Center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. A port city located on the coast of the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. Population 11,073 (2006), 13,045 (2010), 14,326 (2015), 15,604 (2018)
Anadyr from the word "Onandyr" - the Chukchi river, "Anadyrsk" - a prison from the times of Semyon Dezhnev and Kurbat Ivanov (mid-17th century). The local Chukchi population calls the city V'en "zev, entrance" or Kagyrlyn "entrance, mouth", which reflects its location at a narrow neck that opens the entrance to the upper part of the Anadyr estuary.
The city of Anadyr was founded as the most northeastern outpost of the Russian Empire - Novo-Mariinsk in August 1889.
Its foundation is dictated by the geopolitical interests of the Russian state, due to the aggravation in the second half of the 19th century of contradictions between Russia, the USA and England in the North Pacific Ocean. The reasons for the aggravation were the strengthening of American expansion, first in territorial waters, and then, after the sale by the tsarist government in 1867 of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the United States of America, and on the northeast coast of the Russian Empire. It was not possible to limit the penetration of Americans into Chukotka by cruising military ships off its coast. And then the tsarist government, by Decree of July 9, 1888, in order to consolidate statehood in the remote north-eastern outskirts of the Russian Empire, established a new independent administrative unit - Anadyrsky district, allocating for this part of the territory from the Gizhiginsky district. Among the priority tasks that the first head of the newly created Anadyr district, Leonid Grinevetsky, set for himself, was the foundation of its center.
At first, the post, and then the village was known under two names: Novo-Mariinsk and Anadyr, and dragged out its miserable existence. Despite this, here, on the outskirts of Russia, the routes of scientists of various profiles began to intersect more and more often. It is known that the first head of the Anadyr district, L.F. Grinevetsky, as well as N.L. Gondatti. Along with a rich scientific heritage dedicated to Chukotka, a true description of Novo-Mariinsk was left by the largest ethnographer, an exiled Narodnaya Volya member V.G. Tan-Bogoraz, who became a professor in Soviet times, a member of the Committee for the Affairs of the Peoples of the North.
The favorable geographical position of Novo-Mariinsk gradually attracted the attention of Russian and foreign merchants, gold prospectors, and fishermen. After the discovery in 1906 by the American prospector Nadeau, a Frenchman of Canadian origin, a few tens of kilometers from the county center, in the basin of the Volchya River, a small placer of gold, a Discovery joint-stock mine was formed to develop it. T. Birich, the son of a prominent Kamchatka businessman P. Birich, opened in Novo-Mariinsk a branch of the firm "Churkin and K" from Vladivostok. On the banks of the estuary, two large fishing trips were organized - Erikson and Grushetsky. The latter was the owner of the Pacific industries, which had their own steamships at their disposal. Indigenous people also began to settle here.
In 1914, one of the most powerful radio stations in Russia was built in Novo-Mariinsk, on which long-wave spark transmitters were installed, which made it possible to provide reliable communication with Petropavlovsk, Okhotsk, and Nome.
Before the revolution of 1917, there were warehouses, a prison, and several houses on the left bank of the Kazachka River. Construction in Novo-Mariinsk was carried out on the right bank. There were 30-40 houses here, the new house of the county chief, warehouses, a bathhouse, a medical assistant's station, yarangas, and a chapel. Above, on the bank of the estuary, there was a post office and a radio station.
The revolutionary events of 1917 did not bypass Novo-Mariinsk. In 1919, the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka was created here. In 1920, after a counter-revolutionary coup and the execution of the Revolutionary Committee, the Anadyr district executive committee was elected, reorganized in 1921 into the Narrevkom. In the same year, a union of workers and employees was created in Anadyr - the first trade union organization in Chukotka.
The rapid growth of Anadyr began after the formation of the Chukotka National District in accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of the peoples of the North" of December 10, 1930.
Anadyr became the center of the Chukotka national district in 1932.
In 1934, by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the village of Anadyr was renamed into a city, but it received the official status of a city many years after the Great Patriotic War - in 1965. In 1935, the Anadyr permafrost station of the USSR Academy of Sciences was organized.
On January 1, 1941, 3,100 people lived in Anadyr. Many Anadyr residents took part in the construction of a military airfield to ferry military aircraft from Vancouver to the fronts of the Great Patriotic War, raised funds for the construction of military equipment, and sent parcels with warm clothes to front-line soldiers.
In 1943, the first graduation of young Chukotka teachers took place in Anadyr. Among them were 3 Chukchi, 4 Eskimos, 1 Chuvan. On January 3, 1947, the district library was opened in the village of Anadyr. The village library has existed here since 1924, although this fact has not been documented anywhere.
In 1949, the Anadyr district industrial complex began its work. On May 1, 1953, the first issue of the Sovetken Chukotka newspaper was published. In 1954, on the basis of a decree of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, a construction department was created - SMU-1, later renamed SSK-4. In 1955, a port office was organized in Anadyr on the shore of Melkaya Bay. He had two boats, three kungas, a car. In 1958, the District House of Folk Art and a music school began their work in Anadyr. In 1961, an agricultural technical school was opened on the basis of the school of collective farm personnel in Anadyr.
In 1961, the Anadyr seaport was formed. In 1963, the House of Culture was put into operation in Anadyr, in the construction of which the public and youth took an active part. 1963 - the construction of a dam on the Kazachka River was completed, which made it possible to carry out water supply to Anadyr. The dam is 1300 meters long and 16 meters high. In 1964, VGChPU was created.
In 1964, the first Anadyr automatic telephone exchange was put into operation.
On January 12, 1965, by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the center of the Chukotka National District - the village of Anadyr - was transformed into a city of regional subordination.
This year 97 children were born in Anadyr. In total, more than 5 thousand people lived in Anadyr.
On October 31, 1967, the Anadyr TV Center hosted the first telecast. In 1967, the first four-story residential building was built in Anadyr (Lenina, 36). In 1967, a monument to V.I. Lenin. On August 7, 1968, the professional Chukchi-Eskimo national ensemble "Ergyron" was created.
Since 1973, the production of the brewery began.
In 1978, the construction of a new meat and dairy plant began.
In 1980, Anadyr became the administrative center of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (on the basis of the Law "On Autonomous Okrugs of the RSFSR", the Chukotka National Okrug was transformed into an autonomous one).
In 1994, the Chukotka District College of Arts began its work in the capital of the district.
After a decline in socio-economic development, characterized by a decline in living standards and a mass exodus of the able-bodied population from the northern regions, which began with the collapse of the Soviet Union and continued until the end of the 20th century, since 2001 Anadyr began a period of "second" birth, intensive renewal and development.
On August 11, 2004, the world's largest monument to St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was unveiled in Anadyr.
Today we will continue our virtual journey through the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and pay attention to the other side of the Anadyr Bay, which is also fraught with many attractions. However, sights in the classical sense of the word are rare in Chukotka, but amazing places shrouded in a halo of mysticism, magic and beauty - as much as you like.
