Option No. 5920743
When completing tasks with a short answer, enter in the answer field the number that corresponds to the number of the correct answer, or a number, a word, a sequence of letters (words) or numbers. The answer should be written without spaces or any additional characters. The answers to tasks 1-26 are a figure (number) or a word (several words), a sequence of numbers (numbers).
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Version for printing and copying in MS Word
Indicate the numbers of sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The indigenous population of Madagascar called the souls of the dead lemurs, who returned to the world of the living at night and brought misfortune and death.
2) Europeans, having met animals with eyes glowing in the dark in Madagascar, called them lemurs, and the name stuck.
3) Europeans who came to Madagascar in the 16th century first met there harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes - lemurs, or “poppies”, as the aborigines called them.
4) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs - animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark - the word "poppies".
5) Having arrived in Madagascar in the 16th century, Europeans met lemurs there, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes, which the locals called “poppies”.
| <...> |
Answer:
What word (combination of words) should be in the gap in the third (3) sentence?
Probably
For example
| (1) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge, wide-open eyes, with the word “maki”, but the modern name - “lemur” - was given by Europeans. (2) In Ancient Rome, lemurs were the name for the souls of the dead who did not find peace in the kingdom of the dead and return at night to the world of the living, bringing misfortune and death. (3) With the fall of Rome, the mystical lemurs disappeared into oblivion,<...>When in the 16th century the first Europeans came to Madagascar and met small animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark, they remembered Roman superstitions about the ghosts of the dead and gave “maquis” their own name, which stuck. |
Answer:
Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
OWN, oh, oh.
1. Belonging to someone or something. by right of ownership. S. house.
2. Your own, personal. See with your own eyes. In your own hands. Self-esteem(feeling of self-respect). At your own request.
3. Being under the direct control, disposal, subordination of someone. S. correspondent.
4. Literal, real. In the proper sense of the word.
5. Peculiar only to someone, without extraneous additions (special). C. body weight.
6. actually, introductory. To be more precise, in essence. Actually, I don’t argue.
7. actually, a particle. Expresses limitation: without something, something else, extraneous. The Volga system consists of the Volga itself and its tributaries.
| (1) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge, wide-open eyes, with the word “maki”, but the modern name - “lemur” - was given by Europeans. (2) In Ancient Rome, lemurs were the name for the souls of the dead who did not find peace in the kingdom of the dead and return at night to the world of the living, bringing misfortune and death. (3) With the fall of Rome, the mystical lemurs disappeared into oblivion,<...>When in the 16th century the first Europeans came to Madagascar and met small animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark, they remembered Roman superstitions about the ghosts of the dead and gave “maquis” their own name, which stuck. |
Answer:
In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
caterpillar
lived
TAKEN
no flint
rampant
Answer:
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Otters are extraordinarily intelligent and sensible creatures.
The CLEAR outline of a ship could be seen at the mouth of the river.
A very REPRESENTATIVE jury selected the artists to participate in the competition.
Knowing my father's hot, EXPLOSIVE character, we did not want to bother him.
He disregarded the rules of etiquette and was a complete IGNORANT.
Answer:
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
SIX HUNDRED textbooks
DRIVE forward
ripe apricots
HARDER THAN wood
new TOWELS
Answer:
Establish a correspondence between the sentences and the grammatical errors made in them: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
| GRAMMATICAL ERRORS | OFFERS | |
A) violation in the construction of sentences with participial phrases B) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition C) violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application D) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate D) an error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members | 1) I wanted to know how to grow and care for primroses at home. 2) According to the plan, as a final work we wrote a review of a recently read book. 4) Orchids, having appeared on Earth along with other flowering plants, began to actively develop 40 million years ago. 5) Some orchids have developed false baits based on feeding instincts. 6) Each programmer is assigned to a specific computer that monitors his status. 7) Thanks to language, we can get acquainted with those ideas that were expressed long before we were born. 8) The encyclopedia “Lives of Remarkable People” contains many interesting biographies. |
| A | B | IN | G | D |
Answer:
Define the word in which about the unstressed vowel of the root, about the shock. You write this word by inserting a letter.
s..ti-ri-che-sky
extinct
k..sa-et-sya
application
pl..do-creative
Answer:
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
and..spend, and..subtishka;
ex..exalt, ex..suppress;
d..white, not enough;
pre..history, inter..institutional;
lack of... carelessness, etc.. Slavic.
