“People sometimes dream of blue cities: some – Moscow, some – Paris...” is sung in a popular Soviet song. But somewhere on Earth, perhaps mysterious places shrouded in myths and legends are hidden from us.
No one has been there, but they talk a lot about them. No one has seen them, but a lot is known about what they look like... In someone’s mind, it is these mysterious parallel worlds that appear through the haze of inexplicable dreams...
But in world archeology sometimes real sensations happen. So, a little more than 10 years ago, in the early 2000s, the mythical cities of Heraklion, Canopus and Menoutis, known only from ancient Greek tragedies and legends, were discovered at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea by an international group of archaeologists. By that time, scientists had been exploring the coastal region of Alexandria for three years. Who knows, perhaps very soon a solution to the mystery of ancient Shangrila, the sunken Atlantis and Kitezh will be found, underground Agharti will be discovered...
Shambhala - a mythical country in Tibet
Shambhala in Tibet (or other surrounding regions of Asia) is mentioned in several ancient treatises. According to some of them, the Hindu messiah Kalka was born here. The first mention of Shambhala is found in the Kalachakra Tantra (10th century). The text states that the city has been preserved since the time of King Suchandra of Shambhala. According to another legend, Shambhala was a kingdom in Central Asia. After the Muslim invasion of Central Asia in the 9th century, the kingdom of Shambhala became invisible to human eyes, and only the pure in heart can find their way to it.
Tibetologist Bronislav Kuznetsov (1931-1985) and orientalist Lev Gumilev (1912-1992), working on the issue, came to the conclusion that Shambhala is a real place. Moreover, it is depicted on an ancient Tibetan map published in the Tibetan-Shangshung Dictionary. According to their interpretation, the author of the map reflected on it the era of domination of Syria, led by the Macedonian conquerors. Syria is called Sham in Persian, and the word “bolo” means “top”, “surface”. Consequently, Shambhala is translated as “the domination of Syria,” which corresponded to reality in the period of the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. e.
In the works of Nicholas and Helena Roerich, the idea of Shambhala is important. Nicholas Roerich, who traveled through Central Asia in the years 24-28 of the last century, stated that he personally heard countless stories about this place. On the basis of the religious and philosophical teachings of the Roerichs, a new movement “Agni Yoga” (Living Ethics) arose, which has the veneration of Shambhala as one of its most important foundations. In science fiction writer James Hilton's novel “Lost Horizon,” the country of Shangri-La became a literary allegory of Shambhala.
Kitezh is the Russian Atlantis.
At one time, the writer Pavel Melnikov-Pechersky, inspired by Lake Svetloyar, told its legend in the novel “In the Woods”, as well as in the story “Grisha”. The lake was visited by Maxim Gorky (essay “Bugrov”), Vladimir Korolenko (essay cycle “In Desert Places”), Mikhail Prishvin (essay “Bright Lake”). Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov wrote the opera “The Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh” about the mysterious city. The lake was painted by artists Nikolai Romadin, Ilya Glazunov and many others. The poets Akhmatova and Tsvetaeva also mention the city in their works.
Today, more and more science fiction writers are interested in the legend of Kitezh. Among works of this kind, we can name, for example, the story “The Hammers of Kitezh” by Nik Perumov and “Red Shift” by Evgeny Gulyakovsky. In the Soviet film “Sorcerers,” which was based on the Strugatskys’ novel “Monday Begins on Saturday,” a worker from a musical instrument factory travels to the fabulous Kitezh.
Remember Atlantis, the continent that sank into the ocean: this is how the gods punished the local population for their sins. So, there is a similar story in Rus' - the legend of Kitezh... It has nothing to do with sins; on the contrary, the reasons for the flooding of the city should be sought in the spiritual purity of its inhabitants. And only the righteous and saints can see this city. Many Orthodox Christians gather for a pilgrimage to the lake, where they believe Kitezh is buried.
