Minerals of Thailand. About the country Thailand: Thailand's geography, history, culture, weather, cuisine and entertainment Media

Excursions

10.08.202327.05.2017

Essay on economic and social geography

Completed:

Kuzichev Anton 10 "A" class 1999

(I rented it out in the city of Zhukovsky, Moscow Region, school No. 9, at the end of the 10th

class, Kucherenko Galina Fedorovna. Excellent rating (5). 1999. )

page

1. General information.

1.1 Geographic location.

2. History of Thailand.

1. History of Thailand from the 12th to the 20th century. 2.

2. History of Thailand in the XX century.

3. Relations between Russia and Thailand. 4.

3. Nature.

1. Relief.

2. Climate.

3. Inland waters.

5. Vegetation.

6. Animal world.

4. Population.

1. General characteristics.

2. Holidays and celebrations.

3. Traditions.

4. Religion.

5. Bangkok - "City of Angels". 10.

5. Household.

1. Features of the formation of the economy. 12.

2. Economy.

3. Foreign trade.

4. General characteristics of the economy and foreign capital in

economy.

5. Internal differences.

6. Agriculture.

6. Industry.

7. Armed forces.

8. Transport.

10. Sights of Thailand.

1. History of the development of culture.

2. "Treasures of mankind".

3. Tourism objects of Bangkok.

11. Specific features.

1. Nutrition.

2. Miscellaneous.

1. General information.

THAILAND (Thailand), or Prated Thai, Kingdom of Thailand (from thai -

names of a group of local tribes and English. land - country), (until 1939 and in 1945-48

Siam), a state in Southeast Asia, on the peninsulas of Indochina and

seas. Population 57.8 million, mostly Thais, Lao, and Chinese,

Malays, Mons and Khmers, Persians and Indians, etc. The official language is Thai.

The state religion is Buddhism. Type of government - constitutional

monarchy. The head of state is the king. Legislature - bicameral

National Assembly (Senate and House of Representatives). The capital is Bangkok.

Administrative-territorial division: 7 regions, including 73

Changwata (provinces). The monetary unit is the Thai baht. Big cities:

Chiang Mai, Phuket, Thonburi, Songkhla, Nakhon Sawan. Flag (see fig. 1).

1. Geographic location.

THAILAND is a state in Southeast Asia, on the peninsulas of Indochina and

Malacca, washed by the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand of the South China

seas. It borders Myanmar to the west and northwest and Myanmar to the north and east.

Laos and Kampuchea, in the south with Malaysia. Thailand is the third largest (total

area 514 thousand sq. km) a state in Southeast Asia, after India and

The extreme northern point of Thailand is 20 ° 54 "North latitude and 99 ° 86"

east longitude.

The extreme southern point is 5 ° 68 "North latitude and 101 ° 13" E

The westernmost point of Thailand is 18° 38" N and 97° 49"

east longitude.

The extreme eastern point is 16 ° 68 "northern latitude and 105 ° 67" eastern

2. History of Thailand.

2.1 History of Thailand from the 12th to the 20th century.

Homeland of Siamese twins and blue-eyed Siamese cats several times

changed names. The ancient history of Thailand is shrouded in mystery: exact information about

there is no emergence of the Tai people. According to some assumptions, one of the tribes

descended to the Gulf of Thailand from the Chinese province of Sichuan. In the year when

the steppe Horde attacked Rus' (1238), the tai, merging with the monks, founded

the first capital of his kingdom - Sukhothai, which lasted only 150 years.

It was swallowed up by another Thai kingdom - Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya). It lasted

more than four centuries, during this time 33 kings ruled in it, and the eponymous

the capital has become one of the largest cities in the world. It is Ayutthaya

established in the 16th century the first diplomatic and commercial relations with

Europeans, for starters - with the Portuguese sailors.

Ayutthaya was constantly at war with its neighbors: sometimes with a great empire

Khmer, then with the kingdom of Burma. In 1767, the Burmese army burned

Ayutthaya down. It was a dark day in Thai history: no one could tell

whether to revive an independent state. But 500 Thai troops fled

to Kampuchea and there they began to proclaim their leaders as kings. erected on

throne in 1782, General Pya Chakri, named Rama I, laid the foundation for

reigning dynasty and founded the modern capital of Thailand - Bangkok.

In the 19th century, the countries of Southeast Asia found it difficult to resist

rapid process of colonization. But despite territorial concessions,

Thailand, at that time Siam, was never a colony of anyone, justifying

one of its names - Muang Thai - Land of the free. The name of Siam

awarded the country by neighbors, comes from the Sanskrit "sayam" -

"black". However, in another spelling, this word means "beautiful",

“blue-green”, which actually appear to the gaze of the traveler

landscapes of the coast of the Gulf of Thailand. (Thailand has been called the country since 1949

The first news about Thailand was brought to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century.

the Portuguese. By the middle of the last century, the British captured India and part of

Burma. At the same time, the French occupied Cambodia and Laos. Between dominions

English and French colonizers lay a large feudal

state of Siam. Both England and France sought to capture it.

In the end, the diplomats of both countries agreed to leave Siam

independent state. Taking advantage of military and economic weakness

country, the colonialists imposed unequal treaties on it and turned it into

semi-colony. From Siam, the colonialists exported rice, valuable teak and

rubber, and industrial products were imported there.

2.2 The history of Thailand in the XX century.

Until 1932, Siam had an absolute monarchy, i.e., all power in the country

belonged to the king, and he was revered there as a god. In the history of Siam

the case when a member of the royal family drowned in front of the courtiers;

it was enough to stretch out a hand to save a drowning man, but a touch on

to the king or to any of his family was considered sacrilege. And still

mere mortals can approach the king only on their knees, and close

he must fall prostrate.

In 1932, a coup d'etat took place in Siam. Was accepted

a constitution limiting the rights of the king. He still owned

supreme legislative and judicial power, the king remained supreme

Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Siam and Supreme Patron

the dominant religion there is Buddhism. Executive power in the country

belonged to the Council of Ministers, which was appointed by the king. But Parliament could

to express no confidence in the Council of Ministers, and then the king had to appoint

new ministers.

In 1938, the dictatorship of Pibulsongram was established in the country and headed by

them groupings of officers.

In 1939, Siam was renamed Thailand. But neither the new name nor

constitution did not change the international position of the state. Economy and

Thailand's foreign policy continued to depend on British and American

imperialists.

In 1941, the Thai government entered into a military alliance with Japan, and in

Japanese troops were stationed in the country. During the war years, a wide

popular movement against the invaders. In connection with the surrender of Japan in 1945

year, her troops were expelled from Thailand. However, the country started

run by the Americans. The imperialists turned Thailand into one of their

strongholds in Asia, dragged him into the aggressive military bloc SEATO. IN

Thailand is building military bases, laying strategic roads.

In the 2nd World War, Thailand participated on the side of Japan. From 1947 (from

intermittently) in Thailand, in fact, the regime of military dictatorship. In 1991

The 17th (after 1932) military coup took place in Thailand. In accordance with

adopted in 1991, the interim constitution transferred the highest power in the country

the National Council for the Maintenance of Public Order, to which

entrusted with the functions of monitoring the actions of the transitional parliament and

transitional government.

2.3 Relations between Russia and Thailand.

Russia played an important role in maintaining the independence of Thailand,

diplomatic relations with which were established in 1896. However

good relations between Russia and Siam, more precisely, between the two monarchs

started a few years before. In 1883, Tsarevich Nikolai, the future

Russian Emperor Nicholas II, made a great journey around the world.

After visiting Japan and India, he reached Thailand, where he was met with

royal honors by King Rama V. The monarchs liked each other very much

friend and quickly became friends. The Thais themselves interpret this friendship as a rapprochement

East and West. In 1886, Rama V, accompanied by Prince Vajiravuta, inflicted

return visit to Petersburg. And ten years later his second and beloved son

Chakrabonks, who previously studied for several years in England and lived with a family

middle-class, accompanied the Siamese ambassador to Russia. In Petersburg he

was placed in the Winter Palace, in apartments for royalty, and this

very different from what he had in England. Immediately after his arrival

was introduced to Nicholas II and soon entered the page corps, which

graduated in 1902. The prince quickly mastered the Russian language, imbued with Russian

culture, was very fond of watching ballet, especially Matilda Kshesinskaya, and

even himself performed in some performances, sometimes dressing in women's

clothes. In 1905 he met Ekaterina Desnitskaya, the daughter of a judge from

Ukrainian city of Lutsk, and they secretly got married. When they found out in Bangkok

about marriage, the prince was deprived of the right to the throne. In 1907 they had a son -

Prince Chuva, who was taken away from his parents and raised in a royal

family. In the 1920s, palace intrigues led to a divorce. Catherine went to

Shanghai, where she lived for the rest of her life. Prince Chuva lived a quiet life under

yard and died in the 60s.

Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Thailand were established in

1941, although they have actually been supported since 1947.

3. Nature.

3.1 Relief.

More than 1/2 of the territory of Thailand is occupied by low-lying plains; almost all

the rest are medium-altitude mountains. Western and northern fringes of Thailand

represent folded-blocky mountains and hilly ridges composed of granites,

limestone, crystalline and shale. The main ranges - Kun-

the peak of Thailand - Mount Inthanon (2595 m).

The northeastern part of Thailand - the vast Korat plateau, about

150 m, composed of horizontally occurring layers of red sandstones.

Mountains stretch along the border of Thailand and Kampuchea in the southeast

Kravan and Dangrek.

Between the region of mountains in the west and north and the Korat plateau in the east

the Menam lowland is located. The southern (narrowed) part of Thailand is occupied

mostly low-lying plains, over which rise small

massifs and mountain ranges up to 1786 m high.

The shores are mostly low-lying, swampy in places. A lot of

natural harbors; stretches along the west coast and the Malay Peninsula

chain of islands and rocks.

The length of the land borders is 5100 km, the coastline is 2750 km. Area 514

3.2 Climate.

The climate of Thailand is subequatorial, monsoonal. Summer southwestern

monsoon lasts from late April to mid-November, winter north-

eastern - from late November to February. The average annual temperature in

flat and foothill areas 22-29°C (the warmest month is May), in the mountains

in the north in winter it drops to 10-15°C. Average monthly temperatures in

low areas from +22° in the north to +28° in the south.

In the larger, wider part of Thailand, there are 3 seasons: warm dry (winter),

hot dry (between winter and summer monsoons) and hot humid (summer).

There are 2 seasons in the south of the country: hot less humid (winter) and hot more

wet (summer). Precipitation falls over 1000 mm on the Menam lowland,

less than 900 mm on the Korat plateau, in mountainous areas up to 3000 mm (more in some places) in

year. The duration of the rainy season is from 6 to 8 months.

3.3 Inland waters.

The river network of Thailand is dense. Rivers are characterized by drastic changes

water content throughout the year and high floods during the monsoon rainy season. Almost

all rivers begin in the mountains of the northern regions and flow into the Gulf of Thailand.

Of particular importance in the life of the country is the Menam Chao Phraya River, the longest and

rich river in Thailand. Its length is 1200 km (navigable for 400

km from the mouth). Together with its tributaries, it irrigates those areas where

rice is grown. Through countless channels - klongs - water is diverted from

rivers to rice fields. From May to October, during the rainy season, the whole lowland,

along which the Menam Chao Phraya flows, is flooded with water.

Other rivers: along eastern and partly northeastern border

Thailand flows the Mekong River. The right tributary is also important.

Mekong River - Mun. Along the western border (partly) is the Salween River.

The lakes are insignificant; the largest is Kam (in the Mekong River system).

In the life of a Thai, water determines a lot: the harvest depends on it; By

canals and rivers bring crops to the city for sale; on narrow long

boats - sampangah - communication between villages is maintained,

located on the banks of rivers and canals. Many villages are built on stilts

above the water. Many peasants live in large boats covered with mats,

especially during prolonged floods. After all, the river is far from always

protector and provider. In the flood it becomes cruel and merciless,

like the evil dragon of folk tales. There are many fish in the rivers and canals, and almost all

the peasants are engaged in fishing.

In the northern, wide part of Thailand, reds are the most common.

soils of tall savannahs, brown-red soils of tropical dry

deciduous forests and mountain-forest red earth; in river valleys - alluvial

and meadow. In the southern part of Thailand (including the area adjacent to the northern

shore of the Gulf of Thailand) - lateritic podzolized soils.

3.5 Vegetation.

Thailand is located in the tropical rainforest zone. About 65% of it

the area is occupied by the jungle. Thailand's vegetation is dominated by

deciduous tropical (monsoon) forests in which teak and

mahogany, sal, bamboo and others. In the most humid regions, mainly

way in the mountains, on the elevated outskirts of the Korat plateau, on the isthmus of Kra and on

In the north-east of the coastal part, moist evergreen forests grow.

The main species of these forests are dipterocarpations, hopeis, ficuses, pandanuses and

various palm trees. In the coastal strip in the south, a mangrove forest is developed.

vegetation. Savannas and thickets are widespread on the Korat plateau.

thorny trees and shrubs. On dry (leeward) mountain slopes, in the zone

700-1700 m grow pine-oak forests, in the upper zone of the mountains - evergreen

shrubs.

Many valuable tree species grow in the jungle. Inhabitants of forest areas

various resins, balms, gums, varnishes are obtained from these trees. Fruit

some forest plants (mangosteen, durian, banana) are edible. big

palm trees are of economic importance - coconut and sago. On the slopes of the mountains

A teak tree grows in the northern region. Its height reaches 40 m, and

trunk diameter - 2 m. Teak wood is extremely durable, it is an excellent

material for the construction of ships and port facilities.

6. Animal world.

Almost all of Thailand belongs to the Indo-Malayan zoogeographical

areas. A wide variety of animals live in forests and bamboo thickets.

animals: rhinos, elephants, tapirs, tigers, leopards, wild cats, squirrels.

Especially a lot of monkeys there. There are not only macaques, but also

anthropoid - gibbons. The savannas are inhabited by antelopes, deer, feral

buffaloes and wild bulls - gaur and banteng. All over the country, in the forests and in the fields,

a lot of snakes, among them there are many poisonous ones, for example, "colored ribbons" and huge

king cobras.

Diverse birds: pheasants, peacocks, parrots, hornbill, herons,

Siamese red-throated crane. In the rivers - crocodiles; various types of fish

(mainly cyprinids).

Tame elephants are used in logging. They carry logs

to the river and sort out the jams formed during the rafting of the timber. Elephants work

only a few hours, the rest of the time they graze and rest in the jungle. IN

Thailand has also preserved wild elephants.

4. Population.

4.1 General characteristics.

Thailand is a multinational country with over 30

nationalities and tribes, mainly ethnic groups of Tai: Khon Tai

(13.5 million), Lao (4.5 million), Shans (up to 55 thousand) and others. They speak the language

Thai, but English is also widely spoken, and is concentrated mainly

way in the central, northeastern and northern regions. Besides,

live Chinese (about 3 million, mostly in cities), Malays (over 600

thousand) - in the south, Khmers (350 thousand) - in the southeast. There are few Europeans (up to

The average density is over 55 people per 1 km2, and in the areas of the lower

currents of the Menam, central and some southern provinces (30% of the territory

Thailand) is concentrated over 50% of the population (150-200 people per 1 km2).

Rural population -, about 80%. Cities with population over

100 thousand people - Bangkok, Thonburi.

Over 85% of the economically active population is employed in agriculture and forestry

economy. The number of workers in industry, including handicraft, exceeds

400 thousand. About 40% of the population is illiterate.

Contrasts between modern Bangkok and the rest of the rural province

- as, however, within the same city between residents of its different

quarters - reflect the social tension that exists within the country.

Crime - often as a result of poverty - in Bangkok and other

regional centers is higher than the national average.

4.2 Holidays and celebrations:

Gregorian calendar.

Maha Pucha - the Buddhist holiday of "all saints" (in memory of 1250

disciples gathered to listen to the Buddha's sermon), which is celebrated

in numerous churches with a procession with lamps (full moon day in

February). All shops of the institution are closed for three days.

with flowers, incense and pious gifts, a rite of remembrance is performed

ancestors of the reigning king. The only day of the year when the doors open

royal pantheon in the Grand Palace.

New Year, water holiday. Buddha statues, relatives and friends, just

random passers-by are poured with water (sometimes from a special vat or from

hose) as a sign of universal reconciliation and for protection from evil influences. Near

temples, according to the rite of koprasai, small chedis are built from sand.

plowing ceremony on Sanam Luang in honor of the First Furrow Festival.

On the full moon of May there is a great religious holiday - Visakha

Pucha. On this day, all temples celebrate a triple holiday: the birth of Buddha,

his enlightenment and immersion in nirvana.

