at that time.
Summarizing
Based on the foregoing, we can conclude that the question of who built the pyramids and what is their main purpose remained relevant at all times. Most likely, humanity will never know this. Over time, everything goes into oblivion: manuscripts, frescoes, drawings. And there are so few such historical sources today.
It is obvious that the mysteries of the pyramids will never leave a person indifferent.
We must immediately make a reservation that scientists hide this information by hook or by crook, since it does not fit at all into the foundations of the world that history textbooks have been describing to us since childhood.
For a long time, burial places have been found on the planet, and more often the remains of dead giant people. They are dug all over the world, both on land and under water in the seas and oceans. Another confirmation of this is a find in Yakutia.
A group of independent researchers have been dealing with this issue for many years and have formed a true picture of what really happened on our planet 12-20,000 years ago. But it's not that long ago! The growth of giants during their lifetime ranged from 4 to 12 meters, in addition to great physical strength, they had phenomenal mental abilities. Isn't this the mysterious civilization of Atlantis, which some consider mythical, while others really existed and died?
So, the researchers claim that it was this civilization of giants that built the pyramids not only in Egypt, but throughout the entire planet, the total number of pyramids they built is more than 600. Moreover, the construction was carried out in a strictly specified geometry. The pyramids were erected without the use of any slave force with the help of a simple technology that is used now, this is an ordinary formwork, that is, the blocks were not moved a long distance, but poured into wooden molds with a strong concrete composition!
And their purpose was energy and associated with cosmic energy, the use of which is still unknown to us. It was then only another civilization of people, in particular, the Egyptians began to worship the supreme gods, who built the pyramids and made tombs for the pharaohs out of them, this is already a religion and a separate issue. As you understand, the Egyptians themselves did not build pyramids!
The most interesting question is why such giants could exist and why did they die!?
The fact is that scientists express the version of the four moons, and the gravity on the planet was completely different and the atmospheric pressure was different, under such physical conditions, giant people could feel great and live unreasonably long. And death is caused by a catastrophe, the fall of three moons on the surface of the earth.
But researchers refute this theory, since imagine what will happen if at least now our moon approaches our planet, this is not the end of the world, but simply its death. So there is an opinion that in fact the gravity on the planet was different, and around the earth there was a belt of ice asteroids, like rings around Saturn.
Therefore, the planet was extremely enriched with oxygen, which gave a strong impetus to the development of not only giant people, but also the animal world. But as a result of a change in the poles and other cosmic changes, the ice belt collapsed on the earth with a squall of water, which led to the death of this civilization, and, accordingly, climatic changes took place already close in physics to ours today. 
Below we give facts about the existence of giants:
1. In 1979, in Megalong Vzli in the Blue Mountains, locals found a huge stone sticking out above the surface of the stream, on which one could see the imprint of a part of a huge foot with five fingers. The transverse size of the fingers was seventeen centimeters. If the print had been preserved in its entirety, it would have been 60 cm long. It follows that the imprint was left by a man of six meters in height.
2. Ivan Sanderson, a world famous zoologist, once shared a curious story about a letter he received from a certain Alan McShir. The author of the letter in 1950 worked as a bulldozer operator on the construction of a road in Alaska and reported that the workers found two huge fossilized skulls, vertebrae and leg bones in one of the grave mounds. The skulls were 58 cm high and 30 cm wide. Ancient giants had a double row of teeth and disproportionately flat heads. The vertebrae, as well as the skulls, were three times larger than those of modern humans. The length of the leg bones ranged from 150 to 180 centimeters
3. In 1899, the miners of the Ruhr region in Germany discovered the fossilized skeletons of people from 210 to 240 centimeters tall.
4. In South Africa, a fragment of a huge skull 45 centimeters high was discovered in diamond mining in 1950. Above the superciliary arches were two strange protrusions resembling small horns. Anthropologists, in whose hands the find fell, determined the age of the skull - about nine million years.
In a variety of sources there is a lot of documentary information about the giants. Let's take a look at some of them.
5. In South Africa, on the Okovango River, the natives talk about giants who lived in the past in these places. One of their legends says that “the giants were endowed with incredible strength. With one hand they blocked the flow of rivers. Their voices were so loud that they could be heard from one village to another. When one of the giants coughed, the birds seemed to be blown away by the wind.
6. On the hunt, they walked hundreds of kilometers a day, and the killed elephants and hippos were easily thrown onto their shoulders and carried home. Their weapons were bows made from palm trunks. Even the earth wore them with difficulty.