The only hints about its real existence are in the book “The Kitezh Chronicler”. According to scientists, this book was written at the end of the 17th century. According to her, the city was built by the great Russian Prince Yuri Vsevolodovich Vladimirsky at the end of the 12th century. Returning from a trip to Novgorod, along the way I stopped to rest near Lake Svetloyar. He was captivated by the beauty of those places and later ordered the construction of the city of Greater Kitezh on the shore.
The length of the built city was 200 fathoms (straight fathom is the distance between the ends of the fingers, arms outstretched in different directions, approximately 1.6 meters), the width was 100. Several churches were also built, and on the occasion the best craftsmen began to “paint images.” During the Mongol-Tarar invasion, in order not to be defeated, the island miraculously sank into the waters of the lake.
Lake Svetloyar is located in the Nizhny Novgorod region near the village of Vladimirsky Voskresensky district, in the Lunda basin, a tributary of the Vetluga River. Its length is 210 meters, width is 175 meters, and the total area is about 12 hectares. There is still no consensus on how the lake came into being. Some insist on the glacial theory of origin, others defend the karst hypothesis. There is a version that the lake appeared after a meteorite fell.
The underground country of Agharti or Agartha.
The mystical center of sacred tradition, located in the East. The literal translation from Sanskrit is “invulnerable”, “inaccessible”. The French mystic Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveidre first wrote about it in his book “India's Mission to Europe.”
The second mention belongs to Ferdinand Ossendowski, who in the book “Beasts, Men, and Gods,” from the words of Mongolian lamas, tells a legend about an underground country that controls the destinies of all mankind. In Ossendowski's story, some researchers find borrowings from Saint-Yves d'Alveidre. A comparative analysis of both versions of the legend was carried out by the French scientist Rene Guenon in his work “King of the World”, in which he came to the conclusion that they have a common source.
The traditional location of Agartha is considered to be Tibet or the Himalayas. In Agartha live the highest initiates, keepers of tradition, true teachers and rulers of the world. It is impossible for the uninitiated to achieve Agartha - only the elite become accessible to it.
According to Puranic literature, Agartha is an island located in the middle of a sea of nectar. Travelers are transported there by a mystical golden bird. Chinese literature reported a tree and a fountain of immortality located in Agartha. Tibetan lamas depicted Aghartha in the center of an oasis, surrounded by rivers and high mountains.
There are legends about underground passages connecting Agartha with the outside world. F. Ossendovsky and N.K. Roerich reported on special underground and aerial vehicles that served its inhabitants for rapid movement.
Ancient Greek cities discovered at the bottom of the sea.
At the beginning of the article, we talked about the sensational discovery of archaeologists at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea - the cities of Heraklion, Canopus and Menoutis, previously known only from ancient Greek legends. From the bottom, a basalt bust of a certain pharaoh, a bust of a deity according to Serapis, and coins were raised, which made it possible to date the destruction of the ancient settlement to the 7th-8th centuries. BC. But, most importantly, three cities with preserved houses, towers, piers were discovered...
Canopus got its name in honor of the helmsman under King Menelaus, who died from a snake bite (and was immediately deified), and Menoutis - in honor of his wife. Heraklion, according to legend, was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC. It was in this city that King Menelaus and Helen the Beautiful stopped on their way from the defeated Troy.
So, in any case, wrote the historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt in 450 BC. He also described the city’s landmark – the Tower of Hercules. It was a rich city, however, it lost its influence after the construction of Alexandria. Scientists suggest that Heraklion was flooded as a result of a strong earthquake. However, he, apparently, suffered almost no harm, but was only forever frozen in time at the bottom of the abyss.
Why did scientists (geophysicists from Stanford University who mapped the seabed using magnetic waves) make a guess about an earthquake? It's all about the nature of the arrangement of the columns and walls of the city, which lay in one direction. Whether visiting “maritime museums” will ever be available is unknown. Nevertheless, it would be very profitable for the state and interesting for tourists.
"Chichaburg": an underground city in Siberia.