Answer:
You write a word, in which the letter I is written in place of the letter I.
Pri-dirch..vyy
treat..treat
hall...
intend..to
Answer:
You write a word, in which the letter U is written in place of the letter U.
you-keep..t
trembling..worrying
Answer:
Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
There was still (un)mown grass in the meadows.
(Not) hearing the sounds of bullets screeching from all sides, Pierre drove up to the field.
In Russia there was (not) that middle class that in Europe “united” the aristocracy and the common people.
The Saxon army skillfully hid in (impenetrable) forests and swamps.
The cannonball buzzed and flew over them, (not) doing any harm.
Answer:
Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
(B) SUBSEQUENTLY, the doorway was blocked with bricks, and the windows (ON) were HIGHLY boarded up.
JUST like his father, Evgeniy was a professional violinist, ALTHOUGH, many believed that he was superior to his father in the art of playing.
Our water supplies were (ON) running out, but the guide (ON) refused to deviate from the route and reach the river.
(AS) AS the guests arrived, there was less and less space in the living room, (SO) I went out onto the terrace.
Answer:
Indicate all the numbers, in place of which NN is written.
The main effect of the card is once again in the background: in the bright room for the play (1) a lady with a child in her arms looks pleadingly at the invited (2) doctor in a golden (3) pince-nez.
Answer:
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) The fellow traveler did not hear what was said or ignored my hint.
2) And the years passed quickly and silently and took these memories with them.
3)Themes of war and peace, forgiveness and hatred are relevant at all times.
4) Our train stopped at both large and small stations.
5) On the same lilac bush I saw yellow leaves and buds that began to swell.
Answer:
There was a swimmer (1) who decided on such a night (2) to go through the strait (3) at a distance of twenty versts, and the important one must be the reason (4) for it to be so amazing!
Answer:
Add all missing punctuation marks:
I was (1) understandable (2) happy too,
when I fell in love and loved
or among noisy youth
found his recognition.
You (3) happiness (4) still appeared to me,
when not immediately, for a reason
opened up to the boy
forests and arable lands (5) beauty.
I was also quite happy
not every day, but every year,
when at feast festivities,
like a bell in a bell tower,
the people hummed solemnly.
(Yaroslav Smelyakov)
Answer:
Arrange all the signs of pre-pi-na-niya: indicate the number(s), in place of which one(s) in the sentence there should be one hundredth place(s).
In the deep silence of the sea, my brother and I are on the other side of the river under the shadow of the thick silver of the to-po-la and der -in the hands of fishing rods (1) rusty hooks (2) some (3) were lowered (4) into a huge tub of rotten water .
Answer:
Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
Some new ideas came to my mind (1) and (2) if you come (3) I will be happy to tell you about (4) what worries me now.
Answer:
Which of your sayings correspond to the text? Specify the number from the ve-tov.
1) Fascist tanks bombard London.
2) Bro-non-fighting gun Si-mo-no-va fighters call it “golden”.
3) Ba-ta-reya half-cov-ni-ka By-ko-va uni-that-lived more than twenty tanks.
4) The battle against Se-va-sto-po-la lasted more than a year.
5) The storyteller got his first vivid impressions from airplanes
at a pre-growth age.
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)
Answer:
Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
1) Sentences 13−15 reveal the content of sentence 12.
2) Sentences 16–17 contain description.
3) Sentences 18–20 present the reasoning.
4) Sentences 31–33 present the narrative.
5) Propositions 38 and 39 are contrasted in content.
(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a man flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later I saw Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow...
(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into an instrument of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go out of town in a car. (10) Hitler decided: when they heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.
(11) But one day the time came for testing. (12) At first the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) The Junkers crippled the seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the Caucasus mountains, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) This is where a hitch occurred: machines did not break the will of man. (18) In war there is a lot of grief, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is also something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought humanity a great lesson: revenge of man.