Gudym. In fat Soviet times, on weekends and holidays, asphalt was washed in it with a fire truck ...
Near the village "Coal Mines" the largest airport in the region is located - "Carbonic". And from the main entrance of Chukotka, restored during the time of Abramovich, only 20 minutes. by car to the former secret base of the USSR armed forces "Anadyr-1". In the 60s of the last century, at the peak of the confrontation between Moscow and Washington, the Soviet government decided to create a number of secret military units with nuclear weapons - the so-called. "northern nuclear shield". And the appearance in Chukotka of an object with intercontinental ballistic missiles was not long in coming. Combat duty of the nuclear missile deterrent system lasted until "perestroika". During this time, two military camps have grown in a picturesque valley between low hills: the main one - No. 5 (Gudym) and the auxiliary one - No. 2.
Gudym today is a sad and at the same time amazing sight.
The scope of construction of buildings, roads, landfills, tankodrom and other buildings, according to the speed of construction for the regions "permafrost" was unprecedented. But the most amazing building erected on the outskirts of Gudym, of course, "Portal"- an underground command post for controlling nuclear missile launches, located in the depths of one of the hills. The imposing dungeon, the upper level of which can still be penetrated today, strikes the imagination with the scale of the device, the degrees of protection and the presence of a well-preserved narrow gauge railway.
Barracks of the town №2
According to these and many other parameters, Gudym is considered "first among equals" from among the abandoned military bases on the territory of the former USSR. Today, there is not a soul there, and only rare scrap collectors and adventurers disturb the peace of the ghost town. At the best of times, several thousand people lived here, mostly members of the families of military personnel who were supplied with "big land" by category "A", such as the apparatus of the Central Committee of the CPSU. The provision at the highest level affected all spheres of life, even the teachers of Gudym's only school came from Moscow. However, all this idyll suddenly sank into oblivion with Gorbachev's coming to power. First, nuclear weapons were removed from there, then the supply conditions changed, and finally, with the destruction of the Union, very dark times came for the inhabitants of Gudym. The disbandment of the facility dragged on until 2002 and wait "dead city" continues to keep his secrets all alone. Today Gudym is an excellent set for a disaster movie. Post-apocalyptic landscape with picturesque ruins of military facilities - one of the best places for industrial tourism from the category " made and forgotten in the USSR".
Boxes and barrels
Washbasins
Be h interchangeable sentry of John
Several of the following sights of the Anadyr region add up to a similarity "Golden Ring", especially since the entire route is directly related to the precious metal. From the Gudymsky hills originates the Golden Range with the highest point - the city of John (1014 m.), Stretching for 70 km. deep into the Anadyr lowland. And the first unusual place, except for the natural splendor of the mountain range, is the village of Zolotorye, located on the southern spurs of the ridge of the same name. At the very beginning of the last century, resourceful Yankees began to mine gold here industrially, and after the establishment of Soviet power in Chukotka, they were replaced by domestic gold miners. Today, the mines, as well as the scattering of former miners' settlements, are abandoned. At times "developed socialism", Zolotogorie, being the center of gold mining in the Anadyr region, was the same closed place as Gudym. Now, in these foothills, in addition to curious bears, you can also meet a person: the preserved artifacts of the Soviet past and the contrasting views of the Golden Ridge against the background of the surrounding tundra attract more and more tourists every summer.
Golden Mountains and the city of John
The next Chukotka point after Zolotorye "Golden Ring", Perevalnye lakes - graceful reservoirs, so named because of the location on both sides of the mountain pass. The narrow gorge and wonderful views made this remote place a real pearl of the Anadyr region.
The last point of the route, the very heart "Golden Ridge"- Zolotaya (925 m) has an excellent observation deck. In good weather, Anadyr and its environs, Mikhail Hill and Mount Dionisia are visible from its top. And although the Chukchi landscapes are a topic for a separate, big conversation, it can be said with confidence that any trip to this lost world is unthinkable without a eulogy to the local beauties.
The road to the village Miner
Returning to Anadyr, before turning to Coal Mines, you can turn into another abandoned village located on the shore of Melkaya Bay near the Vtoraya Gorka hill. This is Shakhtyorsky - an urban-type settlement, which almost completely repeated the sad fate of Gudym. The reforms of the 90s brought to naught all production, including the oldest fish cannery in Chukotka, built in 1929. Abandoned to the mercy of fate, the inhabitants sought to move as quickly as possible, if not to "big land", then at least in Anadyr and in 1998 the leadership of the district began to implement the decision on the complete liquidation of Shakhtyorsky.
settlement Miner
In addition to inspiring landscapes in the style of urban cyberpunk, Shakhtyorsky has a unique monument of the Soviet era, which has miraculously survived to this day. This is a small, dilapidated obelisk to the first Chukchi pilot Timofey Elkov. In addition to it, a lot of artifacts of the Soviet period have been preserved here: household utensils, books, children's toys, household appliances, cars and even airplanes. Cape Observation is located near the village, from where wonderful views of Anadyr and the entrance to Kanchalan Bay open.
According to the latest data, the monument will be updated and moved to the village. Coal Mines
Resorts of the Bering Sea
This side of the Anadyr estuary, where the diversity of amazing and harsh Nature is intertwined with the aesthetics of decadence, surpasses the metropolitan area in the abundance of remarkable places. And although the crisis phenomena in our life are a constant value, Chukotka makes it possible to fully experience the variability of our world. Here one feels more deeply the inexorable time, which sooner or later will bury any hopes of the conformist for "enduring values". At one time, this was subtly noticed by the famous relative of Abramovich - King Solomon, expressing the whole essence in the famous phrase-prophecy: "This too shall pass"...
Windmills in Chukotka
Posted Sun, 09/11/2014 - 08:51 by Cap
walrus rookery in Chukotka 
TOURISM IN CHUKOTKA
There are places in the world, as if specially created for testing a person “for strength”. Chukotka is one of them. A land of permafrost, winds and blizzards, cutting two oceans like a rocky wedge, Chukotka reveals its unique beauty only to those who are bravely ready to face difficulties. The extreme nature of the climate has formed a very special philosophy of life of the indigenous peoples, whose way of life was originally subordinated to the highest goal - survival.
That is why in Chukotka the upbringing of fortitude and body strength, physical endurance and dexterity has always been considered very important. And today the development of sports in the district plays a significant role. Moreover, both Olympic and national sports are popular. Dog and reindeer sled races, canoe competitions are an exciting and colorful spectacle, which many people come to admire from afar. However, a brave traveler is waiting for a lot of vivid impressions and unique sensations in Chukotka.
This ancient land seems to breathe eternity itself. The whole appearance of Chukotka is permeated with clarity, directness and nakedness. And in the third millennium, one can see here the same landscape that once appeared to the eyes of Russian pioneers: convincingly simple outlines of coasts and mountains, as if straight valleys carved with a chisel, placers of lakes and purest rivers flowing into the icy seas.