At the end of the 90s of the last century, while taking aerial photographs of the Novosibirsk region, researchers 5 km from the regional center of Zdvinsk, on the shore of Lake Chicha, discovered an unusual anomaly: clear outlines of buildings appeared in the image, although there was steppe and lakes all around.
Houses underground?! Novosibirsk scientists, using special geophysical equipment provided by German colleagues, “enlightened” the mysterious place. The result exceeded all expectations: clear contours of streets, alleys, blocks, and powerful defensive structures appeared on the map. A real city is located on an area of 12-15 hectares.
During a study on Earth, on the outskirts of Chichaburg, something resembling a slag dump was discovered, which is usually left over from developed metallurgical production. The class stratification of the ancient Siberian city also turned out to be “illuminated”: “elite” stone palaces were adjacent to the stone houses of common people. A fragment of some ancient - hitherto unknown - civilization was rising from the ground...
According to preliminary excavations, the age of the settlement is VII-VIII centuries BC. It turns out that the town on the banks of the Chicha is the same age as the Trojan War? It is not easy for scientists to believe this - after all, such a discovery overturns many established concepts in history, archeology, and ethnography.
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia
In the history of mankind, legends have been preserved about states and lands, the existence of which has been refuted or not confirmed by modern science.
- Agharti- a legendary underground country, in another formulation - “a mystical center of sacred tradition located in the East.”
- Avalon- a mythical island in the French and English adaptations of Celtic legends that have come down to us.
- Arctida- a hypothetical northern polar continent that supposedly existed in the past.
- Atlantis- a legendary country described by Plato in the dialogues “Timaeus” and “Critius” with reference to certain legends, located in the modern Atlantic Ocean and perished in the middle of the 10th millennium BC. e. as a result of a natural disaster, together with its inhabitants - the Atlanteans.
- Aztlan- the mythical ancestral home of the Aztecs.
- Brazil- the island of the blessed in Irish mythology. Mentioned since the Early Middle Ages.
- Hyperborea- in ancient Greek mythology and the traditions that follow it, the legendary northern country, the habitat of the blessed people Hyperboreans.
- Sannikov Land- a ghost island in the Arctic Ocean.
- Ker-Is - in Breton legends, an ancient city, the capital of Armorica (that is, Brittany)
- Lemuria- a mythical land in the Indian Ocean.
- Lukomorye- a protected place on the outskirts of the universe, where there is a world tree - the axis of the world, along which you can get to other worlds, since its top rests on the heavens, and its roots reach the underworld. Sometimes Lukomorye was the name given to the ancient Northern Kingdom, where people hibernate in winter in order to wake up for the return of the spring Sun.
- Ophir- a country mentioned in the Bible, which was famous for gold, jewelry and other wonders.
- Paititi- the lost or mythical golden city of the Incas in the Andes, it was there that the Incas “hid untold gold riches that have haunted explorers and adventurers for several centuries.”
- Pacifida(Mu) is a hypothetical sunken land in the Pacific Ocean.
- Saguenay- a fabulously rich country, the search for which haunted the French explorers of Canada (Jacques Cartier and others) during the period of great geographical discoveries.
- Tamoanchan- in Aztec mythology, earthly paradise. They consider it the birthplace of humanity. Hometown of Quetzalcoatl.
- Tollan- a mythical city in Mesoamerica.
- Friesland- a ghost island that appeared on maps of the North Atlantic in the 16th and 17th centuries.
- Fenugreek- a mythical country in Tibetan Buddhism.
- Schlaraffenland(also known as Cockayne)
- El Dorado- a mythical country of gold and precious stones in South America, " where these treasures are as common as our ordinary cobblestones».