The July full moon is celebrated - Asalaha Pucha (holiday in memory of

Buddha's first sermon by five disciples).

Varsa - Buddhist fast - begins in July - August Skao Parns

(the beginning of a three-month retreat of monks in monasteries for a period

rainy season) and ends after three months with the celebration of Ork

considered the most beautiful in the history of Thailand, her birthday is very

beautiful holiday all over the country.

his monument in front of the parliament building.

Ton Kathin, when solemn processions are arranged and gifts are given

monks, completes the period of fasting in October-November.

In November, on the night of the full moon, it is not the state, but very

colorful holiday Loy Krathong: candles, aromatic smoking sticks and

other gifts are placed in paper boats, often in the shape of a lotus, and let them go

holiday, like the queen's birthday.

If a public holiday falls on a weekend, then

the next day is also considered a non-working day.

4.3 Traditions.

In Thailand, any head is considered sacred, supreme in direct and

in a figurative sense, regardless of whether it is worthy or not, it fulfills its

purpose. According to Thai belief, a spirit guarding life sits in the head.

person. Therefore, touch someone else's head and even gently ruffle

hair means nothing, nothing to offend a person. Can't push

someone's foot - the lower, and therefore despicable part of the body.

For Thais, a good tone is a restrained tone. No familiar

a resident of Thailand feeling embarrassed. If you are unhappy with something,

restrain emotions and calmly find out everything. Don't speak loud - you just don't

will hear! The Thai language is like soft singing or, more precisely, like birdsong.

Try Twitter with them - see what you will have

fantastic success with partners and service personnel.

Thais have a highly developed self-esteem, which

manifests itself both in appearance and in behavior (this is very noticeable in the sphere of

service where most Thais work). They are helpful, but this

helpfulness never comes to self-abasement. Whatever you give them -

matryoshka or samovar - be sure, sooner or later it will appear on

local market. And not at all for the sake of business, but out of habit.

The Thais are quite stern about shoes: they are supposed to be removed before

the entrance not only to the temple, but also to a private dwelling. If you are invited to visit

and delicately say “you can keep your shoes on”, leave your shoes anyway

Sitting cross-legged (as we have in Central Asia or India) somewhere

in the village - according to Thai traditions, it is absolutely unthinkable even for a man: this

will be taken as an insult to others.

Everyone in Thailand smiles. The restrained style adopted in behavior is completely

does not contradict the spirit of cheerfulness.

In all other respects, Thais are quite tolerant of strangers.

flawed people, at least very tactful. They are very hospitable

welcome foreigners, especially since tourism brings the country a considerable

4. Religion.

Thailand is the land of Buddha, and Buddhism is the state religion here. 95

percent of the population profess its southern version, the remaining 5% consist of

Muslims, Christians and followers of Confucius. Visual evidence

Thai love for the Buddha - an infinite number of temples built even in

almost uninhabited corners of the country, as well as a huge number of his images and

a whole army of monks. All Thai Buddhists are male from the age of 20

serve at least once in their lives "spiritual duty", becoming monks on

period from two weeks to three months. The hardships of asceticism are more than compensated

especially honorary status of monks. Monks are forbidden to practice

productive labor, so they actually live dependent on others

citizens. According to the philosophy of Buddhism, anyone who gives to a monk is

a good deed will be reckoned in the Hereafter, so that both the one who gives and the one who receives,

as a result quits and are happy with each other.

Thais respect the spirits very much, they are afraid to anger them and how they can,

ask them for mercy. In front of houses, in hotel gardens, and even in front of

institutions, they set up a “house of the spirit”: this is how they lure this spirit

protect the territory, and so that the watchman does not sleep and is kind, they bring him food and

drink, flowers and incense sticks.

Like true Buddhists, Thais also respect elders, teachers and privacy.

own. And (full moon day in February) of the king and queen are celebrated

like national holidays. Court etiquette suggests that the monarch

cannot be touched, that is, it cannot be physically touched.

4.5 Bangkok - "CITY OF ANGELS".

The capital of Thailand wakes up early. Shops, shops, cafes open.

An endless stream of cars and motorcycles fills the streets. through the noise

cars, offering their passengers to get acquainted with the latest news. IN

during this time, cars move very slowly, and during peak hours on the main

traffic jams often occur on city highways.

This is how you will see Bangkok for the first time. The city will surprise you with an unusual combination

Eastern exoticism and Western modernism. Unlike other cities

East Bangkok can not boast of ancient history. He exists only

from the 16th century, and in 1782 the founder of the current royal Chakri dynasty

King Rama I moved his residence to Bangkok from ancient Ayutthaya,

destroyed in 1767 by Burmese troops. Near the Thai capital

several titles. Official - Bangkok, which means "city of

wild plum.

This was once the name of a small fishing village on the banks of the Chao River.

Praia, on the site of which the city was founded. Another name was given in

during the solemn ceremony of declaring Bangkok the capital of the state.

Probably no city has such a magnificent and long name.

of the world - the City of the Gods, the Great City, the residence of the Emerald Buddha,

An impregnable fortress, the Great Capital of the World, gifted with nine

jewels and replete with huge royal palaces, which

resemble heavenly dwellings and from which the personification of God rules, the city,

given by the god Indra and built by Visanukam. But many Bangkoks

They call their city simply Krung Tep - "city of angels".

Bangkok is amazingly beautiful. Buildings located in Sanam Square

Luang: National Theatre, State Museum, Thammasat University,

majestic Buddhist temples built in the traditional Thai style.

Silom Street - "Wall Street" of Bangkok; there are many modern buildings from

glass and concrete, where there are representative offices of commercial and industrial

firms, banks, insurance companies, jewelry and antique shops. On

the largest avenue in Bangkok - Sukumvit, which is considered the center

foreign tourism, there are cafes sparkling with neon lights,

hotels, restaurants and nightclubs. Restless Chinatown, Chinese

part of Bangkok, with many shops and workshops, with a noisy and colorful

Sampeng shopping area.

There are many restaurants in Bangkok, which represent almost the entire

planet cuisine. Speaking of restaurants of national Thai cuisine, it is necessary

say that they are usually located in buildings built in

traditional thai style. They do not have offices and visitors are

in one large hall with a stage. There are no chairs either. The tables are in

large niches in the floor and visitors sit on the sides of these niches. On the stage

an orchestra is located, to the accompaniment of which dressed in national costumes

girls perform folk dances. Sometimes on the stage to the music are played

theatrical performances of ancient Thai epics.

Classical cultural events - theatrical performances,

performances by symphony orchestras are quite rare in Bangkok.

There are no officially operating casinos. The best evening entertainment in

the capital are countless places of entertainment: restaurants with bright

performance in the national style, jazz - and piano bars, very popular

karaoke, excellent discos, nightclubs and variety shows. Resorts

entertainment is in no way inferior to the capital.

You can devote the evening to sports spectacles, since they are such in Bangkok

as exotic as, for example, cuisine.

Once upon a time in Bangkok there were many channels, in Thai klong. That's why

the city was called the Venice of the East. In connection with the reconstruction of the city, many of

they fell asleep, and the rest, unlike the Venetian ones, are by no means tuned

in a romantic way. The miserable shacks of the urban poor huddle up to them, on the water

different-sized boats, the rotten sides of which are patched with scraps

gland. There are many floating cafes, eateries,

hardware and grocery stores. "Water taxis" are rapidly sweeping by.

Long motor boats ride tourists along the waterways of Bangkok.

The architecture of the Thai capital is diverse and cosmopolitan. City

built up with the help of foreign firms, and each contributes to the guise

Bangkok has something of its own, depriving it of specific features, according to which "the city

angels" can be distinguished from other cities in the world. Here, on a small piece

Asian land, East and West converged and this manifested itself in the external appearance

a city that successfully combined eastern exoticism with western modernism.

There are about four hundred Buddhist temples in Bangkok. In the rays of the tropical

the sun elegantly sparkles on them gilding and the colored tiles of their steppes glisten,

at the slightest breath of a breeze, hundreds of bells, reinforced

along the edges of curved roofs. Temple Bencham-obopit ("Marble Temple") - sample

national architecture. It is built of white marble, the roof on it

patterned red tiles. At the entrance are huge stone statues,

depicting fairy guards. Crowned by Bencham-obopite, like many others

Buddhist temples, a symbolic image of a snake, sacred in Thailand

animal.