(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
(23)…Senior Lieutenant Bykov’s battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding a birch grove, fifty tanks were approaching our battle formations. (25) “Don’t miss it!” - was Bykov’s team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) According to the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove...
(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.
(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.
(36) Yes, German tanks have long been imagined as a boa constrictor, before which Europe stood numb and trembled like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov’s armor-piercing gun the “golden gun.” (40) But how can we forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy feared no less than a large projectile? (41) How can we forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)
Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish languages, publicist, photographer and public figure.
Answer:
One of the sentences listed below uses antonyms. Write down the number of this offer.
(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a man flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later I saw Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow...
(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into an instrument of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go out of town in a car. (10) Hitler decided: when they heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.
(11) But one day the time came for testing. (12) At first the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) The Junkers crippled the seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the Caucasus mountains, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) This is where a hitch occurred: machines did not break the will of man. (18) In war there is a lot of grief, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is also something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought humanity a great lesson: revenge of man.
(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
(23)…Senior Lieutenant Bykov’s battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding a birch grove, fifty tanks were approaching our battle formations. (25) “Don’t miss it!” - was Bykov’s team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) According to the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove...
(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.
(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.
(36) Yes, German tanks have long been imagined as a boa constrictor, before which Europe stood numb and trembled like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov’s armor-piercing gun the “golden gun.” (40) But how can we forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy feared no less than a large projectile? (41) How can we forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)
Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.
Answer:
Among sentences 23−30, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun and word forms. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a man flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later I saw Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow...
(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into an instrument of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go out of town in a car. (10) Hitler decided: when they heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.
(11) But one day the time came for testing. (12) At first the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) The Junkers crippled the seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the Caucasus mountains, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) This is where a hitch occurred: machines did not break the will of man. (18) In war there is a lot of grief, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is also something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought humanity a great lesson: revenge of man.
(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
(23)…Senior Lieutenant Bykov’s battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding a birch grove, fifty tanks were approaching our battle formations. (25) “Don’t miss it!” - was Bykov’s team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) According to the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove...
(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.
(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.
(36) Yes, German tanks have long been imagined as a boa constrictor, before which Europe stood numb and trembled like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov’s armor-piercing gun the “golden gun.” (40) But how can we forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy feared no less than a large projectile? (41) How can we forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)
Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.
In turn, such lexical means as ________(B) (“triumphant”, “broken”, “courage”) and ________(D) (“fearless fighter”, “mighty heart of a warrior full of courage”), saturate the text with moderate patriotic pathos, thereby helping to express the author’s feelings.”
List of terms:
1) syntactic parallelism
2) contextual synonyms
3) personification
4) book vocabulary
5) epithets
6) phraseological units
7) rows of homogeneous members
8) antithesis
9) hyperbole
Write down the numbers in your answer, arranging them in the order corresponding to the letters:
| A | B | IN | G |
(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a man flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later I saw Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow...
(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into an instrument of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go out of town in a car. (10) Hitler decided: when they heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.
(11) But one day the time came for testing. (12) At first the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) The Junkers crippled the seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the Caucasus mountains, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) This is where a hitch occurred: machines did not break the will of man. (18) In war there is a lot of grief, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is also something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought humanity a great lesson: revenge of man.
(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
(23)…Senior Lieutenant Bykov’s battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding a birch grove, fifty tanks were approaching our battle formations. (25) “Don’t miss it!” - was Bykov’s team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) According to the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove...
(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.
(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.
(36) Yes, German tanks have long been imagined as a boa constrictor, before which Europe stood numb and trembled like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov’s armor-piercing gun the “golden gun.” (40) But how can we forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy feared no less than a large projectile? (41) How can we forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)
Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.
(7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror.
Answer:
Write an essay based on the text you read.
Formulate one of the problems posed by the author of the text.
Comment on the formulated problem. Include in your comment two illustrative examples from the text you read that you think are important for understanding the problem in the source text (avoid excessive quoting). Explain the meaning of each example and indicate the semantic connection between them.