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An excerpt characterizing the Mythical States
– Oh ca se voit bien. Paris!.. Un homme qui ne connait pas Paris, est un sauvage. Un Parisien, ca se sent a deux lieux. Paris, s"est Talma, la Duschenois, Potier, la Sorbonne, les boulevards," and noticing that the conclusion was weaker than the previous one, he hastily added: “Il n"y a qu"un Paris au monde. Vous avez ete a Paris et vous etes reste Busse. Eh bien, je ne vous en estime pas moins. [Oh, it's obvious. Paris!.. A man who does not know Paris is a savage. You can recognize a Parisian two miles away. Paris is Talma, Duchesnois, Potier, The Sorbonne, the boulevards... There is only one Paris in the whole world. You were in Paris and remained Russian. Well, I respect you no less for that.]Under the influence of the wine he drank and after days spent in solitude with his gloomy thoughts, Pierre experienced involuntary pleasure in conversation with this cheerful and good-natured man.
– Pour en revenir a vos dames, on les dit bien belles. Quelle fichue idee d"aller s"enterrer dans les steppes, quand l"armee francaise est a Moscou. Quelle chance elles ont manque celles la. Vos moujiks c"est autre chose, mais voua autres gens civilises vous devriez nous connaitre mieux que ca . Nous avons pris Vienne, Berlin, Madrid, Naples, Rome, Varsovie, toutes les capitales du monde... On nous craint, mais on nous aime. Nous sommes bons a connaitre. Et puis l "Empereur! [But let's return to your ladies: they say that they are very beautiful. What a stupid idea to go and bury yourself in the steppe when the French army is in Moscow! They missed a wonderful opportunity. Your men, I understand, but you are people educated - should have known us better than this. We took Vienna, Berlin, Madrid, Naples, Rome, Warsaw, all the capitals of the world. They fear us, but they love us. It doesn’t hurt to know us better. And then the emperor ...] - he began, but Pierre interrupted him.
“L"Empereur,” Pierre repeated, and his face suddenly acquired a sad and embarrassed expression. “Est ce que l"Empereur?.. [Emperor... What is the emperor?..]
- L"Empereur? C"est la generosite, la clemence, la justice, l"ordre, le genie, voila l"Empereur! C "est moi, Ram ball, qui vous le dit. Tel que vous me voyez, j" etais son ennemi il y a encore huit ans. Mon pere a ete comte emigre... Mais il m"a vaincu, cet homme. Il m"a empoigne. Je n"ai pas pu resister au spectacle de grandeur et de gloire dont il couvrait la France. Quand j"ai compris ce qu"il voulait, quand j"ai vu qu"il nous faisait une litiere de lauriers, voyez vous, je me suis dit: voila un souverain, et je me suis donne a lui. Eh voila! Oh, oui, mon cher, c"est le plus grand homme des siecles passes et a venir. [Emperor? This is generosity, mercy, justice, order, genius - this is what an emperor is! It is I, Rambal, telling you. The way you see me, I was his enemy eight years ago. My father was a count and an emigrant. But he defeated me, this man. He took possession of me. I could not resist the spectacle of grandeur and glory with which he covered France. When I understood what he wanted, when I saw that he was preparing a bed of laurels for us, I said to myself: here is the sovereign, and I surrendered myself to him. And so! Oh yes, my dear, this is the greatest man of past and future centuries.]
– Est il a Moscow? [What, is he in Moscow?] - Pierre said, hesitating and with a criminal face.
The Frenchman looked at Pierre's criminal face and grinned.
“Non, il fera son entree demain, [No, he will make his entry tomorrow,” he said and continued his stories.
Their conversation was interrupted by the cry of several voices at the gate and the arrival of Morel, who came to announce to the captain that the Wirtemberg hussars had arrived and wanted to place their horses in the same yard in which the captain’s horses stood. The difficulty arose mainly because the hussars did not understand what they were told.
“People sometimes dream about blue cities: for some it’s Moscow, for others it’s Paris...” is sung in a popular Soviet song. But somewhere on earth, perhaps mysterious places shrouded in myths and legends are hidden from us.
No one has been there, but they talk a lot about them. No one has seen them, but a lot is known about what they look like... In someone's mind, it is these mysterious parallel worlds that appear through the haze of inexplicable dreams...