The hospitality of the original owners of this land - the Chukchi, Eskimos, Evens, Chuvans, their dances and songs, their original art, carefully preserved for centuries, will not leave the tourist indifferent ... Chukotka is an amazing land that has managed to preserve life and the ability to flourish in harsh polar conditions. In the short northern summer, in the conditions of permafrost, a miracle happens here every year - a real riot of the revival of nature, captivating a person with its unique beauty. The hubbub of bird colonies, the piercing blue of estuaries merging with the sky, the bright colors of the tundra, reminiscent of a colorful carpet ...
However, Chukotka, wrapped in snow, is no less attractive for tourists who are ready to test their courage and stamina. After all, white silence only at first glance seems monotonous - life among the snows does not stop for a minute! Do you know how warm it is even in the most severe cold in yaranga? Have you ever traveled on dog and reindeer sleds? Can you imagine how walrus is hunted and how delicious smelt caught by one's own hands is? If you want to take a break from civilization in the pristine world of nature, if you are attracted by the unknown and a thirst for adventure, then a trip to Chukotka will be a real pleasure for you!
(Chukotka), an archaeological complex consisting of two rows of huge bones of bowhead whales dug into the ground.
The complex was opened in 1976 by a group of researchers from the Institute of Ethnography of the USSR Academy of Sciences under the leadership of M. A. Chlenov.
Considered one of the wonders of Russia!
However, until recently, no one knew anything about her. There is a unique archaeological complex to the northeast of Providence Bay, in the Bering Strait, on Yttygran Island. According to scientists, Whale Alley is considered a miracle not only from a scientific, but also an archaeological point of view.
The bay, on the bank of which the monument is located, is surrounded from the northeast and southwest by steep rocky ledges, but between them the hills go down a little and form a relatively gentle slope covered with various tundra vegetation. Against this green background, groups of columns of whale jaws that seem bright white from afar are clearly visible, and when approaching the shore over the grassy edge of the beach, bizarre outlines of whale skulls dug into the pebbles with a narrow bow become visible.
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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
http://www.chukotka.org
http://www.visitchukotka.com
http://www.chukotken.ru/
S. Bolashenko. Narrow gauge railways of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug (June 23, 2007).
Golubchikov Yu.N. Geography of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. - Moscow: CPI "Design. Information. Cartography", 2003. - 320 p. — ISBN 5-287-00080-4.
Belikovich A.V., Galanin A.V. Chukotka: natural and economic essay. - Moscow: Art-Liteks, 1995. - S. 98-99.
Sports and Tourism Committee of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
An increase in the number of tourists was recorded in Chukotka in 2010 // Portal of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo authors: A. Kutsky, V. Silantiev, S. Shulga, S. Anisimov,
Tourism in Chukotka is no longer a myth, but a reality // ratanews.ru
Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Official website of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
Legislation of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug
S. A. Arutyunov, I. I. Krupnik, M. A. Chlenov. "Whale Alley". Antiquities of the islands of the Senyavin Strait. 1982.
Leontiev V.V., Novikova K.A. Toponymic Dictionary of the North-East of the USSR. - Magadan: Magadan book publishing house, 1989, p. 161.
A. A. Korobkov. Red Book of Russia (1981).
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Coat of arms of the city of Anadyr "Brown bear holding a fish in its paws against the background of white and blue stripes", approved in 1999.
Anadyr is the capital of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, located on the right bank of the Kazachka River at the entrance to the Anadyr Estuary, which connects the Anadyr River with the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. Its geographic coordinates are 64 degrees 44 minutes north latitude 177 degrees 31 minutes 18 seconds east longitude. From Anadyr, the now independent settlements of Ugolnye Kopi, Shakhtersky, settlements on the Russian Cat and Cape Gek have grown, in different years, periodically included in the city. The city owes its name to the river of the same name, at the mouth of which it stands. The toponym Anadyr goes back to the Yukaghir base “anu-an” – “river”. The Cossacks of Semyon Dezhnev, who in 1949 met the Yukagirs, who settled in the basin of this river, called it "Onandyr", later interpreted as Anadyr.
The distance from Anadyr to Moscow is 6400 km. The population of the city (at the end of 2002) is 11288 people.
Story
The history of the capital of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is inextricably linked with the history of our entire northern region.
When Russian explorers penetrated into the Far North-East of Asia, they discovered that the peoples of Chukotka are divided into two groups according to their economic and domestic way of life: sedentary sea hunters (Eskimos, sedentary / coastal / Chukchi, Kereks) and nomadic reindeer herders (Chukchi, Yukagirs , Koryaks, Evens). The material and spiritual culture of the indigenous peoples was fully adapted to the harsh conditions of the Arctic.
The impetus for the development of the territory of Chukotka by the Russians was the foundation by Semyon Dezhnev and Mikhail Stadukhin of the Nizhnekolymsky prison in 1644. It is this prison that will become the base for the preparation of many subsequent expeditions, when the explorers pursued the main goal of "searching for new unclaimed lands" and "bringing them under the sovereign's high hand", establishing trade, searching for "zamoral fish tooth" and at the same time solving issues of geographical discoveries. So, in 1648-1649, Semyon Dezhnev and his "companions" on ships - koches adapted for navigation in the northern seas for the first time passed through the strait between Asia and America. After the remnants of Dezhnev's expedition, scattered by a storm, were thrown onto the southern coast of Chukotka, by January 1649 he reached the mouth of the Anadyr River on foot. After wintering here, in the summer with the remaining 12 members of the team, he went up the river and, 18 km from the modern village of Markovo, laid a winter hut (since 1652, the Anadyr prison). Repeated attempts to repeat Dezhnev's voyage from Kolyma to Anadyr around the Chukotka Peninsula were unsuccessful. Only the overland road to Kamchatka through the Anadyr Range and the prison was used, which was opened in 1650 as a result of the foot crossing of M. Stadukhin and S. Motors from the mouth of the river. Big Anyui on the Anadyr River.
For 12 years of staying on the Anadyr River, S.I. Dezhnev overlaid yasak (a small tribute in furs paid by Siberian foreigners “as a gift to the white king”) of the inhabitants of the middle reaches of the river. Anadyr. The Anadyr prison became a stronghold in the development of Chukotka and Kamchatka. This is where expeditions started. In 1697-1699. Atlasov and Morozko to Kamchatka. In 1660 K. Ivanov to the Gulf of the Cross and the Bay of Providence. In 1685, L. Morozko and I. Golygin to the "Koryak land" to Cape Olyutorsky.