The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.
Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded. If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is graded 0 points.
Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.
(1) When Leonardo da Vinci sat over the drawings of a flying machine, he thought not about high-explosive bombs, but about the happiness of mankind. (2) As a teenager, I saw the first loops of the French pilot Pegu. (3) The elders said: “Be proud - a man flies like a bird!” (4) Many years later I saw Junkers over Madrid, over Paris, over Moscow...
(5) A machine can be good and evil. (6) Hitler turned the car into an instrument of destruction. (7) People looked at the sky with pride. (8) Hitler decided: they will look at the sky with horror. (9) People happily thought: we will go out of town in a car. (10) Hitler decided: when they heard the sound of the engine, people would run without looking back.
(11) But one day the time came for testing. (12) At first the Germans were triumphant. (13) Their tanks traveled all over Europe. (14) Caterpillars crushed France and left furrows in the fields of ancient Hellas. (15) The Junkers crippled the seemingly impregnable London. (16) And the Germans sent their cars to Russia - to the Caucasus mountains, to the rivers of Siberia. (17) This is where a hitch occurred: machines did not break the will of man. (18) In war there is a lot of grief, a lot of destruction, war is not the road to progress, war is a terrible test. (19) But there is also something high in war: it gives people wisdom. (20) This war brought humanity a great lesson: revenge of man.
(21) The Nazis tried to replace the heart of a soldier with a motor, and the soldier’s endurance with armor. (22) However, the Patriotic War proved the triumph of the human spirit.
(23)…Senior Lieutenant Bykov’s battery repelled a tank attack. (24) Rounding a birch grove, fifty tanks were approaching our battle formations. (25) “Don’t miss it!” - was Bykov’s team. (26) Already wounded, this man remained at his post. (27) And then the remains of twenty-six German tanks blackened on the battlefield. (28) According to the Germans, these tanks were supposed to reach India. (29) But they died. (30) At the birch grove...
(31) Or here are some more facts. (32) Ten Red Navy men destroyed twenty-three tanks with anti-tank guns. (33) Sailor Timokhin burned six tanks.
(34) And Sevastopol? (35) The epic defense of this city was a triumph of human courage, when a small, weak garrison, without airfields, almost without tanks, repelled the attacks of powerful enemy divisions and equipment for two hundred and fifty days.
(36) Yes, German tanks have long been imagined as a boa constrictor, before which Europe stood numb and trembled like an aspen leaf. (37) But people blocked their way. (38) Of course, we had excellent anti-tank guns. (39) Of course, our soldiers rightly call Simonov’s armor-piercing gun the “golden gun.” (40) But how can we forget about an ordinary grenade in the hand of a fearless fighter, which the enemy feared no less than a large projectile? (41) How can we forget about the mighty, courageous heart of a warrior?
(According to I. G. Ehrenburg*)
Ilya Grigorievich Erenburg (1891–1967) - Russian prose writer, poet, translator from French and Spanish, publicist, photographer and public figure.
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Madagascar or Republic of Madagascar - Island state in the western part Indian Ocean, located on the island of the same name and several small islets off the east coast of Africa. The island is separated from the continent by the Mozambique Channel (400 km). The total area of the country is 587,040 square meters. km. The length of the island is about 1600 km, the maximum width is over 600 km. The capital is Antananarivo.
The central part of the island is occupied by the high-mountain plateau of Anjafi, which gently descends to the west and abruptly falls to the lowlands of the eastern coast. Highest point Madagascar is dormant volcano Marumukutru (2,876 m), which is located in the Tsaratanana mountain range, in the northern part of the island.
There are three large lakes in Madagascar: Alaotra, Kinkony and Ihotry.
Although Madagascar is located close to Africa, the animal and vegetable world The island is unique, containing 5% of the world's animal and plant species, 80% of which exist only in Madagascar. The most famous of them are lemurs. Most species are endemic. Because of this, Madagascar is often called the “small continent”.
Climate in Madagascar
Climate of Madagascar formed by the southeast trade wind and the South Indian anticyclone. The island has three climate zones: a tropical monsoon climate on the east coast, a temperate maritime climate in the central highlands, and an arid desert climate on the southern tip of the island. In different areas of the island, the climate can vary greatly.