But in world archeology sometimes real sensations happen. So, a little more than 10 years ago, in the early 2000s, the mythical cities of Heraklion, Canopus and Menoutis, known only from ancient Greek tragedies and legends, were discovered at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea by an international group of archaeologists. By that time, scientists had been exploring the coastal region of Alexandria for three years. Who knows, perhaps very soon a solution to the mystery of the ancient Shangrila, the sunken Atlantis and Kitezh will be found, and the underground Agharti will be discovered.
Shambhala is a mythical country in Tibet.
Shambhala in Tibet (or other surrounding regions of Asia) is mentioned in several ancient treatises. According to some of them, the Hindu messiah Kalka was born here. The first mention of Shambhala is found in the Kalachakra Tantra (10th century. The text states that the city has been preserved since the time of the king of Shambhala, Suchandra. According to another legend, Shambhala was a kingdom in Central Asia. After the Muslim invasion of Central Asia in the 9th century, the kingdom of Shambhala has become invisible to human eyes, and only the pure in heart can find the way to it.
Tibetologist Bronislav Kuznetsov (1931-1985) and orientalist Lev Gumilyov (1912-1992), working on the issue, came to the conclusion that Shambhala is a real place. Moreover, it is depicted on an ancient Tibetan map published in the Tibetan-Shangshung dictionary. According to their interpretation, the author of the map reflected on it the era of domination of Syria, led by the Macedonian conquerors. Syria is called Sham in Persian, and the word "Bolo" means "top", "surface". Consequently, Shambhala is translated as “Dominion of Syria,” which corresponded to reality in the period of the 3rd - 2nd centuries BC. e.
In the works of Nicholas and Helena Roerich, the idea of Shambhala is important. Nicholas Roerich, who traveled through Central Asia in the years 24-28 of the last century, stated that he personally heard countless stories about this place. On the basis of the religious and philosophical teachings of the Roerichs, a new movement “Agni Yoga” (living ethics) arose, which has the veneration of Shambhala as one of its most important foundations. In the novella “Lost Horizon” by science fiction writer James Hilton, the country of Shangri-La became the literary allegory of Shambhala.
Kitezh - Russian Atlantis.
At one time, the writer Pavel Melnikov - Pechersky, inspired by Lake Svetloyar, told its legend in the novel “In the Woods”, as well as in the story “Grisha”. The lake was visited by Maxim Gorky (essay "Bugrov"), Vladimir Korolenko (essay cycle "in desert places"), Mikhail Prishvin (essay "bright lake". Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov wrote an opera about the mysterious city. "The Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh". painted by artists Nikolai Romadin, Ilya Glazunov and many others.The poets Akhmatova and Tsvetaeva also mention the city in their work.
Today, more and more science fiction writers are interested in the legend of Kitezh. Among works of this kind we can name, for example, the story “The Hammers of Kitezh” by Nik Perumov and “Red Shift” by Evgeny Gulakovsky. In the Soviet film "Sorcerers", which was based on the Strugatskys' novel "Monday Begins on Saturday", a worker at a musical instrument factory travels to the fairytale Kitezh.
Remember Atlantis, the continent that sank into the ocean: this is how the gods punished the local population for their sins. So, there is a similar story in Rus' - the legend of Kitezh. It has nothing to do with sins; on the contrary, the reasons for the flooding of the city should be sought in the spiritual purity of its inhabitants. And only the righteous and saints can see this city. Many Orthodox Christians gather for a pilgrimage to the lake, where they believe Kitezh is buried.
The only hints about its real existence are in the book "Kitezh Chronicler". According to scientists, this book was written at the end of the 17th century. Thus, according to her, the city was built by the great Russian prince Yuri Vsevolodovich of Vladimir at the end of the 12th century. Returning from a trip to Novgorod, along the way I stopped to rest near Lake Svetloyar. He was captivated by the beauty of those places and later ordered the construction of a large kitezh on the shore of the city.