Bangkok is an international city. In its noisy bazaars one can hear

Chinese dialect - the Chinese bring poultry here from their farms,

pork and vegetables. Bearded Indian merchants sit among silks and brocades.

The city has many European shops.

In the morning, on the streets of the capital and other cities, the first to appear are

shaved heads in bright orange robes. They have wallets in their hands.

bowls. It was the Buddhist monks who began to collect alms. As usual, each

a Thai, at least a few months in his life, must spend in

monastery, and every Buddhist is obliged to help the monks "four

necessities": food, shelter, clothing and medicinal raw materials. Monk not

has the right to think about material goods, touch money and

woman, sleep on a soft bed, wear jewelry and eat in the afternoon.

for alms, which they themselves collect in special pots and knapsacks -

there are no kitchens at the monasteries. Collecting alms seems to be easy, but it happens

monks wander somewhere far from the temple or they are invited to a distant

area. So the monks walk all over Bangkok, flashing their orange

Rickshaws are ringing: they carry riders on scooters. Right on

braziers are on the street. Spicy meat boils on hot charcoal

curry sauce, they are poured over boiled rice.

The outskirts of Bangkok are no different from the village. Here the inhabitants sow rice

and catch fish. And in the city center, luxurious mansions of the Thai aristocracy

and buildings of branches of American, British and French firms and banks.

5. Household.

5.1 Features of the formation of the economy.

The first Tai tribes appeared in the basin of the Menam River even before the start of our

era, however, the process of formation of the Thai people began mainly in 13-14

centuries During this period, the Thai state was also formed, which reached the greatest

heyday in the 14-18 centuries, but then due to feudal civil strife and wars with

neighboring countries fell into disrepair.

In the 19th century the penetration of colonial powers into Thailand (England,

USA, France), and later other capitalist states imposed

country capitulation regime. Located at the junction of colonial possessions

England and France in Southeast Asia, Thailand was able to

a number of features were identified. Compared to other countries in the region,

fell into colonial dependence, Thailand for a long time was in

to a lesser degree an object of imperialist exploitation, which left

opportunities for economic development of the country. However, by the end of the 19th century.

in the hands of foreign, mainly British, monopolies were

key industries, including tin and tungsten mining, teak harvesting

wood, banking. On the eve of World War II, England controlled

up to 70% of foreign investment and the same share of Thailand's foreign trade.

In fact, Thailand was turned into a semi-colony. foreign capital did

stake on securing feudal-landowner ownership of land and

the system of enslaving exploitation of the peasantry based on it. During

between the world warriors in the Thai village deepened the process

dispossession of the peasantry. Positions other than landlords, especially after

the apex revolution of 1932, pressed the national bourgeoisie, which

mainly belonged to small enterprises of rice cleaning, food processing,

sawmill and textile industries. These years are marked by performances

the Thai proletariat, the growing struggle of the peasants for the land. On the eve of the 2nd

world war among the ruling circles of Thailand strengthened the position of supporters

pro-Japanese orientation; Thailand took part in the war on the side of Japan.

Taking advantage of this, after the end of the war, England tried to achieve

monopoly rights in this country. However, England failed to fulfill its

plans due to the expansion of the United States, which in 1950 were imposed on Thailand

unequal agreements on military assistance and economic

"cooperation". And in 1954 they dragged the country into the aggressive SEATO bloc,

cooperation in which Thailand required huge military spending

(about 60% of the budget). This placed Thailand in a strong economic and

political dependence on the United States.

The public debt of Thailand in 1962 reached 12 billion baht. Totally agree

1962 the cost of living of the population increased by 6%.

5.2 Economy of Thailand.

Thailand is a developing agro-industrial country, economy

which is heavily dependent on foreign capital. The basis

economy - agriculture (provides about 60% of the gross national

product) and a relatively developed mining industry.

Most of the land is owned by feudal lords.

The main industry is agriculture.

Machine-building, chemical, cement,

oil refining industry. Crafts (production of items

household items, art products). Foreign tourism.

Collection and production (million tons): paddy rice - 13.7; rubber - 0.42;

corn - 1.6; sugar cane - 23.0. They also cultivate cotton, jute,

kenaf, cassava, tobacco, tapioca and other crops. Animal husbandry is developed

fishing, production of valuable species of wood. Share of industry in

national income is 26-27%. The most developed mining,

woodworking and textile industries.

Production and extraction of industrial products (thousand tons): tin - 30,

fluorspar - 300, lead ore - 1.6, iron ore - 40,

manganese ore - 50.3, lignite - 680.3, cement - 5000, electricity

About 20 billion kWh. In recent years, based on the processing of imported

raw materials and materials built petrochemical, metalworking,

engineering companies. Developed to a limited extent

non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy. Thailand is a world exporter of tin and nature,

Forestry is an important branch of the Thai economy.

The length of roads (thousand km.): Automobile - 43.9, of which about 19 with

hard coating; railways - 3.8. National trade tonnage

fleet 195 thousand reg. t. Seaports - Bangkok (main), Phuket, Sattahip,

Songkhla, Kantang. Airports of international importance: Dongmuang (near

Bangkok) and Hat Yai (in the South of the country). Thailand is a member of Plan

Colombo".

Monetary unit - baht = 100 santangam. At the official exchange rate 1962

1 baht = 0.05 US dollar.

Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. According to the interim constitution

the legislative body is the bicameral National Assembly

(Parliament), consisting of a Senate (268 people), appointed by the king, and

House of Representatives (357 people), directly elected by the population of the country

headed by the Prime Minister. Political body of the ruling military group

The National Political Council (NPC), endowed with broad powers.

All political parties dissolved after the 1976 coup d'état.

Prior to this, more than 50 parties were active, including the Democratic Party,

Thai National Party, Social Justice Party,

Socialist Party of Thailand, United Socialist Front,

New Force Party, etc. The Communist Party of Thailand (founded in

1942) is illegal.

Gross national product per capita (data on

September 1997) - $ 3,022, although in 1995 GNP per capita

population was $ 1,750 per year, which indicates the rise of the economy

countries (in addition, when comparing indicators for mining,

agricultural production, electricity production, etc.,

we come to the same conclusion).

5.3 Foreign trade.

Foreign trade is of great importance for the Thai economy.

The main export items are rice (over 50% of the value, 2nd place in the world in terms of

export), rubber, tin ore, timber (mainly teak).

Imports: cotton fabrics, oil products, food and

industrial consumer goods.

The main role in foreign trade is played by the countries of the sterling zone, and

also Japan and the USA (respectively 35-40%, 20-25% and 10-15%).

5.4 General characteristics of the economy and foreign capital in the economy.

Thailand is a country whose main culture has historically developed and

today - Fig. The vast majority of cultivated land is owned by members

royal family, courtiers, landowners. Their land is rented by usurers

and wealthy peasants, who in turn rent it out in small plots

landless peasants for half the harvest.

Foreign capital dominates in the most important branches. In 1960 straight

foreign investment was estimated at 1.4 billion baht. Over 1/3

investment belongs to English capital (tin mining,

logging, banking and insurance). However, the United States, using

privileges received under agreements with Thailand, almost equalized

their positions with the positions of England, and in terms of growth of direct investment

(mainly in trade and transport) is leading the way.

It was not until 1959-61 that the Thai authorities granted American companies

permission to build a number of enterprises for a total amount

capital investment of 210.4 million baht, and for English companies - only 11 million.

baht. The USA is far ahead of England and other capitalist countries in

export of state capital: it accounts for about 80%

foreign loans received by Thailand. Dominance of foreign monopolies

fetters the development of national private and state capital.

The measures taken by the Thai government in 1955-57, in particular

construction of state cement and pulp and paper plants,

textile and tobacco factories, caused a rebuff from foreign companies. IN

adopted in 1961, the six-year program for the development of Thailand (1961-1966) made

emphasis on receiving foreign, mainly American, "aid",

designed to a large extent to cover the huge military

costs associated with participation in SEATO.

5.5 Internal differences.

Central Thailand (about 35% of the territory) - a vast low-lying valley

the Menam Chao Phraya River with abundant rainfall and fertile

alluvial soils. Here is the main center of production and export

rice - "rice bowl" of Thailand. Maize, fruit and

vegetables. The most important industries are: rice cleaning, sawmilling,

textile, cement, paper, pottery. Cities: Bangkok (capital),

Thonburi, Ayutthaya.