The climate on the east coast is humid and tropical. Rain continues all year round. They can be short-term (less than an hour a day), and sometimes do not stop for several days in a row. The most sunshine occurs in May and September. Average temperatures from January to February are 25°C; from March to April - 30°C; from May to July - from 20 to 25°C; from August to September - 15°C; from October to November - from 20 to 25°C; December - 30°C.
The climate on the west coast is arid and tropical. It rains extremely rarely. Average temperatures: from January to February - 25°C; from March to April - 30°C; from May to October - from 22 to 25°C; from November to December - from 30 to 32°C.
The climate in the south of the island is arid, tropical, hot. Average temperatures - January - 20°C; from February to May - 30°C; from June to September - 25°C; from October to December - from 28 to 32°C. The Tropic of Capricorn lies in the southern part of Madagascar.
The climate in northern Madagascar is tropical. During the rainy season, vast areas receive abundant moisture, including the island of Nosy Be, which explains its lush vegetation. Average temperatures from January to April are from 25 to 30°C; from May to July - from 20 to 25°C; from August to September - from 15 to 20°C.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Population
Population of Madagascar- 22,599,098 people (2012).
Average life expectancy is 61 years for men, 65 years for women. Urban population - 29%.
The Malagasy are the main ethnic group of Madagascar. The total number is about 20 million people.
The Malagasy are divided into two subgroups - the mountain people and the coastal people. The mountain peoples are the Imerina (Merina), Sihanaka and Betsileu, and the coastal people are all the others, for example, the Betsimisaraka, Sakalava and Mahafali. The division into two subgroups is due to the history of human migration to the island.
In the second to fifth centuries AD, Madagascar was inhabited by people from Austronesia, mainly settling in the central highlands. After some time, a second wave of migration, consisting of representatives of the Bantu tribes, came to the island from East Africa through the Mozambique Channel.
Recent studies of the mitochondrial DNA of the island's inhabitants have confirmed the guesses of some scientists about the Austronesian origin of the population. It can be concluded that the Malagasy blood contains approximately equal amounts of Austronesian and African genes, with a slight admixture of Arab, European and Indian.
Religion
Approximately half of the country's population practices the traditional ancestor cult of the Austronesian settlers, which places special emphasis on the connection between the dead and the living. Largest quantity adherents of this religion live among the Merina people. They believe that every person after death joins the souls of his ancestors, and that all souls form a kind of hierarchy of “divinity.”
Among the Merina and Betzileu, a rather strange tradition from a European point of view is practiced, known as famadihana, which translated means “turning over the dead.” During this ritual, the remains of the deceased are taken out of the crypts, wrapped in a new shroud (silk sheet) and throughout the holiday they have fun and dance next to them, sometimes even carrying the remains in their arms. At the end of the ceremony, the bodies are placed back in the crypts.
About 45% of the population professes Christianity, Catholicism or Protestantism. Most believers try to combine the cult of ancestors with Christian traditions. For example, not all Christians abandon the practice of famadihan, this is especially true for Catholics. Pastors from the Catholic Church may even come to the ceremony and bless the participants. The Protestant Church has a very negative attitude towards the practice of the cult of ancestors and calls on its flock to abandon “worship of the Devil.” The Christian Church in Madagascar is a fairly influential political institution.
The rest of the population (about 7%) practices Islam, which was brought to the island by Arab traders around the 10th century. Islam is especially widespread in west coast islands thanks to the large number of harbors that were once Arab outposts. It should be noted that thanks to Islam, the Malagasy language was first written down in Arabic script, which, however, did not take root as the main means of writing Malagasy (the Latin alphabet is now used).
Since the 90s of the 20th century, Orthodoxy began to spread on the island. As a result of the missionary activities of the Patriarchate of Alexandria, some villages in Madagascar adopted Orthodoxy in their entirety. The mission is just beginning, but according to the current situation on the island there are now already more than 10,000 Orthodox Malagasy.
Language
Official languages - Malagasy, French, English.