The length of the built city was 200 fathoms (straight fathom - the distance between the ends of the fingers, arms outstretched in different directions, is approximately 1.6 meters), width - 100. Several churches were also built, and on the occasion the best masters began to “Paint the Image”. During the Mongol invasion - Tarar, in order not to be defeated, the island miraculously sank into the waters of the lake.
Lake Svetloyar is located in the Nizhny Novgorod region near the village of Vladimir Voskresensky district, in the basin of the Lunda, a tributary of the Vetluga River. Its length is 210 meters, width is 175 meters, and the total area is about 12 hectares. There is still no consensus on how the lake came into being. Some insist on the glacial theory of origin, others defend the karst hypothesis. There is a version that the lake appeared after a meteorite fell.
Underground country or agartha agarti.
The mystical center of sacred tradition, located in the East. The literal translation from Sanskrit is “Invulnerable”, “inaccessible”. The French mystic Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveidre first wrote about it in his book “India's Mission to Europe.”
The second mention belongs to Ferdinand of Ossend, who in the book “And Beasts, and Men, and Gods”, from the words of Mongolian lamas, tells a legend about an underground country that controls the destinies of all mankind. In Ossendowski's story, some researchers find borrowings from Saint Yves d'Alveidre. A comparative analysis of both versions of the legend was carried out by the French scientist Rene Guenon in his work “King of the World,” in which he came to the conclusion that they have a common source.
The traditional location of Agartha is Tibet or the Himalayas. In Agartha live the highest initiates, guardians of tradition, true teachers and rulers of the world. It is impossible for the uninitiated to achieve agartha - it becomes accessible only to the chosen ones.
According to Puranic literature, Aghartha is an island located in the middle of a sea of nectar. Travelers are transported there by a mystical golden bird. Chinese literature reported a tree and a fountain of immortality located in Agartha. Tibetan lamas depicted agartha in the center of an oasis, surrounded by rivers and high mountains.
There are legends about underground passages connecting Agartha with the outside world. F. Ossendowski and N. K. Roerich reported on special underground and aerial vehicles that served its inhabitants for rapid movement.
Ancient Greek cities discovered at the bottom of the sea.
At the beginning of the article, we talked about the sensational discovery of archaeologists at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea - the cities of Heraklion, Canopus and Menoutis, previously known only from ancient Greek legends. From the bottom, a basalt bust of a certain pharaoh, a bust of a deity according to serapis, and coins were raised, which made it possible to date the destruction of the ancient settlement to the 7th - 8th centuries. BC e. but, most importantly, three cities with preserved houses, towers, and piers were discovered.
Canopus got its name in honor of the helmsman under King Menelaus, who died from a snake bite (and was immediately deified), and Menoutis - in honor of his wife. Heraklion, according to legend, was founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC. It was in this city that King Menelaus and Helen the Beautiful stopped on their way from defeated Troy.
So, in any case, wrote the historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt in 450 BC. e. He also described the landmark of the city - the Tower of Hercules. It was a rich city, however, it lost its influence after the construction of Alexandria. Scientists suggest that Heraklion was flooded as a result of a strong earthquake. However, he, apparently, suffered almost no harm, but was only forever frozen in time at the bottom of the abyss.
Why did scientists (geophysicists from Stanford University who mapped the seabed using magnetic waves) make a guess about an earthquake? It's all about the nature of the arrangement of the columns and walls of the city, which lay in one direction. It is unknown whether visiting the "Maritime Museums" will ever be available. Nevertheless, it would be very profitable for the state and interesting for tourists.
"Chichaburg": an underground city in Siberia.
At the end of the 90s of the last century, while taking aerial photographs of the Novosibirsk region, researchers 5 km from the regional center of Zvinsk, on the shore of Lake Chicha, discovered an unusual anomaly: clear outlines of buildings appeared in the image, although there was steppe and lakes all around.