7. And Inca legends say that during the reign of Inca XII Ayatarko Kuso, from the side of the ocean on huge reed rafts, people of such enormous growth arrived in the country that even the tallest Indian only reached their knees. Their hair fell to their shoulders and their faces were beardless.
8. Some of them wore animal skins, others went completely naked. Moving along the coast, they devastated the country - after all, each of them ate more at a time than 50 people could eat!
9. On one of the adobe tablets of ancient Babylon it is said that the priests of the Babylonian state received all astronomical knowledge from giants over 4 meters tall who lived in South Asia.
10. Ibn Fadlan, an Arab traveler who lived a thousand years ago, saw a six-meter skeleton of a man, which was shown to him by the subjects of the Khazar king. A skeleton of the same size, being in Switzerland in the museum of the city of Lucerne, was seen by Russian classic writers Turgenev and Korolenko. They were told that these huge bones were discovered in 1577 in a mountain cave by the physician Felix Platner.
11. Only four- or six-meter giants were not the most gigantic. Conquering America, the Spaniards allegedly discovered in one of the Aztec temples a skeleton as much as 20 meters tall. This is the scale of the giants. The Spaniards sent him as a gift to the Pope. And a certain Whitney, who served at the beginning of the 19th century as the chief archaeologist for the US government, examined a skull with a diameter of two meters. He was found in one of the mines in Ohio.
12. Obvious evidence of the existence of giants are the imprints of their huge feet. The most famous of them is located in South Africa. It was found by a local farmer Stoffel Kötzi at the beginning of the last century. A “left footprint” is imprinted into an almost vertical wall to a depth of about 12 centimeters. Its length is 1 meter 28 centimeters. It is believed that the owner of huge growth came when the breed was soft. Then it froze, turned into granite and stood upright due to geological processes.
13. One thing is surprising: why are giant human bones not exhibited in any museum in the world? The only answer given by some scientists is that they deliberately hid unique finds, otherwise Darwin's theory of evolution would have completely collapsed and it would have been necessary to change views on the entire history of mankind and its appearance on earth.
Why did we shrink?
Dr. Karl Bohm believes that in the distant past, natural conditions favored the enhanced growth of a person, and then they changed dramatically, and people "crushed".
"Optimal genetic development," Bohm says, "is when everything in an organism's DNA develops entirely through favorable atmospheric conditions." In his opinion, before the Flood, the ozone layer was much thicker, and after it only one-seventh remained. The decrease in the ozone layer led to a weakening of protection from solar radiation, which affected plants, animals, and, naturally, humans. 
One of the biggest mysteries in human history is the engineering feat of the ancients that led to the creation of the great pyramids of Egypt. For thousands of years, historians, architects and scientists have tried to find an explanation for the appearance of these gigantic structures. To this day, the mystery has not been fully solved, and no one knows exactly how it was done. Not surprisingly, many different explanations have emerged, and in this review of the 10 most viable theories for the construction of the Great Pyramids.
1. Ancient machines
Naturally, the first thought that comes to mind when thinking about the construction of a building is the need to use cranes to lift and transport heavy pieces of metal or stone. The first pyramids were stepped pyramids with large flat surfaces on which heavy cranes could stand and operate. Of course, ancient cultures knew about levers and pulley systems, and they probably used something similar to build the first pyramids. However, the version of cranes or so-called "cranes" is not particularly plausible in the case of explaining the Great Pyramids of Egypt, since there were too small surfaces to install lifting mechanisms of this magnitude.
2 The Pyramids Were Originally Hills
An interesting but bizarre explanation for the appearance of the pyramids is that they originally arose as natural mountain formations, and then stone blocks were laid down the slopes of these hills from top to bottom. A similar idea was first proposed in 1884 in The Fort Wayne Journal-Gazette at a conference of scientists. Perhaps this is what Herodotus meant when he said that the pyramids were built "from top to bottom."
3. Polishing and leveling by hand
One of the most intricate and puzzling facts about pyramid building is the way in which the Egyptians could cut stones with such extreme precision as to stack them with virtually no gaps between them. Even a sheet of paper cannot be squeezed into the junction between two stones. Therefore, scientists are perplexed how the Egyptians achieved such precision in stone processing. Even today it is impossible to recreate this with diamond cutters, let alone the most primitive hand tools. The following theory suggests that the Egyptians did not have any better tools than they do now. They just made better use of what they had. For example, they allegedly leveled stone blocks using two poles of the same height, connected by a narrow rope, under which the stone was placed. If the rope touched the surface somewhere, this place was marked with red ocher, and then the unevenness was scraped off with a flint scraper.