Malagasy is not related to nearby African languages. It is the westernmost of the Malayo-Polynesian languages, belonging to the Austronesian family. This fact was established back in the 18th century. The Malagasy language is related to the languages of Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The languages closest to it are those spoken on the island of Borneo.
The basic vocabulary of the Malagasy language is 90% identical to the vocabulary of the Ma'anyang language in the Barito River region in southern Borneo. This means that Madagascar was inhabited by people from there. It is not known exactly why this colonization occurred. Later, Indonesian settlers mixed with East Africans and Arabs.
The Malagasy language has borrowings from Bantu, Swahili and Arabic, as well as from French (formerly the language of the colonial government of Madagascar) and English (spoken by pirates based on the island in the 18th century).
Last changes: 05/18/2013About money
Malagasy Ariary(MGA) - currency unit State of Madagascar.
One ariary is equal to 5 iraimbilanja. In circulation there are banknotes in denominations of 100, 200, 500, 1000, 5000 and 10000 ariary, coins: 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 and 50 ariary, as well as 1 and 2 iraimbilani.
Banks are usually open from Monday to Friday from 8:00 to 15:00. Currency can be exchanged at any bank branch, at the airport, at exchange offices and some hotels. The last option is the least profitable, as a commission is charged. Changing money on the street is prohibited.
ATMs can only be found in the capital and major tourist centers.
To travel around the province, you will have to stock up on Malagasy ariary in small bills, since it will be almost impossible to change large bills.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Communications
Calling code: 261
Internet domain: .mg
Ambulance: 211-70, fire service: 225-66, police: 229-72
Telephone codes cities
Antananarivo - 22
How to call
To call from Russia to Madagascar, you need to dial: 8 - dial tone - 10 - 261 - 20* - area code - subscriber number.
To call from Madagascar to Russia, you need to dial: 00 - 7 - city code - subscriber number.
* - there are several operators in the country, so when dialing a number, the two-digit code of the operator company is added after the country code (20 - TELMA, 30 - Telecel, 31 - Sacel, 32 - SRR and 33 - Madacom).
Landline communications
Madagascar's communications system is quite outdated, but is undergoing intensive modernization. The number of payphones on the streets is small; they are mainly concentrated near banks, hotels and large stores. International telephone communication is available only in the main cities of the country.
mobile connection
Cellular communications use the GSM-900 standard, coverage areas cover mainly only big cities and tourist areas, as well as main roads.
The local mobile operator is Orange.
Internet
Regular Internet access can be obtained in Internet cafes in the capital of the country - Antananarivo and in some other large cities.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Shopping
Shops are open from Monday to Friday from 8:00 to 17:00-17:30, on Saturdays from 8:00 to 13:00. Most shops are closed on Sunday. In the southern and south-eastern regions of the country, most retail outlets close for the afternoon siesta from 12:00-13:00 to 15:00-16:00.
You can bargain almost everywhere, but the locals themselves usually hardly bargain. Sellers rarely cheat or inflate the price when they see a foreigner, so prices are more or less adequate everywhere.
When purchasing emeralds, processed, cut and polished stones ready for jewelry purposes, you should definitely take a certificate from the seller, which will be required at customs. All products made from representatives of Malagasy flora and fauna (including dried flowers) also require export certificates for export, which must be obtained at the time of purchase.
It must be borne in mind that the vast majority of souvenirs of this kind, sold in markets and souvenir shops, are manufactured illegally and therefore do not have any certificates for export from the country, and the tourist who buys them can be subject to a fairly large fine.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Where to stay
Categories of Madagascar hotels are designated by the usual “stars”, from 1 to 5. But the rules by which these “stars” are assigned are often incomprehensible to Europeans: for example, some “five-star” hotels are almost identical to “three-star” hotels in terms of the range of services offered and the level of service.
Hotels high level have two types of tariffs: one for their citizens, and the other for foreigners. In addition, payment from tourists is taken in foreign currency.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Sea and beaches
Along the entire coast of Madagascar there are quiet lagoons with white sand beaches, surrounded by coral reefs with a colorful underwater world.