Houses underground! Novosibirsk scientists, using special geophysical equipment provided by German colleagues, “enlightened” the mysterious place. The result exceeded all expectations: clear contours of streets, alleys, blocks, and powerful defensive structures appeared on the map. A real city is located on an area of 12-15 hectares.
During a study on the ground, on the outskirts of Chichaburg, something resembling slag was discovered - a dump, which usually remains from a developed metallurgical production. The class stratification of the ancient Siberian city also turned out to be “illuminated”: “elite” stone palaces were adjacent to the stone houses of common people. A fragment of some ancient - hitherto unknown - civilization was emerging from the ground.
According to preliminary excavations, the age of the settlement is VII - VIII centuries BC. e. It turns out that the town on the banks of the Chicha is the same age as the Trojan War? It is not easy for scientists to believe this - after all, such a discovery overturns many established concepts in history, archeology, and ethnography.
| Mythical cities and countries of the New World | |
|---|---|
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World legends mention mythical countries where sorcerers and gods live, where there is a source of eternal youth and untold riches. Humanity has lost its feet in search of their traces. Scientists believe that some are worth looking for in Russia.
Sveta-dvipa
“In the Sea of Milk, north of Meru, lies the large island of Shvepa-dvipa, the White Island, or Island of Light. There is a country where bliss is tasted. Its inhabitants are brave men, removed from all evil, indifferent to honor and dishonor, marvelous in appearance, filled with vitality. A cruel, insensitive, lawless person does not live here...”
Where have you looked for this paradise from the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata? Some Indianists, such as Colonel Wilford, identified Shveta-dvipa with Great Britain. Why not? An island beyond the sea, in the north (for the authors of the Mahabharata). Blavatsky Elena Petrovna, who was a famous representative of the mystical order of Theosophists, in her “Secret Doctrine” placed Shveta Dvipa in the region of the modern Gobi Desert. Some researchers, on the contrary, see Arctida under the White Island - a hypothetical northern polar continent that once existed in the Arctic, but as a result of cataclysms that allegedly occurred from 18 to 100 thousand years ago, went under water (hypothesis of the German zoographer Eger).
Supporters of Arctida often associate the legend of Shveto-dvipa with Hyperborea, which, according to ancient authors, was also located somewhere far to the north. But north is a flexible concept. Some linguists have discovered similarities between Ural place names and Indian names. So, based on the research of A.G. Vinogradov and S.V. Zharnikova, the legendary Shveta-dvipa ended up on the territory of the Urals, the White Sea, the basins of the Northern Dvina and Pechora rivers, and the Volga-Oka interfluve.
Khara Berezaita
In history there are so-called nomadic toponyms, which different sources associated with different places. These include the Haru Berezaiti mountain range from the Zoroastrian texts of the Avesta, with Mount Hukairya. This is the archetypal World Mountain, from behind which the sun chariot of the deity Mithras rises in the morning. Above it sparkle the seven stars of the Big Dipper and the North Star, placed in the center of the universe. From here, from the golden peaks, all the earth's rivers originate, and the greatest of them is the pure Ardvi River, which falls noisily into the white-foamed sea of Vourukasha. The Swift Sun always circles over the mountains of High Khara, and day lasts six months here, and night lasts six months. Only the brave and strong-willed can cross these mountains and get to the happy land of the blessed, washed by the waters of the white-foamed ocean. Some researchers compare it with the already mentioned legendary Mount Meru, which is located next to Shveto-dvipa in the Urals. But, according to the Italian researcher Giraldo Gnoli, the Pamir and Hindu Kush were initially perceived as Khara Berezaiti, and then these beliefs were transferred to “more serious mountains,” or rather to Elbrus. The ocean in this analogy is obviously the Black Sea. By the way, this does not contradict the ideas about the mythological country in the north among ancient authors. Many Roman authors gave the same description of the Black Sea region that we can give today of the North Sea - extreme cold, everything is covered with ice, people are dressed in thick skins.