4. Limestone concrete
Perhaps an even more plausible way of achieving perfectly smooth stone surfaces was that the stones were made by pouring liquid limestone concrete into molds. There seems to be some evidence to support this theory. Under a microscope, Egyptologist Jean-Philippe Lauer found air bubbles on the surface of the stones, suggesting that air could have entered the liquid concrete. According to the findings of the American Ceramic Society, it seems that the internal structure of the stones was formed in a process that happened very quickly, like concrete curing.
5. Zigzag ramps
This is the first of various sloping ramp theories. Direct ramp theories were not considered, since such a ramp would have to be larger than the pyramid itself and extend outward from it for 1.6 kilometers, given the assumed slope of 7 degrees. For the ramp to make sense, it would need to be completed throughout the process of creating the pyramid. While a zigzag ramp would require less material than a straight ramp, this is almost as implausible as it would need to be constantly adjusted as the pyramid got taller. Therefore, such theories have been widely discredited.
6. Wet sand
Today, some proponents of the following theory believe that the stones for the pyramid were dragged over piles of sand, which were pre-wetted to make the stones easier to move. This theory explains the transportation of stones from quarries hundreds of kilometers from the construction site, as well as how workers moved the stones up using some kind of ramp. But would a wet ramp provide enough stability for stones weighing up to 20 tons to be hauled up. Also the question is how much wet sand can be used as a support for the feet of the people who dragged it all. At best, this theory can only explain the transport of stones. As a method of lifting stones, it fails.
In trying to develop a plausible ramp theory, people eventually began to realize that a spiral ramp could be built at the same time as the pyramid. It will run along the outer part of the pyramid and continuously rise up as it is being built. Proponents of this outer spiral ramp theory include Mark Lehner, an archaeologist at Yale University. The main problem when using a spiral ramp is the maneuvering of rocks. It's hard enough to haul the huge rocks up the slope, but having to constantly turn them to spiral up makes it even more difficult. That is why the outer spiral ramp theory is implausible.
8. Theory of water mines
How about building a long underground dam under water from a local water source at a reasonable distance from the quarry, and then using water "mines" to lift the rocks up. This theory suggests that a water dam was used to transport the stones, and that the stones were cut and turned in the water. After precise grinding of the stone, pieces of light material were attached to it, which provided buoyancy. Thus, the stone floated up, and its surface was protected from hitting other stones.
There is some evidence that similar water shafts were used to build structures in other parts of the world (for example, the canals are believed to have been used to build Angkor Wat in Cambodia). However, if such a channel was used to build the Great Pyramid of Giza, where did it go and why was it destroyed. Supposedly, the construction took 10 years, and the length of the canal should have been 10 kilometers, since this is the distance from the Nile River to the site of the pyramid at Giza. Also, even if this theory is correct, it still doesn't explain some of the other nuances in the pyramid.
9 Extraterrestrial Intervention
The more time is spent trying to figure out how the pyramids were built by man, the more the answer seems to suggest something else. Although extraterrestrial intervention is generally dismissed by scientists, many Egyptologists and historians believe that the pyramids were built by aliens. Hearing this theory, many will immediately laugh at it. However, extraterrestrial interference is no more "wild" theory compared to many others. Given all that is known about the pyramids, it may be reasonable to conclude that ancient cultures could not have built these incredible structures themselves. Even with all the modern technology, today people are completely incapable of building pyramids like those in Egypt. It therefore seems incomprehensible that an ancient primitive civilization possessed both the technology and the ingenuity to build pyramids with such extreme precision.
The Great Pyramid of Giza faces almost exactly north, with a deviation of only 3/60 of a degree. It is even more accurately aligned than the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, London, which points north by 9/60 degrees. Another great mathematical feature of the Great Pyramid is that the perimeter divided by the height is 2π (the deviations are negligible). A number of other exact mathematical figures are associated with the pyramids, but most importantly, one must take into account the speed with which they were built.
Considering 2.3 million stones, each weighing an average of 2.5 tons, it was estimated that one stone had to be installed every two minutes. This includes all the time it takes to cut the stones perfectly, move them miles across the desert, climb the slope of the pyramid, and then lay them in place. It is very difficult to believe that primitive people did all this.