The first Russian expeditions to Chukotka were organized by merchants, who brought Cossacks with them, and did not have the character of a purposeful state policy. Merchants were primarily interested in furs and walrus tusks. By the middle of the 17th century, the first facts of barter trade between Russian merchants and the Chukchi and Eskimos date back. Attempts by the Russian state to impose yasak on the indigenous population of Chukotka often met with resistance. Until 1778, the Chukchi were considered “not peaceful” people, until the head of the Anadyr prison, Major I. Shmalev, signed a peace treaty with them.
At the end of the 17th - 18th centuries, there was a period of intertribal wars in Chukotka. Military clashes between the Chukchi and the Koryaks were especially frequent. The capture of reindeer herds, along with nomadic reindeer herding, has become one of the branches of the economy of the indigenous peoples, who have passed to the stage of "military democracy" in their social development. The more numerous Chukchi left the zones of Russian influence and crowded out the Koryaks, Kereks, and Yukaghirs, who were seeking protection from the Russians.
The discovery of Kamchatka, rich in sables, changed the attitude of the Russian rulers towards the development of the North-East of Eurasia. In 1713, Peter 1 issued a decree on finding a sea route from the Okhotsk coast to Kamchatka, and in 1725, on equipping the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1730) led by Vitus Bering in search of a strait between Asia and America and ways to the latter. In 1728, Bering with his assistant Alexei Chirikorv and the crew on the ship "Saint Gabriel" passed from Kamchatka to the strait, later named after him. At the same time, in 1729, in order to "pacify" the Chukchi wars and finally explain the indigenous population, a military expedition was undertaken under the command of Major A. Shestakov, but his detachment was defeated by the Chukchi. In 1731, Shestakov's subordinate Major D. Pavlutsky undertook a new campaign. The Cossacks, accompanied by the Koryaks and Yukaghirs, crossed the Anadyr and Belaya rivers to the Arctic Ocean and returned, defeating the Chukchi detachment. In 1732, Dmitry Pavlutsky sent the boat “St. Gabriel" under the leadership of I. Fedorov and M. Gvozdev. They draw up the first map of the Bering Strait, putting the Diomede Islands on it. Subsequently, several times Pavlutsky undertook military campaigns in order to finally bring the Chukchi into Russian citizenship, but they were of little effect. In 1747, on the Orlovka River (100 km south of the Anadyr prison), his detachment was defeated, and the Chukchi major who had fled was overtaken and killed near the hill, now called Mayorskaya (in the vicinity of Markovo).
In the second half of the 18th century, the Anadyr prison, after the opening of the sea route to Kamchatka, finally lost its significance and was destroyed in 1771, control was transferred to Gizhiga. However, the Russian government is undertaking a number of scientific expeditions, the purpose of which was to consolidate and develop new territories, including Chukotka. Purposeful study of this region began with the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1735 - 1745), in which G. Miller, I. Gmelin, S. Krasheninnikov, G. Steller and other prominent scientists took part. They collected the first information about the peoples of the Far North, the geographical environment and the fauna of the region.
In 1736,1739-1742 Dmitry Laptev undertook his voyages and campaigns. In 1763-1764, Nikolai Daurkin, the first Chukchi scientist, traveled around Chukotka, making maps. In 1762, and then in 1765, Nikita Shalaurov set sail around the Chukotka Peninsula with a northeastern passage from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Shelagsky.
The flexible policy of the Russian government in the second half of the 18th century and the development of trade relations with the indigenous peoples greatly contributed to the strengthening of Russian influence in Chukotka. So, in 1779, Empress Catherine II - on October 11, 1779 ordered "not to take any yasak from the Chukchi for 10 years, provided that they live peacefully with the Koryaks." In 1788, the first fair took place on the river. Big Anyu. Later, the official fair was transferred to the Small Anyui River near the former Anyui prison (modern Ostrovnoye village). Hundreds of reindeer herders came here, bringing for exchange the skins of arctic fox, fox, sable, otter, walrus tusks, reindeer meat, seal belts. Russian merchants carried tobacco, tea, iron axes and knives, copper cauldrons and other goods. The sale of alcoholic beverages at fairs was prohibited.
From the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, the Russian population began to settle in Chukotka in detail, the settlements of Markovo, Bannoe, Oselkino and others appeared. Attempts were actively made to Christianize the local population, but only among the Evens did this religion spread widely. In 1839 a chapel was built in the village. Fortress, then a church in Markovo.
The entire development of the northern Russian territories from 1799 to 1867 is supervised by a specially created Russian-American company, which was organized by G. Shelikhov, and headed by A.A. Baranov.
In 1822, a special decree "On the management of foreigners" was issued, where, among other peoples, the indigenous peoples of Chukotka were named.
After the sale of Alaska by Alexander II in 1867 for 7 million dollars (4.7 cents per hectare), American merchants and whalers launched active activities in Chukotka. To strengthen Russia's influence in the northeast, in 1868-1869 a special Chukotka expedition was organized under the leadership of Baron Maidel. He managed to persuade some of the wealthy Chukchi to swear allegiance to the Russian crown.
Since 1872 The Russian government organized the cruising of military ships along the coast of Chukotka.
In 1883, a self-taught Chuvan Afanasy Dyachkov in the village. Markovo opens the first parochial school in Chukotka.
On July 9, 1888, the Russian government decided to separate the Anadyr district as part of the Gizhiginsky district, the first head of which was L.F. Grinevetsky. In 1889, he founded the Novo-Mariinsk post (now the city of Anadyr) on the banks of the Anadyr estuary. In 1897, the first population census was conducted in Chukotka under the leadership of the head of the district, who later became the Amur Governor N.L. Gondatti.
Formation of the Anadyr district and the foundation of the Novo-Mariinsk post.
On June 9 (old style), 1889, the clipper ship Razboinik entered the Anadyr Estuary. On the clipper arrived the ranks of the newly created Anadyr district, Mr. L.F. Grinevetsky - the head of the district, his assistant Mr. Dmitriev, 12 Cossacks, and building materials, food and other goods were also delivered. The captain of the first rank N.P. commanded the clipper. Wulf. On July 21, 1889, the construction of the first wooden house on the Alexander Spit was completed. On the second day, July 22 (August 3, according to the new style), 1889, the house was lit, over which the Russian national flag was raised and a salute was fired from the onboard guns of the Razboinik clipper. The lighting of the house fell on the name day of Tsarina Maria Fedorovna, which determined the name of the settlement: Mariinsk, but, taking into account the settlements already existing in Russia with that name, they began to call it Novo-Mariinsk. The post was founded not far from the ancient Chukchi village of Vyen (from the Chukot. "entrance"), as a border point, county center, but it grew slowly. Mainly state-owned and private trading warehouses were built here. The most notable events of the beginning of the 20th century were the discovery of alluvial gold in the area of the Golden Ridge and the construction of a radio station in Novo-Mariinsk in 1912-1914, which at that time was one of the four most powerful stations in Russia. Its long-wave spark transmitters made it possible to maintain contact with Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Okhotsk, Nome (Alaska).