Biarmia
Biarmia or Bjarmaland is an unknown historical region, which is constantly mentioned in the Scandinavian sagas, and which, according to some historians, could be located somewhere at the northern tip of Eastern Europe, in the area of the current Arkhangelsk region. The mysterious country was first mentioned in the story of the journey of the Viking Ottar from Holugaland (870-890). According to Ottar, Holugalang is the northernmost region of his subordinate Norway. He wanted to find out what lands lay beyond nearby Lapland and discovered the Bjarm people. Unlike the nomadic Laplanders, they lived sedentary and wealthy lives. They were also notorious sorcerers: “With a look, words or some other actions, they know how to bind people so much that they lose their common sense, lose free will and often commit incomprehensible acts.”
Despite the fact that the sources have preserved a detailed description of the Scandinavian expeditions to Biarmia, historians still cannot come to a consensus about what kind of country of rich sorcerers it was. The most common version is that the sagas describe the territory of the Northern Dvina. Other researchers, based on the ethnonym “Bjarm”, which the Vikings used to designate local residents, compare the legendary people with the Finno-Ugric tribes in the territory from modern Udmurtia to the Polar Urals. Bjarmiya, in this case, is a derivative of “Perm the Great”. The famous Scandinavist T.N. Jackson believes that Biarmia could be localized on the shores of the White Sea and on the Kola Peninsula.
Buyan Island
"On the sea on Okiyan, on the island on Buyan...". These are not only words from Pushkin’s fairy tale, but also the beginning of many ancient Slavic conspiracies. According to legend, on the legendary island the world mountain rises, a magical oak tree “neither naked nor clothed” grows, under it lies the mysterious white-flammable stone Alatyn: “Under that stone a mighty power is hidden, and there is no end to it.” There sits “a beautiful maiden, a skilled seamstress, holding a damask needle, threading an ore-yellow silk thread, sewing up bloody wounds.”
Thus, Buyan is a legendary island from Slavic mythology, possessing extraordinary, divine properties. But where was it located? The conspiracies that have come down to us answer this question ambiguously: “Beyond the blue sea, beyond the Khvalynsky (Caspian) Sea, in the middle of the Okiyan Sea lies the island of Buyan”; “On the sea on Okiyan, on the island on Buyan, on the Yardan River”; “On the sea on the Okiyan, in the middle of the White Sea.” In general, they extended the possible location from the Jordan River through the Caspian Sea to the White Sea. The historian Merkulov generally compared Buyan with the German island of Rügen in the Baltic Sea, where the ruins of the sacred city of the Western Slavs of Arkona are located.
In the legends of the Pomors, Buyan Island is mentioned, first of all, as an island rich in amber: “amber felt” supposedly came from somewhere far away from the Arctic Ocean, and then through the White Sea to the Dvina, then through a portage to Pechora.
Today, Buyan Island is clearly marked on the map of Russia in the Arctic Ocean. It is part of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago in the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets region of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Whether he has any relation to the legendary Buyan is unknown. At least there are no traces of ancient cultures and amber there.
Altai Shambhala
Shambhala is a mythical land from Hinduism and Buddhism. The fabulous land promises fabulous conditions - to give eternal youth, to open all the knowledge of the world. “If you know the teachings of Shambhala, you know the future,” Nicholas Roerich said about the magical land. Traditionally, the entrance to Shambhala is placed in the mountainous region of Tibet, somewhere near the sacred Mount Kailash. But, according to Roerich’s teachings, there should be three gates of Shambhala. One of them is located in Altai, in the area of Mount Belukha - a sacred peak among the local Altai peoples. According to their beliefs, there is a land of spirits there. One of the Altai shamans, Anton Yudanov, said in an interview that even clergy do not dare to approach the mountain closer than 10 km, and the attempt to conquer Belukha, which many people undertake every year, is a real sacrilege, followed by punishment. It’s not for nothing, he said, that Belukha is called “the killer mountain,” where most tourists have died recently: “The sacred mountain will throw off everyone who strives to approach its secret.”
Alisa Muranova