Northeast (32% of the territory) covers mainly plateau

Korat is an arid region with little and uneven rainfall. Main

occupation of the population - agriculture, mainly on fertile soils

flat areas (rainfed rig, corn, jute, cotton, castor

seed), as well as animal husbandry (buffaloes and other cattle - 53%

livestock of the country, pig breeding). Developed handicraft production of yarn,

lacquered and carved wood products. Main cities: Nakhon Rachashima

(Korat), Ubon, Udon-Thani, Konken.

North (19% of the territory) - a mountainous area covered with forest, with

rainfall up to 2000 mm. Slash-and-shift farming system

(rice, legumes, corn, opium poppy), the basis of teak development. Available

oil, oil shale, lignite deposits. Developed handicraft,

textile production (silk and cotton fabric), carving

silver. Main cities: Chieng Mai, Chieng Rai, Lampang.

The south (14% of the territory) produces almost all the products of tin, tungsten,

lead in Thailand. Agriculture is dominated by rubber production

(90% of the total collection of Thailand). plays an important role in the coastal area

fishing, including sea fishing. Main cities: Nakon-

Sritamarat, Sonkla.

5.6 Agriculture.

Agriculture provides about 70% of the national income. dominates

feudal landlord property. To the landowners and the kulak elite

owns over 60% of cultivated land. About 80% of peasants rent

land mainly on extortionate terms of sharecropping, paying 50-75%

harvest. The cultivated area is 15% of the territory of Thailand.

Less than 1/5 of cultivated land is artificially irrigated. Only 3% of farms

use agricultural implements. For the most important

agricultural crops are characterized by low yields (rice - 1.3 t with

ha). The main branch of agriculture is agriculture. In 1991

6.4 million hectares were cultivated, of which up to 90% was occupied by rice (collection

7.8 million tons). The main rice-producing and rice-exporting region - the center

Thailand (55% of the gross harvest). In the drier regions of the north and north

east of Thailand, corn, legumes, peanuts,

The upland rice culture is also widespread. In the south and southeast

concentrated rubber production.

Animal husbandry is subordinate. Of greatest importance is

raising buffalo, the main tax in agriculture (6.8 million tons)

heads). Pigs and poultry are bred everywhere. Under the forest occupied 3/5

territories; teak blanks (105 thousand m3), other

wood (1176 thousand m 3). The population of coastal and river regions is engaged in

fishing. The total fish catch is 295 thousand tons, of which 70% is due to

sea industry.

Rice cultivation is labor intensive and agricultural machinery

retarded here. They plow on buffaloes on swampy land. Harvest is harvested from

boats with sickles, while a lot of grain is wasted. They thresh rice, chasing buffaloes

by sheaves. During the ripening period of rice, rodents, crayfish,

insects, birds. Fighting them is not easy.

No less hard work on rubber plantations and logging.

stomach diseases and malaria are common. Often people get sick and

sometimes they die from the bites of poisonous snakes.

6. Industry.

Thailand's industry is underdeveloped. For the industry

accounts for 10-12% (without handicraft production - 6 - 8%) of national

income; it employs 8% of the active population. The most developed prey

minerals and primary processing of agricultural products. Out of 15,960

enterprises (1958) more than 60% are rice cleaning, sawmills,

textile and food. They employ 72% of industrial workers. big

important is the extraction of tungsten ores (one of the leading places in the world). And

development of tin deposits (14 thousand tons of tin smelted in 1962, 5th

place in the capitalist world) and to a lesser extent tungsten and lead,

fluorite, antimony, precious stones. Industry is concentrated in

cities of Chiengmai, Korat, Nakhon Sritamarat and in the capital - Bangkok.

The main centers of tin mining are Phuket, Yala, Patani, Krabi. Near

Iron ore is mined in Kanchanaburi, gold and gems are mined in the Chanthaburi region

(sapphires, rubies). The manufacturing industry is dominated by small

enterprises. Rice refineries are concentrated in Bangkok and Thonburi.

There are also cement (Bangkok), sugar (Chonburi, Supanburi,

Uttaradit), sawmills [Bangkok, Thonburi, Nakhon Sawan, Nakhon

Rachasima (Korat)], pulp and paper (Kanchanaburi) factories. Artisanal

production of silk and cotton fabrics (Chiengmai, Chiengrai,

Nakhon-Ra-chadima), pottery (Bangkok, Ayutthaya), silver carving,

tree (Bangkok, Chieng Mai, Chieng Rai). Energy resources are poorly explored. IN

northern regions there are deposits of oil and brown coal (reserves, according to estimates,

St. 150 million tons). The reserves of "white coal" are estimated at 3 billion kWh,

Electricity generation is carried out at thermal power plants (in Bangkok - 75 thousand kWh).

kW). In 1964, the construction of a hydroelectric power station in Yanghi was completed (initial capacity

150 thousand kets). In the northern and southern regions (Krabi), brown

The Thai government is taking steps to develop the industry

with the participation of foreign capital. In the city of Surat Thani under construction

oil refinery with a capacity of 1.5 million tons per year, which will operate

exclusively on imported raw materials. In Bangkok and its suburbs - 3

car assembly companies. However, foreign investment is directed

mainly in the production of textiles, paper, foodstuffs, which

puts local companies in a difficult position. In 1962 as a result

competition of foreign goods, a number of large enterprises were closed, including

including a textile factory in Thonburi.

7. Armed forces.

The armed forces consist of the ground forces, the air force and the navy. General

number of 211 thousand people. The supreme commander is the king,

the direct command of the armed forces is carried out by the national

political council and general staff.

The ground forces (141 thousand people) consist of 1 armored

divisions, 6 infantry divisions, including 4 tank battalions. In addition: 3

regimental combat teams, 4 airborne battalions, 1 missile battalion

("Hawk"), 5 companies of army aviation and several separate special units and

divisions.

In service: over 150 light tanks, over 300 armored personnel carriers, about 400

artillery and anti-aircraft guns, 40 missiles, about 90 light

aircraft, over 170 helicopters and other military equipment. Air Force (43 thousand people)

people) have about 150 combat aircraft, over 100 helicopters. include

squadrons: 1 - fighter-bombers, 7 - to combat

rebels, 1 - reconnaissance, 3 transport, 2 helicopter, 1 -

auxiliary aviation. There are 4 airfield security battalions.

The Navy (28 thousand people, including 8 thousand marines) have 3

frigate, 26 patrol ships, 3 missile and 20 patrol boats, 30

coast guard boats, over 40 landing craft, 1 patrol

base aviation squadron, 1 marine brigade (3 infantry battalions,

1 artillery battalion). The main naval bases are Bangkok and Sat Tahip.

All military equipment and weapons are foreign (mainly

American) production. The armed forces are recruited on the basis of

law on universal military service. Active military service 2

of the year. In addition to the armed forces in Thailand, there are: volunteer corps

defense (52 thousand people) and border police (14 thousand people, 54

helicopter).

8. Transport.

Railways and highways were built in Thailand for the purpose of exporting

mining products and rice to foreign markets.

The length of railways is 3517 km, highways - up to 10000 km. By 6 year old

The program reconstructs highways linking all major

cities. Railways link Thailand with Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaya,

Singapore, Cambodia.

Maritime transportation, as well as international air traffic, are carried out in

mostly by foreign companies. An important role in the domestic cargo turnover

plays river transport. Length of shipping lanes, including numerous

channels equals 3109 km. The leading ports of the country are Bangkok, Sonkla.

9. Sports and entertainment games.

From February to April, the most exciting "dragon competition" is held -

kites, in which the dragon - the "man" Chula must force the dragon-

"woman" pickup to land on her own field.

Takraw is a game in which the ball is deftly sent over the net into the field.

opponent, using any part of the body.

Thai boxing can be described as freestyle boxing, although in

and there are strict rules. Competitions are preceded by various

ceremonies; the fight is accompanied by music.

For "fish competitions" grow with strong fins

8 - centimeter fish and in a small aquarium set two males to each other

on a friend. For Thais who love competition and spectacle, especially for southerners,

cockfights are always welcome entertainment.