Before the October Revolution of 1917, Chukotka was part of the Kamchatka region of the Amur region. At the end of February 1918, Soviet power was proclaimed in the Kamchatka region (albeit not for long), and in Chukotka the first body of the new government was the 1 Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka, which operated from December 16, 1919 to January 31, 1920. Mandrikov and August Berzin organized a revolutionary international group, which included Ukrainians, Belarusians, Russians, Ingush, Latvians, Chuvans and representatives of other nationalities - a total of 13 people. This group overthrew the power of the Kolchak administration in Anadyr and later established Soviet power in Markovo and Ust-Belaya.
The Revolutionary Committee organized the purchase of coal for free distribution to the poor, approved the rates and norms for the issuance of goods, established control over the work of state food warehouses, increased the salaries of teachers, nationalized part of the goods of Russian and foreign merchants in order to prevent starvation in Markovo and Ust-Belaya, introduced a universal labor duty. However, on January 31, 1920, the merchants organized a counter-revolutionary coup, later shooting 11 members of the First Revolutionary Committee. But already in the summer of that year, the power of the counter-revolutionaries was liquidated and a second revolutionary committee was organized, headed by the former Baltic sailor Vasily Mikhailovich Chekmarev. Then the Kolchakites again took power in Chukotka into their own hands. Finally, Soviet power in the region was established only in 1923, when the last detachments of Kolchak were expelled.
The formation on December 16, 1919 of the First Anadyr District Revolutionary Committee opened a new page in the history of the city. By this time about 300 people lived in it. Then the Soviet power did not last long, on January 31, 1920, a coup organized by merchants took place, and in early February, the Revolutionary Committee members were shot. But already on August 1, 1920, a new body of people's revolutionary power - the Anadyr district executive committee - began to reorganize the life of the village.
From November 1920 to March 1921, the Kamchatka region was part of the Far Eastern Republic, where there was a struggle for the establishment of Soviet power. Since November 1922, the Far Eastern Republic was transformed into the Far Eastern Region of the RSFSR. Revolutionary committees operated in Chukotka. On January 4, 1926, the Far Eastern Territory was formed with the transition from the provincial and district division to the district district system. The counties were reorganized into districts: Anadyr and Chukotka. They became part of the Kamchatka District.
On December 10, 1930, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the RSFSR adopted a resolution "On the organization of national associations in the areas of settlement of small peoples of the North." According to this decree, the Chukotka national district was also formed with a temporary district center at the Chukotka cult base (Lavrentiya Bay). In fact, already in 1931, Anadyr finally became the capital of the district.
For a long time the post, then the settlement, was known under two names: Novo-Mariinsk and Anadyr. The decision to rename the settlement to Anadyr was repeatedly taken by various administrative bodies, until it was finally approved in 1924 by a resolution of the Kamchatka Gubernia Committee. The city inherited its name from Anadyrsk (Anadyr prison), founded on the river in the middle of the 17th century by pioneer Cossacks.
The development of Anadyr is connected with the development of the administrative-territorial structure of Chukotka. Since 1927 it has been the center of the Anadyr region. After the formation of the Chukotka National District in 1930, almost immediately, Anadyr became the capital of the district. here in the early 1930s. the first industrial enterprises appeared in Chukotka - a fish cannery, which also included Coal mines located on the left bank of the Anadyr estuary. In order to train personnel from the local population in 1939, the first secondary specialized educational institution was opened in Anadyr - a pedagogical school, in which many famous teachers, writers, scientists, and public figures of Chukotka began their studies.
On October 20, 1932, the Kamchatka Okrug was reorganized into a region, which, when the Far Eastern Territory was divided on October 20, 1938 into Khabarovsk and Primorsky, became part of the Khabarovsk Territory. The Chukotka National Okrug remained part of the Kamchatka Oblast.
On June 20, 1924, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee established the Committee for Assistance to the Peoples of the Northern Outskirts under the leadership of Smidovich. On June 27, 1927, the Joint-Stock Kamchatka Society (AKO) was created to develop the economy and deliver food to the northern regions, and in early 1930 the Chukotka District Integral Union was formed.
By 1928-1936. The formation of aviation in Chukotka refers to the formation of aviation, the main airfields were Cape Severny / Schmidt / and Anadyr.
In the summer of 1930, the first reindeer-breeding collective farm was organized from the united nomadic groups living on the Land of Gek.
In 1931, the first cultural institutions were created in the Okrug: the Okrug Museum in Anadyr and the Uelensk bone carving workshop.
In 1932, the first All-Russian conference on the development of languages and writing of the peoples of the North was held, after which committees for the new alphabet of the peoples of the North were created. October 8, 1933 saw the publication of the first issue of the district newspaper "Soviet Chukotka" /now "Far North"/, later a special supplement was published in the Chukchi language.
A huge role in the development of the economy of the Chukotka District was played by the organization on December 17, 1932 of the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route / GUSMP /, which was engaged in the industrial and geological development of Chukotka. Under his auspices, polar stations, ports, airfields, and industrial enterprises were created; hydrographic and geological work was carried out. For the development of the Northern Sea Route in 1933-1934. an icebreaking voyage of the motor ship "Chelyuskin" was organized. The expedition was led by O.Yu. Schmidt.
On February 27, 1937, by order of the People's Commissariat of the RSFSR, the Chukotka Land Management Expedition was created, which allocated land for the economic activities of individual collective farms and enterprises, and carried out zoning. According to this expedition, the population of the district in 1938 was 18,390 people, of which 12,101 were Chukchi, 1,280 were Eskimos, and 3,020 were newcomers. 3,300 people lived in the district center, the village of Anadyr.
On December 12, 1937, the first elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were held in Chukotka. The first deputy to the Council of Nationalities from Chukotka was the Chukchi Tevlyanto, who simultaneously worked as chairman of the regional executive committee.
On October 1, 1939, the Anadyr Pedagogical School was opened to train specialists from among the inhabitants of Chukotka.
During the Great Patriotic War, Chukotka provided great assistance to the country in the cause of victory over fascism. Conscripts from the Chukchi villages took part in the battles at the fronts. Chukotka provided the metal necessary for defense - tin. In August 1941, the Chaun-Chukotka mining complex was established. The coal industry began to develop actively. During the war years, 199.4 thousand tons of coal were mined at the Anadyrskoye field and in Coal Bay. During the war years, the Anadyr fish processing plant supplied the front with 8 million cans of canned food, while a significant part of the production went to meet the needs of the district, because there was no importation of products from the mainland.
In the early 50s. In Chukotka, the collectivization of reindeer herding and sea hunting was completed, and a campaign began to transform collective farms into state farms, which lasted until 1975.
On May 28, 1951, by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, it was allocated to the direct subordination of the Khabarovsk Territory. On December 3, 1953, the Chukotka National District became part of the Magadan Region.