In terms of tourism, the western coast of the island is the most developed; on the eastern coast there is a greater likelihood of sharks appearing.
The most popular beach resort in Madagascar is the island of Nosy Be.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Story
By archaeological standards, the settlement of Madagascar occurred relatively recently. Madagascar was settled around 200-500 AD by Austronesian colonists who arrived there by canoe. This theory is supported by many parallels between the Austronesian culture and the culture of the inhabitants of Madagascar, for example, a special type of canoe or a special way of growing rice, as well as the close relationship of the Malagasy language with the language of the population of the southern part of the island of Kalimantan and genetic research conducted at the beginning of the 21st century. There is no evidence of Austronesian colonization of mainland Africa.
Around the same time or a little later, settlers from the Bantu tribes moved to the island through the Mozambique Channel. At the same time, the new arrivals occupied mainly coastal territories, while the descendants of the Austronesians lived in the middle of the island. Genetic studies have shown that the mixing of Austronesian and African populations began around the 10th century, as a result of which the self-named Malagasy people were formed.
In the seventh century, with the arrival of the Arabs on the island, written references to Madagascar begin.
The name of the island was given by the famous Venetian traveler Marco Polo, who casually mentioned in his notes about the island of countless treasures called Madeigascar. Most modern researchers believe that in fact it was not about the island at all, but about the current capital of the state of Somalia - the port of Mogadishu. However, after the island was marked on Italian maps as Madagascar, the name stuck and has not changed since then.
Despite the widespread influence of Muslim culture on the island, Islam did not take root in Madagascar. However, some signs of Arab influence, such as patriarchy and calendar names for days, months and seasons, still exist to this day.
The first visit to Madagascar by a European occurred in 1500, when the ship of the Portuguese traveler Diogo Diaz, heading to India, deviated from its course and landed on the island. In light of the important geographical position of Madagascar for spice traders who skirted all over Africa, France and Britain tried to establish their outposts on the island. However, the inhospitable climate and even less hospitable natives made this task almost impossible.
In the 17th century, important geographical position The islands and the practical absence of colonial authorities made Madagascar what it became famous for throughout Europe - a paradise for pirates and slave traders. Many famous pirates, such as William Kidd, Robert Drury, John Bowen and others, could call Madagascar their second home. Merchants were robbed both towards India (gold, silver, fabrics) and back (spices, jewelry, silk). The island's aborigines, very warlike tribes, used the latest European achievements to wage internecine wars, and subsequently sold captives to slave traders. Sometimes, if prisoners could not be taken, the leaders sold their own subjects.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the mountainous state of Merina, living in cultural isolation from the rest of Madagascar, made a successful attempt to expand throughout the entire island. In 1818 Radama I was declared king of Madagascar. His dynasty ruled the island until 1896, when the last king was overthrown by French troops who invaded Madagascar in 1883.
In 1890, the French protectorate was recognized by Britain, in exchange for French recognition of the British protectorate of what is now Tanzania (then Tanganyika and Zanzibar). In 1897, the French finally abolished the native monarchy, removing King Ranavalona III from power.
After France's defeat by Nazi Germany in 1940, the protectorate came under the control of the Vichy regime, but after the Madagascar operation, British troops occupied the island, keeping it from Japanese conquest. Germany had its own plans for the island: it was planned to resettle 4 million Jews from Europe here (see the Madagascar plan).
After the transfer of Madagascar to France in 1943, revolutionary unrest began on the island, which culminated in the 1947 uprising for independence. The uprising was suppressed, but the French government released the colony from direct control in 1958.
On October 14, 1958, the Autonomous Republic of Malagasy was proclaimed under a French protectorate.
On June 26, 1960, the independent Malagasy Republic was proclaimed on the island. The country was led by the Social Democratic Party led by Philbert Tsiranana.
In May 1972, unrest among students began in the capital of the country, which detonated a political crisis. The President handed over power to the military, led by General Ramanantsua.