10. Attractions.

10.1 History of cultural development.

Monuments of the artistic culture of Thailand date back to the Bronze Age,

evidence of this is the ceramics from the burials, samples of which you can

see in the national museum. In the first centuries of our era on the territory of this

countries, Mon and Khmer arts developed, which served as the basis

Thai culture, which created numerous temples, massive, with jewelry

fine details of Buddha statue. National Thai art beginning

actively develop under the auspices of Buddhism from the XIII century: unique

temples (there are no such places anywhere else), in sculpture, characteristic

Thailand graphic elongated shapes. During the heyday of the Siamese state

In the XIV - XIX centuries - there were cities with a rectangular layout,

surrounded by brick walls with battlements in the form of lily leaves. Palaces and temples

richly decorated with colorful mosaics, intricate painting and carvings. Especially

there are many such temples in Bangkok. Numerous works were created

sculpture, the plastic expressiveness of which was gradually lost,

yielding to external decoration. Wall painting has been known since the 14th century -

paintings on the themes of the life of the Buddha in Ayutthaya (XIV century), scenes from “Tosachata” and

"Ramayana" in the temples of Bangkok (XVIII - XIX centuries).

Western influence began to be felt in Thailand from the end of the 19th century. But

the country has not lost its exotic Thai face. Especially this

a bizarre combination of the ancient East and the modern western metropolis

strikes in Bangkok, where the buildings of numerous banks, offices,

hotels in the spirit of modern "international" architecture.

10.2 Treasures of mankind.

The ruins of the ancient Thai capital lie on an island at the confluence of the Menam-

Chao Praya and Pasak. The city, oval in plan, was once surrounded by 12-

kilometer wall, partly preserved to this day. In the center

the islands are a historical park and the ruins of an ancient royal

palace. In the northern part stands the palace of the heir apparent, almost untouched by time.

Prince, where the museum is located today.

Ban Chiang

The oldest examples of pottery were found in the northeast

settlement of Ban Chiang on the Korat high plateau, which was inhabited already

in the 4th millennium BC. Ceramics exhibited in

National Museum of Thailand in Bangkok, belong to three periods. Most

early urns, where the ashes of the dead were kept, are decorated with a cord-like decor.

Later, their red edges became thickened, and on a white surface

engraved patterns appeared. On ceramic vessels of the last period

spiral patterns and other geometric shapes appeared.

Very interesting from the point of view of archeology Sukhothai, like others

cities nearby, surrounded by a wall and protective ditches. As is commonly believed,

royal palaces in ancient times were built of wood, and therefore they are not

no traces left. In Sukhothai, one can discern the remains of a highly developed

(and Khmer-like) systems of canals, reservoirs and ponds. City

was founded by Chinese settlers who appeared in these places in the XII century.

Tuan Gai and Huai Kha Kheng.

Both game reserves cover 320,000 hectares next to the Burmese

border. The appearance of the landscape is defined by small hills, valleys and plains,

which are constantly changing under the influence of water flows. In addition, here

many small lakes, ponds and swampy plains. In higher areas

evergreen vegetation prevails, and deciduous trees grow in the lowlands

trees and bamboo. On the territory of two reserves live different

tribes, only about 4000 people.

10.3 Tourism objects of Bangkok.

Grand Palace or Grand Royal Palace, the residence of the kings of Siam,

located in the city center on the banks of the Menam Chao Phraya. To the complex Grand

The palace includes the palaces of Chakri, Dusit, Maha Prasad and Amarinda, where

coronation of Thai kings. The famous Temple of the Emerald is also located here.

Buddha, looks like a fabulous city.

Wat Po temple - the unusual size of the figure of the Reclining Buddha (at his

transition to nirvana): 49 m in length and 12 m in height, only the feet of the Reclining

The Buddhas are 5 meters long.

The Temple of Wat Arun - the Rising Sun is located on the right bank of the Menam-

Chao Prai in the former Thonburi fortress, one of the main temples of the city.

Golden Mountain - a Buddhist temple on an artificial embankment 78 meters high

meters, where the remains of the Buddha are buried in the central pagoda.

Trimitar Monastery - with a statue of the Golden Buddha made of solid gold

5 m high and weighing 5.5 tons.

Lak Muang - a giant swing next to the Grand Palace - two huge

teak pillars with carved crossbars, installed for Brahmin rites.

floating market. Bangkok used to be called the Venice of the East: residential

quarters were located along the Menam Chao Phraya River, its tributaries and Klongs.

The number of klongs (channels) reached 170. Now there are no more than 140. All life

walked on the water. The custom has survived to this day: early in the morning on the Floating

the market is trading from boats, by the middle of the day the bazaar blurs into different

Crocodile farm - a place where an exotic show called

“Catching of crocodiles with hands”, in which people, crocodiles and snakes participate. On

a farm of more than 50 thousand crocodiles and a small zoo where you can see

tame lions, monkeys, boas, take pictures with them, ride

12. Specific features.

12.1 Nutrition.

“Sanuk” is the spirit of cheerfulness and lightness of being, which is aspired to

all Thais - prevails in their approach to food. richness and diversity

exquisite national recipes Thailand has long been one of the first

places in the world. The basis of food here is rice - plus vegetables, fruits and spices. From meat

predominantly pork and poultry. The Crown Room of Thai Cuisine -

seafood: but there are also freshwater fish dishes.

Unlike Japan and China, chopsticks are not in use here. Except

Moreover, Thai cuisine allows you to take a break from the knife, because everything is in advance

cleaned, finely chopped, ground. Thais use spoons and forks

with which food is mixed, and never offended if a foreigner does not know

these tricks. According to the rules, rice is first pricked, and then

everything else is added. Traditional lunch in national style

ends with rice cake in coconut milk and whipped cream with

fruits, and dinner - soup, after which sweets and fruits are served.

The traditional Thai dinner is a celebratory chaos of main courses,

desserts, cold and hot appetizers, fruits and soups. Start your dinner

from ice cream, even from a cup of coffee - no one will point a finger at you

will. An integral part of any meal - soups are usually eaten

in parallel with all other dishes, two or three spoons to refresh

tired mouth. If you want to observe in a Thai restaurant

European foundations, then order each change of dishes separately, otherwise

case, everything will be brought at the same time.

Thai cuisine may seem too spicy: it cannot be imagined

without sauces and spices. Meals should be washed down only with non-alcoholic

drinks.

12.2 Miscellaneous.

According to the Thai reckoning associated with the Buddha, 1999

is 2542.

Time differs from Moscow by 3 hours in summer and 4 hours in winter.

The contours of Thailand on a geographical map resemble the head of an elephant, whose

the trunk forms the peninsula of Malacca stretched to the south.

Number of main telephone lines per 100 inhabitants (data as of September 1997

years) - 7.86.

79,000 subscribers in Thailand as of January 1991

integrated into a single global cellular telephone system.

Bibliography:

1. Small atlas of the world 1997

2. Treasures of mankind 1997

3. Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary 1995

4. Restaurant Vedomosti (No. 4) 1998

5. Brief geographical encyclopedia.

6. Children's encyclopedia.

7. Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

8. Encyclopedic dictionary.

9. Geographical atlas (grade 10).

10. KGB guide to the countries of the world.

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Thailand has significant and diverse mineral resources. Since the Middle Ages, Thailand has been known for its richest tin and gold placers. The deposits of these metals are associated with alluvial deposits, which Thailand's river valleys abound. The locals have long wash gold in many parts of the country. There were cases when large gold nuggets. However, at present, gold is mined in negligible amounts. When developing deposits a wide variety of methods are used, ranging from traditional, based on the use of unskilled labor to highly mechanized large-scale production methods. Many miners are engaged in washing gold. The high density of gold makes it easier to mine. The simplest technological processes, such as, for example, flushing at locks, can provide a very high degree of recovery of gold from the washed rock.

SILVER. There is an interesting feature in the Thailand-silver relationship. Large-scale silver mining in Thailand began relatively recently, but at the same time, silver jewelry has been made here for more than one century.

In Greek, silver is "ἄργυρος", " á rgyros”, from the Indo-European root meaning “white”, “shiny”. Hence comes its Latin name - "argentum". Silver- element of the 11th group, indicated by the symbol Ag(lat. Argentum).

Silver in jewelry. It is used as a precious metal in jewelry (usually in an alloy with copper, sometimes with nickel and other metals). Traditionally, experts divide silver into three types: sterling silver, Mexican and British. The difference between the types, first of all, is in the sample (that is, in the percentage of pure silver): sterling - 92.5%, Mexican - 95%, British - from 95.8 and above. Silver of Thailand refers to silver of the highest standard (up to 99%). The fact is that the production of silver in Thailand is taken under the control of the state and the sample of sold silver products, according to the law, cannot fall below 92.7%. But at the same time, the bulk of jewelry has 95% pure silver in its composition.