Anadyr began to grow and develop rapidly from the end of the 50s. A sea point appeared here, which became a major seaport in 1961, through which all the necessary cargoes and building materials for the first wooden two-story houses on the high right bank of the estuary are imported. The village becomes crowded on the historical spit of Alexander, he stepped across the Kazachka River to the elevated part of the tundra.
On January 12, 1965, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the village of Anadyr received the status of a city. It developed the food industry, the construction industry. In its silhouette, four, five-story houses have become familiar. Every year Anadyr is being improved and pleases the eyes of the inhabitants with multi-colored facades of houses. Here are all the administrative and government offices of the district, the district hospital, several specialized secondary and branches of higher educational institutions. The basis of the city's energy sector is the combined heat and power plant, which has been operating at full capacity since 1987. Communication is developing in the city, the first telephone exchange for 40 numbers was put into operation in 1964. Now the automatic telephone exchange provides communication with all corners of our country and abroad. Since 1972, the Anadyr ground station for ultra-long-range space transmissions of the Orbita system has been providing the broadcasting of Central Television programs. The Anadyr TV Center, now transformed into the Chukotka state television and radio company, was established back in 1967.
According to the USSR constitution of 1977, the national district became autonomous.
In the 70s and 80s, the development of the leading branches of the economy in Chukotka continued, changes were taking place in the cultural life of the district. On August 7, 1968, the first professional Chukchi-Eskimo ensemble "Ergyron" ("Dawn" in translation from Chukchi) was created.
On December 9, 1970, the district was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, and on December 29, 1972, the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
In 1973, the first signs of oil were discovered in the Anadyr region, but field development began only recently.
In 1992, after Chukotka left the Magadan Region and received the status of an independent subject of the Russian Federation, Anadyr again received the status of a city of district subordination, which it had previously until 1957.
Anadyr is not only the administrative, but also the cultural and scientific center of the district. There are several scientific institutions, the district library named after. Tan Bogoraza, National College of Arts, original national ensembles "Ergyron" and "Chukotka". Quite recently, the reconstruction of the cinema "Polyarny" was completed.
Many monuments of history and art are located in the city. Memorial to the First Revkom of Chukotka by sculptor V.E. Queen. Palace of Children's Creativity, created by architect Antonio Mikhe and engineer M. Galakhov, commissioned in 1974. Pioneers from all over the country collected money for its construction. The buildings of the early twentieth century, preserved on the site of the founding of the city - Kos Alexander, where the old chapel has now been reconstructed and the church "Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord" operates.
Nature of Anadyr and its environs
The climate of the environs of Anadyr is greatly influenced by the Anadyr Bay of the Bering Sea. The weather here is very changeable, monsoon winds often blow from the sea. Under the influence of southerly winds, floods are often observed, especially in late autumn. Of the other features of the climate, it is necessary to name the frequently changing atmospheric pressure. The average annual rainfall is 445 mm. The average annual temperature in Anadyr is 7.4 degrees. C. In 2001, the lowest winter temperature was recorded on December 26 - 39.6 degrees, and the highest summer temperature on July 21 + 24 degrees.
Anadyr and its environs belong to the shrubless tundra subzone. The nature of the vegetation here is also determined by the proximity of the sea and harsh winds. Only dwarf trees, rare shrubs grow near the city in the tundra, and in spring it amazes with bright colors of blossoming flowers of rhododendrons, poppies, Ivan-tea, polar lilac, rosemary. In summer and autumn, the tundra pleases the townspeople with an abundance of mushrooms and berries: cloudberries, blueberries, shiksha, lingonberries. Old-timers of Anadyr assure that the most mushroom and berry places are in the area of two hills of Dionysius and Mikhail, which are located a few kilometers from the city. Of the cultural plantations on the streets of the city, several types of shrubs, alder, poplar, and willow have taken root. Enthusiasts grow tomatoes, cabbage, cucumbers in greenhouses, and radish, lettuce in the open field, not far from the city in a place called "dachas".
Many feathered inhabitants flock to the vicinity of the city in spring - gulls (kittiwake, herring and glaucous), skuas, arctic terns, several types of waders. Partridges, snow buntings, snowy owls, magpies winter here, sparrows also got here on sea vessels, to please the townspeople with their chirping. On the bird market of Alyumka Island, which is near the city, ipatki, puffins, guillemots, and Beringian cormorants settle. During a tour of the environs of Anadyr, the museum staff will tell you many ancient legends about Mount Dionisia and the island of Alyumka, whose name is translated from the Chukchi language as "a piece of something tangled."
Weasels, weasels, arctic foxes live in the vicinity of the city, brown bears are found, and sometimes polar bears also come. But most of all, the guests of the city remember meetings with evrashki (long-tailed ground squirrels). These funny animals are almost tame, they do not hesitate to beg for bread crumbs from mushroom pickers and berry pickers.
Wonderful fishing off the coast of the Anadyr estuary. In summer, licensed salmon fish, nelma, pike are caught on the net, and smelt and smelt are caught with fishing rods. But the inhabitants of the city prefer to catch smelt from under the ice, on a lure in winter, because at this time of the year it is large, fat, with caviar and is fragrant with a cucumber smell. At the end of April, Korfest competitions are held annually on the ice of the estuary to catch this fish. Of the inhabitants of the waters of the estuary, beluga whales with their cubs always attract the attention of tourists, arranging whole dance performances, and Arctic seals (seals, as they are affectionately called in Chukotka), which stick out their curious faces near the nets of fishermen and surround boats carrying passengers to another coast of the firth.
Key dates in the history of Chukotka
XXX - V111 thousand BC e. - the oldest Paleolithic traces of man in Chukotka.
11 - 1 thousand BC - distribution of the culture of wild deer hunters in Chukotka.
End of 11 thousand BC e. - the beginning of the formation of the Eskimo culture of sea hunters.
1644 - the foundation of the Nizhnekolymsk prison.
1648 - 1649 - sailing S. Dezhnev and F. Popov around the Chukotka Peninsula from the river. Kolyma on the river. Anadyr.
1652 - construction of the Anadyr prison.
1728 - Vitus Bering's voyage to the shores of Chukotka and the Bering Strait.
1771 - Liquidation of the Anadyr prison.
1778 - I.S. Shmalev concludes a peace treaty with the Chukchi.
1778 - J. Cook's voyage to Cape Ryrkaypiy.
1883 - opening of the first parochial school in Chukotka in the village. Markovo A.E. Dyachkov.
1888 - organization of the Anadyr district.
1889 - the foundation of the post Novo-Mariinsk L.F. Grinevetsky (now the city of Anadyr).
1897 - the first census of the population in Chukotka was conducted by the head of the district N.L. Gondatti.
1909 - the creation of the Chukotka district with a center in Provideniya Bay. In 1912, the county center was moved to the village. Whalen.
1914 - opening of the first radio station in Chukotka.
December 16, 1919 - The First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka took power into its own hands.