10. Jean-Pierre Goudin on the theory of the inner ramp
Recently, one person has been trying, independently of all others, to unravel the mystery of how the pyramids were built. This is a French architect named Jean-Pierre Goudin. Since the 1990s, he has devoted all his time to the study of the Great Pyramid and has been able to develop the most brilliant pyramid theory ever created.According to Gooden's theory, the Great Pyramid was built using two separate spiral ramps. The first was an outer spiral ramp going up about 30 percent, and the second was an inner spiral ramp through which the heavy stones were pulled all the way to the end. Gooden calculated that this inner slope had a slope of 7 degrees. This spiral ramp also included open sections at the corners for workers to turn the blocks (it is believed that cranes were also used here). In addition to the internal ramp, Gooden was also able to explain how the "King's Chamber" was built, as well as the most mysterious room in the Great Pyramid, the Great Gallery.
Massive granite blocks to the King's Chamber were dragged through the Grand Gallery using a long system of pulleys. Thus, the Grand Gallery exists for quite practical purposes. Inside are signs that support this theory, such as wedge holes in the rocks. It is believed that they were used to support the pulley system. Using digital technology, the programming team was able to test this idea. They were able to confirm that Gooden's drawings of the pyramid matched the math and that the inner ramp was plausible.
However, the most surprising thing is that they were able to find evidence of the actual existence of the ramp through scanning the pyramid, which revealed a spiral image. It may well be the remains of an internal ramp. By far, this theory provides the most plausible explanation for how the pyramids were built.
Could the ancient Egyptians build their giant pyramids and palaces on their own? People who have only read about these structures in the history books think yes. But many of those who have been to this country and wandered, for example, through the Giza Valley, doubt it. These structures are too impressive, even if tens of thousands of slaves are supposed to have worked on their construction.
Conan Doyle version
The theory that the pyramids are the material traces of some more ancient technologically advanced civilization has not been put forward today. For example, in 1929, the "father of Sherlock Holmes" Arthur Conan Doyle published the fantastic novel "The Maracot Abyss", the heroes of which fall into a certain city - an island that sank to the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean thousands of years ago. When one of them inspects the underwater structures, he remarks that: “The columns, platforms and stairs of this building were superior to anything I have ever seen on earth. Most of all, the building resembled the remains of the temple of Karnak in Luxor, Egypt, and, surprisingly, the decorations and half-erased inscriptions in small things resembled the same decorations and inscriptions of the great ruins near the Nile.
According to Conan Doyle, who, by the way, visited Egypt before writing this novel, all local ancient structures were built by the Atlanteans. And Doyle, according to the confessions of his contemporaries, like his famous detective hero, had brilliant analytical skills.
The Sphinx is 5,000 years older?
What Conan Doyle based his conclusions on is not clear. But he now has many followers. For example, the head of the Laboratory of Alternative History () Andrey SKLYAROV, who has repeatedly visited Egypt, claims that most of the local historical monuments were indeed created by representatives of the ancient pra-civilization:
You can call them Atlanteans, you can call them aliens, you can call them something else, but there are an incredible number of their traces in Egypt. It is even strange that Egyptologists did not pay attention to this before. Although now I have the impression that the Egyptians themselves guess something, but carefully hide the secret.
If possible, specific examples...
Please start with the great sphinx. Classical Egyptology claims that it was built during the time of Pharaoh Cheops or his son - about 2.5 thousand years BC - based only on the fact that, in terms of its "artistic features", it can be attributed to that era. But a century and a half ago, the so-called “Inventory Stele” was found in Giza, which indicates that Cheops ordered only to repair the damaged statue. Repair, not build!
And in the early 90s, the American geologist Robert Schoch proved that the furrows on the body of the sphinx and on the wall of the trench around it are traces of erosion not by wind, but by rain: vertical stripes instead of horizontal ones. But there has been no serious rain in Egypt for at least 8,000 years.
Immediately after the publication of Shoh, the Egyptian authorities started an urgent restoration of the sphinx. Now the lower two thirds of the monument are covered with new masonry, and the top of the sculpture has been cleaned up - there are almost no traces of erosion left. By the way, at about the same time, the “Inventory Stele” was hidden in the storerooms of the Cairo Museum - before that it was put on public display, and now another one has been put in its place. In response to questions about this stele, the museum curators only shrug their shoulders in bewilderment. But it has been repeatedly described in scientific and so-called alternative literature.
When the gods ruled...
According to Andrei Sklyarov, the ancient Egyptians themselves built something. But they built their buildings on the basis of ancient structures.