925 sterling silver For example, a 925 sample means that the alloy contains 92.5% silver and 7.5% alloying metal. An alloy of 925 silver is also called sterling silver (sterling, sterling silver, ster). It is an alloy of dazzling white color with high strength. Most jewelry is made from sterling silver due to its affordability and beautiful appearance. 925 sterling silver remains one of the main precious metals used to make highly artistic jewelry. Application (sputtering) of the thinnest (several microns) silver/gold layer, or “gluing” a thin silver/gold plate with another metal during pressing.
3. Rhodium-plated - silver plated with rhodium (to prevent oxidation)

Climate

The second most important religion in Thailand is Islam, which is practiced by about 4.6% of the population - mostly residents of the southern provinces close to Malaysia.

Christianity is also represented in Thailand. The very first mention of Christians in Thailand (Siam) is recorded in the travel notes of the Italian traveler Louis of Varsema, who visited Southeast Asia around 1505. From his notes it becomes clear that the first Christians in Thailand were Armenians who lived here permanently and traded with India. In the XVI-XVII centuries, Christianity was spread here by Catholic missionaries. Currently, there are Catholic and Protestant communities in the country, as well as seven parishes of the Russian Orthodox Church and one monastery. In total, according to various estimates, from 0.7% to 1.7% of the country's population profess Christianity - these are mainly inhabitants of the mountainous northern regions. Most of the Christians are Catholics, but there are communities of Protestants - Presbyterians, Baptists, Adventists, Lutherans, believers of the Assemblies of God.

Architecture

Before the formation of the first major Thai state of Sukhothai, the regions of Thailand (and from the 12th century the whole country) were part of the Mon and Khmer states of Bapnom, Dvaravati, Chenla and Kambujadesh. After the fall of Cambujadesh, the Thai states of Sukhothai, Ayutthaya and Bangkok became the main heirs of Cambodian culture, since there were no conditions for its development in Cambodia. Thai architecture originates from Cambodian.

The entire development of Thai artistic culture is associated with Buddhism, which in the Thai version also included some Hindu motifs. In monumental architecture, the main types of buildings are the stupa and the temple. Thai stupas go back to the Mon and Khmer prototypes (prasang, prasat, chedi; the prefix "pra" means "holy"). The basis for the development of temples is vehan- a building with brick or stone columns and a wooden roof.

The most striking example of the architectural creativity of the Thais is the complex of temples and the Grand Royal Palace in Bangkok. The buildings located on the territory of the temples have a different form and meaning - these are usually sanctuaries, halls for religious ceremonies, libraries and schools. The walls can be decorated with scenes from the Hindu epic ("Ramakien": King Rama 2 translated the Ramayana into Thai) and images of mythological animals. The sacred Bodhi tree is often found in the courtyard of monasteries. There are also numerous sculptures of mythical creatures with supernatural powers and guarding the monastery.

Music

In the ceremonial, court and religious life of the Thais, music has always occupied an important place. The traditional orchestra consists of gongs, bells, strings, xylophones. For Europeans, Thai music sounds quite unusual. It still accompanies important public ceremonies and classical theater performances today.

Artistic crafts

Thailand is famous for its folk art crafts. They are found everywhere - the largest centers of crafts in Bangkok and Chiang Mai. Thailand is one of Asia's largest producers of silk and cotton products, furniture and carved wood products. Numerous shops offer ceramics, latex products, jewelry boxes, painted fans and umbrellas, bronze and brass products, Thai dolls, etc. In Thailand, you can find a lot of inexpensive jewelry made of silver and traditional Asian "yellow" gold with precious stones ( rubies, emeralds, sapphires).

Agriculture

Thailand is one of the world's largest producers and exporters of rice: the country annually supplies up to 9 million tons of rice of various varieties to the world market. Including - the famous "jasmine" rice, so named because of the subtle natural aroma. The share of agricultural products in Thailand's GDP is currently about 10% with an upward trend. Other popular crops are cassava, corn, sweet potatoes, pineapples, coconuts (mainly in the southern region), bananas. The country receives large incomes from the export of the "king of fruits" - durian, which was first learned to be cultivated here.

Story

Periods of history Thailand

Primitive Thailand
Early history Thailand
The first states of Thailand (3000 BC - 1238 AD) Suvarnabhumi Haripunjaya Singhanavati Raktamaritika Langkasuka
Sukhothai (1238-1448) At the same time there were: Lanna (1296-1558) Nakhon Si Thammarat (1283-1468)
Ayutthaya (1351-1767)
Thonburi (1768-1782)
Rattanakosin (1782-1932)
Kingdom Thailand Military dictatorship (1932-1973) Democracy (1973 - present)

The history of the country dates back to the kingdom of Sukhothai, formed in 1238. His successor was the kingdom of Ayutthaya (Ayutthaya), founded in 1350. Thai culture has been heavily influenced by China and India. In the 18th century, Siam suffered from the predatory raids of the Burmese, which were stopped by Taksin and Pra Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke. The latter, after the brutal execution of Taksin in 1782, ascended the throne as king under the name of Rama I, founding the Chakri dynasty. Thanks to his heirs, Kings Rama IV and Rama V, Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia that has never been colonized. True, Thailand was forced to leave the three southern provinces, which later became the three northern states of Malaysia. This was caused by the interests of Great Britain, which was trying to conquer Thailand.

Thailand has never been a colony. One reason for this was the desire of colonial empires to leave Thailand as a buffer between parts of Asia that had already been colonized by Britain and France [ ] . The second reason is that Thailand had very strong rulers at that time [ ] . A largely peaceful revolution in 1932 resulted in Thailand becoming a constitutional monarchy. Formerly known as Siam, Thailand first received its current name in 1939, and for the second time, finally, in 1949, after the Second World War. During this war, Thailand supported Japan, and after its end, became an ally of the United States.

One of the most famous representatives of Thai culture of that period was Prince Damrong Ratchanubab. He became the founder of the country's modern education system and the provincial government system. He was also a historian and one of the most influential intellectuals in Thailand of his time. Damrong Ratchanubab became the first Thai to be included in the UNESCO list of the most honored people.

Coup in Thailand in 2006

Later, on the evening of May 22, it became known that the commander of the ground forces, General Prayut Chan-Ocha, headed the military government of Thailand.

Economy

Advantages: success in export production, capable of even offsetting imports. Rapid economic growth. Availability of natural gas. One of the world's major exporters of rubber, rice and seafood.

Weak sides: The economy is concentrated mainly around Bangkok. Insufficient supply of fresh water. Rapidly growing external debt. 60% of the population works in small farms.

Energy: about 70% of electricity is generated using natural gas. Natural gas is produced in the offshore Platong field, located at the bottom of the Gulf of Thailand. Also a major supplier of natural gas is Qatar, which transports liquefied gas to Map Ta Phut LNG LNG terminal.

Tourism brings considerable income to Thailand. So, in 2011, Thailand was visited by more than 19 million foreign tourists. Main destinations: Bangkok, Pattaya, Phuket and Samui.

Political structure

Form of government- a constitutional monarchy. head of state- king. The king has lost absolute power, but remains the Supreme Commander, a symbol of the unity of the nation and the protector of Buddhism. The previous king, Rama IX, who died in 2016, enjoyed the full respect of the nation, which was sometimes used during political crises. Thai Parliament The bicameral National Assembly consists of the 150-seat Senate and the 480-seat House of Representatives. The leader of the party with the majority in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister.

The lower house (House of Representatives) is elected by the people of Thailand for 4 years. Until March 2000, the Upper House (Senate) was appointed by the king. Since March 2000, 50% of the Senate are appointed by the king, and 50% are elected by the population for a term of 6 years.

Administrative division

Thailand is subdivided into 77 provinces (changwat). In 2013, the municipality - the capital of the country Bangkok received the status of an independent 77th province.

Foreign policy

History of Russian-Thai relations

At the end of the nineteenth century. Thailand (then Siam) saw the Russian Empire as a possible ally, counting on help in defending its independence from the colonial powers of Europe and maintaining political sovereignty. Relations between the two states gradually strengthened. In 1882, under the command of Rear Admiral A. B. Aslanbegov, a squadron arrived from Russia in Siam on the occasion of the centennial anniversary of the establishment of the power of the Chakri dynasty. In 1888, the Russian composer P. A. Shchurovsky wrote the music for the anthem of Siam, which since 1932 became the personal anthem of the royal family. In 1891 the Russian Tsarevich Nicholas visited Bangkok. In the same year, the Siamese Prince Damrong arrived in the Crimea, where he received an audience with the Russian Emperor Alexander III. In 1896 Prince Chira attended the coronation ceremony of Emperor Nicholas II as a guest.