February 2, 8, 1920 - members of the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka were shot.
1924 - the Committee for Assistance to the Peoples of the Northern Outskirts was created under the All-Russian Central Executive Committee.
On October 7, 1925, Anadyr and Chukotka regions were formed.
August 1928 - the Chukotka cult base was organized (Lavrentiya Bay).
December 10, 1930 - the creation of the Chukotka National District.
December 17, 1932 - the Main Directorate of the Northern Sea Route (GUSMP) was established.
April 22-28, 1932 - 1st Chukotka District Congress of Soviets.
July 10, 1933 - Chaunsky district was organized.
October 28, 1933 - the first issue of the newspaper "Soviet Chukotka" (now "Far North") was published.
1933 - 1934 – expedition led by O.Yu. Schmidt along the Northern Sea Route on the ship "Chelyuskin".
October 1, 1939 - the Anadyr Pedagogical School was opened.
1941 - the opening of the first mine "Pyrkakay" and the mine "Valkumey" for the extraction of tin in the Chaunsky district.
May 18, 1951 - By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the district was removed from the subordination of the Kamchatka region and transferred to the Khabarovsk Territory.
December 3, 1953 - Formation of the Magadan Region, which included the Chukotka National District.
1954 - Iultinsky district was formed.
1957 - Beringovsky and Providensky districts were formed.
1958 - the first industrial gold was mined on the river. Ichuwei.
February 15, 1960 - the first state farms were organized: Markovsky, Anyuisky, Kanchalansky.
1960 - Markovsky district was abolished.
1961 - The East Tundra region was renamed Bilibinsky.
January 12, 1965 - pos. Anadyr received city status.
April 6, 1967 - the village of Pevek received the status of a city.
1967 - The Anadyr television center conducted the first telecast.
August 7, 1968 - geologists of the Anadyr complex expedition discovered a gas field of industrial importance.
September 21, 1969 - reburial of members of the First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka in Anadyr.
December 7, 1970 - the first floating power plant "Northern Lights" in the Arctic gave current.
December 9, 1970 - the district was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor.
December 31, 1970 - Bilibino television station "Orbita" was put into operation.
March 15, 1972 - Anadyr television station "Orbita" was put into operation.
December 29, 1972 - the district was awarded the Order of Friendship of Peoples.
January 28, 1973 - the first signs of oil were discovered in the Anadyr region.
1973 - Shmidtovsky district was formed.
January 12, 1974 - the first block of the Bilibino nuclear power plant gave current.
August 24, 1974 - the Palace of Pioneers (now the Palace of Children's Creativity) was opened in Anadyr, the funds for the construction of which were collected by the pioneers of the whole country.
1977 - the district received the status of autonomous.
February 1979 - regular non-stop passenger flights Moscow - Pevek began.
January 1980 - the first flight of the Tu-154 Moscow - Anadyr.
February 1983 - the first non-stop flight of the Il-62 aircraft on the route Moscow - Anadyr.
1989 - the city of Anadyr became twinned with the city of Bethel (Alaska).
1992 - Chukotka Autonomous Okrug became an independent subject of the Russian Federation.
The extreme north-east of Russia is the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug with the administrative center in the city of Anadyr. The most distant territory from central Russia. Further, through the Bering Strait is already Alaska - America.
The only possible way to get to Chukotka is by plane. The existing maritime communication during the summer navigation season is used only for the delivery of goods. There is no passenger traffic due to the large length of sea routes. In principle, there is no railway and road communication with the "mainland".
The distance from Moscow to Anadyr is about 6400 km. The flight takes place in an arc above the Arctic Circle. If you fly during the day, then from the window along the entire road you can see the tundra stretching for many kilometers.
Currently, only one airline, Transaero, operates regular flights from Moscow to Chukotka. From Khabarovsk to Anadyr can be reached by planes of the company "Vladivostok Avia". All. No more message!
Despite the significant cost of tickets (20 tr.), all planes are almost 100% loaded.
It should be noted that even by plane it is not always possible to get to Anadyr. Unstable weather prone to rain, snowfall and strong winds can cause flights to be delayed or canceled altogether. In spring and autumn, at certain intervals, planes do not fly at all.
The entire territory of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is a border zone with appropriate entry rules. Border guards meet arriving already on the plane. If you do not have a local propiska, you must have a reason to enter. For example, an invitation from someone or a travel certificate. Passengers who did not take care of the documents are sent back by the same plane, without setting foot on the land of Chukotka.
Anadyr Airport in the village of "Coal mines" is located on the opposite side of the Anadyr estuary. In the summer season, you can get from the city to the airport by boat. The fare is 400 rubles. There is also such an exotic form of transport we have - a hovercraft. If you want to travel in comfort, then by paying taxi drivers a certain amount of money, you will be taken to the place directly by car. Cars are loaded onto a barge that transports them to the other side. The disadvantage of this method is that on the road you will not be able to admire the seascapes. The sides of the barge are very high, and getting out of the car is problematic. They are placed very close to each other.
In winter and off-season, the only way to communicate is by helicopter. The ticket price is about 1500 rubles. When the ice freezes sufficiently, vehicles are allowed to cross it. But because of the danger of this route, the ice crossing does not always work.
Anadyr meets you with clean, almost perfect roads and sidewalks. The houses are painted in cheerful colors. Lawns are broken all around, benches, trash cans, etc. are placed.
The ends of the houses are decorated with stylized posters depicting elements of Chukchi life - deer, shaman tambourines, red caviar. All this is called "Chukotka Artika". You can feel the hand of a professional designer. On each poster, along with the Russian name, there is an inscription in the Chukchi language.
What do you think is the name of the bear in Chukchi? "Umk's". Remember the famous cartoon about Umka? The deer is called - "K, orany" and so on. Apparently, all this is intended to preserve the traditional Chukchi culture and language.
The city makes a much more pleasant impression than most Russian cities. All this is the merit of Roman Abramovich. Anadyr before Abramovich and after are two different cities. Gray, dirty, gloomy before and bright, modern, well-groomed after.
Permafrost is a layer of earth from several tens to several hundred meters thick, the temperature of which has not risen above zero degrees for thousands of years. The foundation of a conventional building will heat the ground, causing it to melt and spread. Such a building will be unstable or even split and fall.
For buildings standing on piles, a significant distance remains between the level of the ground floor and the ground. It serves to remove heat from the building. Thus, the soil is always in a frozen state. Piles in such soil feel even better than in ordinary soil.
All communications are also carried out on the surface.
The central square of Anadyr - Lenin Square is located on the elevated bank of the Anadyr estuary. The museum center "Heritage of Chukotka" is located on the square. The building itself has a very unusual architecture. Inside, everything is done with the latest technology. On three floors there is an exposition telling about the stages of the development of Chukotka and about the life of its indigenous people. On the ground floor there is a multimedia room. There is a concert hall in the same building.