This is clearly seen on the pyramids - which ones are made by hand, and which ones are made with the help of high-precision tools, - says Andrey. - Moreover, many ancient buildings resemble bunkers - semi-underground structures over which the pharaohs built their pyramids, trying to copy the ancients. And the original pyramids built by the pra-civilization were only 6 - 7: three in Giza, two in Dashshura and one in Medun. Perhaps there was another one in Abu Roash, but it is not clear there whether it is a pyramid or a bunker. And other pyramids are ancient structures completed by the pharaohs, which initially were typical bunkers. Moreover, with such powerful overlaps that you can’t call them otherwise than a shelter in case of a nuclear war. True, it is not clear why and who could threaten them. But the war just explains the disappearance of pracivilization.
And why, besides the buildings, there were no other material traces left?
Why didn't it stay? For example, in the Giza desert, we stumbled upon something resembling iron dust. They took samples and brought them to Moscow. It turned out that it was iron oxide with a high content of manganese. The percentage corresponds to the high-alloy manganese steels currently used in tank tracks and as material for stone crushers. For how many years this extremely strong steel could turn into dust in the desert, where for 8 thousand years there had been no decent rains.
But what kind of mysterious civilization left us these artifacts?
There are different versions. Someone adheres to the theory that they were Atlanteans, someone talks about colonists from other worlds. It is difficult to say when they came to Earth, but it is possible to determine the heyday of their power. At the beginning of the III century BC. e. The Egyptian historian Manetho published his History of Egypt. Until our time, it has not been completely preserved, but fragments are mentioned in the works of other historians of the first millennium of our era. Manetho compiled a chronological list of the rulers of the country. Classical Egyptology recognizes only the "dynastic part", which refers to famous human pharaohs. But Manetho also tells about the first kingdom, when the gods supposedly ruled Egypt. It existed approximately 10 - 12 thousand years ago, long before the first known pharaohs.
They worked with granite like it was with Styrofoam
Now Egyptologists spend their time arguing about how the workers turned these multi-ton stone blocks from which they built pyramids and temples, build versions, conduct experiments, - says Andrey Sklyarov. - We took a different path: if there are millions of tons of stones, then we need to figure out how they were processed. We analyzed many parameters. For example, if they were sawn out, then we look at the width and depth of the cut, the thickness of the cutting edge. Sometimes the results are amazing.
Slabs of black basalt, located around the perimeter of the temple, standing near the great pyramid (they used to be the floor of the ancient Egyptian temple). The trace of a circular saw is visible, which is known to operate on a hydraulic, pneumatic or electric drive, but the Egyptians had neither the first, nor the second, nor the third.
It is also noticeable that grinding occurs during sawing. If, as it is believed, the builders worked with hand-held copper saws, then scratches would remain, and modern diamond-coated saws leave a similar grinding, and they must move very quickly.
Fragment of an obelisk at Karnak. Lies 10 meters from the hiking trail. There are strange holes on it with a diameter of 1 cm and a depth of about 10 cm. They were obviously made to fasten some kind of decorative plates: gold or copper. But some of them go deep into the granite not perpendicularly, but at an angle of 10 - 20 degrees: it is impossible to do this manually. It turns out that they were drilled in granite, as we twist holes with a drill in a soft tree. What drill of the ancient Egyptians could enter into granite, like into oil?
This is an obelisk lying near the famous scarab beetle on the shore of the sacred lake in Karnak. A decorative strip 3 mm wide and 1 cm deep is visible. It is believed that this was sort of scratched with a nail. Jewelers, perhaps, could repeat, carefully crashing, with modern tools.
Artifact from southern Saqqara, where tourists are not allowed. A very revealing block of black basalt. The far part of it has been sawn off: the trace of a circular saw is visible. And the other part was tried to be processed manually. The difference is immediately visible.
The gate to the still closed part of the Karnak temple. At the very top, a hole has been made in the granite, which is believed to be for a goalpost the size of a good barrel. In our world, machines capable of cutting such holes appeared only 10 - 15 years ago.
Aswan quarries. Pit holes that go several meters deep. The diameter is slightly larger than the width of the human body. How do you drill such holes? Just keep your head down. There are many such holes. According to Egyptologists, they are designed to watch how the cracks go in the main massif. And this is a completely pointless exercise, because the direction of the cracks can be determined from the surface. And why was it necessary to align the walls so carefully? It looks like they worked with a cutter here. There is a hypothesis that the builders simply took samples of granite. But such a tool that allowed not to spend a lot of time on these samples. This pra-civilization shows us that it worked with granite as with foam plastic.
Listen to the full audio interview with Andrey Sklyarov