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Siam were officially established during the visit of King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) to Russia from July 2 to 10, 1897. On December 4, 1897, Alexander Olarovsky was appointed Charge d'Affaires and Consul General of the Russian Empire in Siam. The Russian Consulate General was opened in Bangkok, and later it was expanded to a mission that lasted until 1917. On June 23, 1899, a Declaration on Jurisdiction, Trade and Navigation was signed in Bangkok. Due to the friendly nature of Russian-Siamese relations and the expansion of cultural ties, the royal guards of Siam until the 70s. wore the uniform of Russian life hussars, some elements of this uniform have survived to this day. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a number of members of the Siamese royal family and dignitaries visited Russia. Many young aristocrats were educated in Moscow and St. Petersburg. The son of King Chulalongkorn, Prince Chakrabon, lived in Russia for several years, studied at the Corps of Pages and the Academy of the Ground Forces, and served in the Russian army. In 1906 he married Ekaterina Desnitskaya.

After 1917 there was a short break in bilateral relations. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Thailand were established on March 12, 1941. In 1947, an Agreement on the exchange of diplomatic missions was signed between the two countries, and a year later the embassy began its work in the capital of Thailand. During the Cold War and until the end of the 70s. bilateral relations were neutral.

A new period in relations was the official visit of Thai Prime Minister Kriangsak Chamanan to the USSR in 1979. During this visit, the Soviet-Thai Friendship Society was established. Since the mid 80s. In connection with positive changes in the world political arena, bilateral relations gradually began to strengthen again. In 1987, the first exchange of visits between the foreign ministers of the two countries took place. In May 1988, General Prem Tinsulanon, Prime Minister of Thailand, paid an official visit to Moscow. In February 1990, N. I. Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, arrived on an official visit to Bangkok.

On December 28, 1991, the Thai government recognized the Russian Federation as a sovereign state and confirmed its intentions to develop mutually beneficial bilateral relations.

Since the beginning of the XXI century. bilateral relations have steadily gained momentum in key areas of cooperation. The culmination of this process was the visit to Thailand in October 2003 by the President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin and his wife, which became the first visit of the head of the Russian state to the Kingdom of Thailand since the collapse of the USSR. This trip was also unique in terms of international diplomatic protocol, including a private visit by the Russian President at the invitation of the then Prime Minister of Thailand Thaksin Shinawatra, an official visit at the invitation of the Thai Prime Minister, participation in the summit of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and, finally, a state visit at the invitation of His Majesty King Rama IX Bhumibol Adulyadej. In total, the trip took more than 5 days.

The territory of the Kingdom of Thailand stretches for 1500 km from north to south and almost 800 km from west to east. In its geographical outline, Thailand resembles the head of an elephant. The "head" occupies the southern part of the Indochinese Peninsula, and the "trunk" performs a strip of land (less than 13 km wide) on the Malay Peninsula. They border on Thailand: Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia and Myanmar (Burma). In the north of Thailand, the spurs of the Himalayas covered with forests stretch. Their highest peak is Doi Inthanon (2595 m). In the east, surrounded by mountain ranges, the Korat mountain plateau stretches. In the west of the country, the mountain range is covered with impenetrable forests and serves as a barrier between the central regions and Myanmar (Burma). The ridge also covers the northern part of the Malay Peninsula, which led to the mountainous terrain of southern Thailand. The southern coast of the country, with countless bays and beaches, is washed by the waves of the Andaman Sea and the Indian Ocean in the west and the South China with the Gulf of Thailand in the east.

Story

The most recent archaeological discoveries made in the north-east of the country in the vicinity of the village of Bang Chiang (Bang Chiang), confirmed that the most ancient civilization of the Bronze Age flourished here more than five and a half thousand years ago.

At the beginning of the 13th century, the Thais founded a number of small city-states in the north of the country with centers in Lanna, Phayao, Sukhothai. In 1238, two Thai princes who ruled in these cities rebelled against the Khmer king and founded the first independent Thai state with its capital in the city of Sukhothai - "Dawn of Happiness". In subsequent years, the kingdom of Sukhothai greatly expanded its territory, especially in the Chao Phraya river basin. The state religion was Buddhism Theravadian - southern - directions. The first Thai alphabet appeared, and the first forms of Thai traditional art emerged in painting, sculpture, architecture and literature. By the beginning of the XIV century, the state of Sukhothai had weakened and turned into a vassal of the kingdom of Ayutthaya - a young and energetic state.

The destruction of Ayutthaya in 1776 by the Burmese conquerors turned out to be a heavy loss for the Thai people. But the Thais did not lose heart: within two months, under the leadership of the new king Taksin, they expelled the Burmese from the country and built a new capital - Ton Buri. In 1782, the first king of the new and now ruling Chakri dynasty - Rama I - founded a new capital on the banks of the Chao Phraya River in ("Wild Plum Village").

The country maintained its independence from European colonization with the help of skillful diplomacy and partial modernization of society.

POPULATION

Throughout its long history, Thailand has easily welcomed migrants, many of whom were writers, artists, sculptors and architects. Their craftsmanship helped enrich the local culture.

The current population of Thailand belongs to various ethnic groups. These are mainly Thais, Mons, Khmers, Laotians, Chinese, Malays, Persians and Indians themselves. As a result of this mixing, there are no Thais in Thailand with the typical Thai physique and face. Here you can meet tall and short, chubby, dark-skinned and fair-haired Thais. 80% of the population of Thailand is associated with agriculture. Many ancient traditions, religious rites and holidays are preserved in the countryside.

RELIGION

More than 90% of Thais profess the Theravadian - southern - direction Buddhism, which has a strong influence on everyday life.

In addition to the traditional morality that provides social cohesion and offers spiritual support, Buddhism has promoted the active development of arts and crafts. The multi-tiered temples of Thailand are works of high artistic skill.

There is hardly a Thai family in which a family member - a man - would not study the teachings of the Buddha in a monastery. According to ancient tradition, every male Buddhist over twenty years of age, at least once in his life, is ordained to the priesthood for a period of five days to three months. This usually happens during the rainy season, when all the monks refrain from traveling and stay in their monasteries.

Thais traditionally support the idea of freedom of conscience and religion, thanks to which Muslims, Christians, Hindus and Sikhs can freely practice their faith.

LANGUAGE

For the average tourist, written and spoken Thai seem incomprehensible. However, English is widely spoken. In Bangkok, for example, it is the main business. English and other European languages are spoken by the majority of employees in hotels, major travel agencies, shops and restaurants.

The climate in Thailand is tropical and there are three distinct weather periods (seasons).

Rainy season - lasts from May to October, throughout the country dominated by southeast monsoons, bringing heavy rains.
Dry winter - lasts from November to February when the weather is mild and the daytime temperature is not much lower than the annual average. In the north, at night, the temperature can drop to 0 C, and in the central part of the country it is about 16 C. In the south of the country, the temperature is much higher.
The hot season is from March to May. At this time, strong heat and high humidity are set, and there is practically no precipitation.

In the eastern part of the country, its own special microclimate was formed (due to the violation of the natural environment - deforestation). It is characterized by uniform rainfall throughout the year. In September, there is a sharp increase in showers.

The ideal place to stay in Thailand is winter. There is practically no rain at this time, and they do not interfere with hiking and a wonderful beach holiday.

In the hot season, it is most preferable to relax on the islands, where the sea protects vacationers from the scorching heat.

During March to October it is best to relax in the south of Thailand on the islands of the Gulf of Thailand (island). We also recommend going to the central resorts of Thailand:,

All year round are waiting for guests and are ready to please the city with a magnificent rest - resorts and.

Kitchen. What and Where to eat?

Respecting the past, Thais enjoy modern life to the fullest. And the greatest of all pleasures and pastimes is the ability to eat deliciously.

Thai cuisine is a marvelous find for gourmets, it is characterized by richness and all kinds of spices and offers a huge selection of different dishes. Seafood is an integral part of Thai cuisine: fish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp, etc. They are cooked with spices both according to Thai and continental recipes. If you wish, you can order an exclusive dinner served with roses and crystal, you can taste something in restaurants specializing in classic European cuisine.

Windsurfing

The center of this increasingly popular sport is located on Jomtien Beach in