Next to the square is the Cathedral of the Life-Giving Trinity. The cathedral is the largest wooden temple in Russia, built on permafrost, and the only cathedral in Chukotka. Like all buildings in Anadyr, the temple stands on stilts. The ground soil under it is cooled by refrigeration units in the summer.
Not far from the cargo port is the memorial "The First Revolutionary Committee of Chukotka", opened in 1981.
The environs of Anadyr are huge expanses of tundra with hills towering among them. The closest to the city are the hill of St. Michael with an abandoned tropospheric communication station located on it, about 5-7 kilometers away, as well as Mount St. Dionysius, 50 km away. From almost anywhere in the city there is a magnificent view of these hills or the mountains located on the other side of the estuary. The city itself, also located on a hill, stretches from its top to the waters of the Anadyr estuary.
The motor transport system in Chukotka is underdeveloped. And if there is no network of roads on the side of the village of Coal mines, then on the side of the city there are practically no roads. Those. in the city itself, of course, everything is in order, but immediately after it everything ends. Several primers of rather mediocre quality stretch into the tundra. But they run out pretty soon. It is impossible to reach any settlements on them.
The flora of the surroundings of Anadyr is characterized by the complete absence of any kind of trees. Unless, of course, you count their dwarf counterparts. For example, there is a dwarf pine that literally spreads along the ground, and its height is even lower than many shrubs.
Toward the end of summer, the berry ripening season begins in the tundra. Lingonberries, blueberries, blueberries, shiksha (dropsy) - this is an incomplete list of what the tundra is rich in. In addition to berries, there are a lot of various mushrooms in the tundra. As we, the inhabitants of the middle zone, follow them into the forest, so the local population goes to pick mushrooms and berries in the tundra.
What is the tundra? Usually it is a swampy area overgrown with low shrubs and grass. It is impossible to move on it by car, even with off-road capability.
The ideal means of transportation are various vehicles on low pressure wheels. Due to the low pressure on the ground, they do not fall into the swamps. In addition, they move along the tundra on caterpillar all-terrain vehicles, leaving deep and long-lasting traces.
The tundra in the vicinity of Anadyr is a monument to human mismanagement. A lot of rusty barrels, the remains of some mechanisms and machines that have remained here forever. The pinnacle of this is the abandoned tropospheric communication station on St. Michael's Hill. The grandest building!
It is necessary to say a few words separately about the tropospheric communication system. The system was created in the late 60s in order to provide communications to the regions of the far north.
Huge distance, permafrost and harsh climate did not allow laying cables. Conventional VHF communication operates at a distance of no more than 80 km. Satellite communications at that time were still poorly developed.
Therefore, the system of tropospheric over-the-horizon communication "Horizont" was developed. Range 250 -425 km. The principle of operation of this system is the property of reflection of radio waves from the upper layers of the atmosphere. The problem was that the reflected signal came very weak, in addition, it could be significantly shifted.
To solve the above problems and ensure a long communication range, it was necessary to build giant antennas with a mirror size of 20x20 meters, or 30x30 meters. Two antennas for each direction.
And now, at the top of the hill of St. Michael, there are six huge antennas (the station worked in 3 directions) and several smaller ones related to some other communication system. This is the former station "Yukon" - part of the tropospheric radio relay line (TRRL) "North". The station is equipped with diesel generator sets and could operate autonomously for a long time.
A network of such stations was located along the line of the Arctic Circle throughout the north of the USSR.
With the development of satellite communication systems, TRRL became significantly inferior to them. The system was eventually shut down permanently in the late 90s. Yukon Station ceased to exist in 2003.
Now only the wind walks among antennas, technical cases, cables beginning to rust. One of the antennas has already fallen, the others are still standing. A few more years will pass and the rest will not withstand the pressure of the elements, burying the memory of one of the grandiose projects of the USSR.
Talking about Chukotka, one cannot fail to mention one of its main riches. Along with gold, gas, oil, this is red caviar. Spawning starts in August and ends in early September. This is the most fertile time for fishing.
They fish, of course, not with fishing rods, but with nets set along the shore of the estuary. On an industrial scale, the Anadyr fish factory is engaged in harvesting. Everyone else needs to purchase licenses to fish.
Fishing is prohibited on Monday and Tuesday. An exception was made for the indigenous people - the Chukchi. They will gladly sell you both raw and already cooked caviar. It is not worth taking ready-made caviar from them. It is completely unknown under what conditions it was prepared. But raw caviar in ovaries can be taken.
Yastik is a thin but strong film that forms a bag-shell, which contains salmon and sturgeon caviar. Raw caviar costs 300-350 rubles per kilogram. Feel the difference! In our stores, a kilogram of red caviar costs about 1,700 rubles. True, the finished caviar from a kilogram of raw will be somewhat less, but nevertheless ...
Preparing caviar is quite simple. The first thing you need to cook brine. Brine is a solution of table salt, usually close to saturation. The water is brought to a boil and salt is gradually added to it. You need to add it until it dissolves. Another way to test the readiness of brine is to use raw potatoes. If it does not sink in the solution, then the brine is ready.
Before salting, caviar must be separated from the ovary. This process is called rumbling. If there is not enough caviar, then you can get by with an ordinary spoon, but this is extremely inconvenient and not very high quality. The best is to use a badminton racket. The ovaries open and rub against the rocket, while the caviar separates and falls down.
After the screening is completed, the caviar must be washed. This is done on gauze. Everything, now the caviar is ready for salting. We lower it into the brine for a period of 5 to 10 minutes. After a short drying caviar can be eaten or laid out in jars.
Caught fish during the spawning period of the Chukchi are often simply thrown away, so if you need fish, they will gladly give it to you completely free of charge. They themselves, of course, also prepare fish for themselves. The fish is cut and hung for drying in small sheds, which literally strewn the entire coast near the village of Tavaivaam.
There is an opinion that the indigenous peoples of the north are now actively drinking and degrading. I don’t know ... Maybe it’s true, of course, but some kind of global degradation process is imperceptible. No, there are of course among the Chukchi those who actively abuse. At the same time, they look and live, of course, accordingly. However, the majority, it seems to me, have perfectly integrated into the modern life of Anadyr and do not differ at all from the Russian population in their way of life.
One of the traditional folk crafts in Chukotka is bone carving. Jewelry made from walrus tusks is truly magnificent! Moreover, many of them are real works of art with a corresponding cost, which can reach up to 100 thousand rubles for individual copies! Expensive. Yes, it is expensive, like all life in Chukotka. On average, food prices are at least twice as expensive as in Moscow. The cost of gasoline is 1.5 times higher!
This is due to the fact that the region exists solely due to products and goods brought from the mainland. Once a year in the summer, during the northern sea delivery, the bulk of products and goods are delivered. Perishable products such as vegetables or fruits are delivered only by air. Their prices will shock an unprepared person.