On December 31, 1974, a group of military officers attempted to overthrow General Ramanantsua. However, the general was soon removed from power by his comrades. The new Prime Minister Ratzimandrava was assassinated three days later on January 27, 1975. Power passed into the hands of the military directory. In the spring, high-profile trials against the conspirators took place in the country. In 1975, the country changed its name to the Democratic Republic of Madagascar; the country, under the leadership of Didier Ratsiraka, set a course for building socialism. Ties with the USSR are strengthening. French troops are being withdrawn from the country.
Soviet Perestroika leads to similar processes in Madagascar. In 1990, multi-party system was restored. In 1991, an anti-government demonstration was shot. In 1992, Albert Zafi became the new president of the country: the process of democratization and market reforms began in the country.
The year 2009 began in Madagascar with protests. On January 31, at an anti-government rally, the mayor of the capital, Andrew Rajoelina, declared himself head of state. On March 9, a group of military personnel mutinied at the central Suanierana military base to protest the brutal suppression of anti-government protests. On March 13, rebel tanks entered the capital of the country. On March 16, rebels captured the Ambuhitsuruhitra presidential palace in the center of the capital. President Mark Ravalomanana evaded arrest by taking refuge in the country residence of Iavulukh, 20 km from the city. On March 17, he handed over power to the military, who handed over power to the opposition leader and mayor of the capital, Andrew Rajoelin. The next day, the constitutional court recognized the legal transfer of power and on March 22, Rajoelina took the oath of office as president. A number of countries, including the United States, condemned the “coup” and threatened sanctions.
Last changes: 05/18/2013When to go to Madagascar
The best season to visit the country is considered to be the local summer from April to October. Traditionally, the high season associated with the influx of tourists from Europe is July and August.
But, in general, the choice of a favorable time for a trip is determined by the places planned to visit and the type of vacation - beach, eco-tourism, activity aquatic species sports, animal watching, visiting national parks, etc.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Helpful information
Raw or untested water on the island should not be drunk under any circumstances. Water used for drinking, brushing teeth or making ice must be boiled.
Safe places for swimming in the ocean are lagoons and areas protected by coral reefs. In other places, sharks are common, and dangerous reptiles live in river mouths and mangrove forests.
The Malagasy people are extremely hospitable and welcoming to tourists, without the ingratiating and humiliating begging that is so common in African countries. There are no restrictions on the form of clothing here, with the exception of quite reasonable requirements for modesty when visiting places of worship. It is not recommended to wear military-style clothing - it is not accepted and can even lead to detention by the police.
When visiting any Malagasy home or ceremony, it is recommended to make small offerings (usually a bottle of rum, cigarettes or some kind of food), especially when visiting necropolises (money cannot be given!!). Many local taboos (fadi) should also be respected, but since they differ in different areas of the country, this is quite difficult. It is recommended to listen to the advice of guides.
A characteristic feature of local residents is also slowness. Public transport, for example, will not move until the cabin is full - regardless of the schedule and how long it takes. A meeting or event scheduled for a certain hour will most likely start half an hour later than planned, and the order at the restaurant will be completed very late.
A pass is required to visit the reserves. Any form of logging, hunting or fishing prohibited in the country's reserves.
Last changes: 05/18/2013How to get to Madagascar
There are no direct flights from Russia to Madagascar. You can get there through major European cities.
The easiest option is to fly with Air France with a connection in Paris. The flight duration from Moscow to Paris is 3 hours 55 minutes, from Paris to Antananarivo - 10 hours 15 minutes (including connections, the total travel time is about 15.5 hours). The approximate cost of a round trip flight is 2000-2300 USD.
Regular flights operate between Madagascar and Kenya, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, Tanzania and South Africa.
Last changes: 05/18/2013Option No. 6
Exercise 1
Indicate two sentences that correctly convey the MAIN information contained in the text. Write down the numbers of these sentences.
1) The indigenous population of Madagascar called the souls of the dead lemurs, who returned to the world of the living at night and brought misfortune and death.
2) Europeans, having met animals with eyes glowing in the dark in Madagascar, called them lemurs, and the name stuck.
3) Europeans who came to Madagascar in the 16th century first met there harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes - lemurs, or “poppies”, as the aborigines called them.
4) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs - animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark - the word "poppies".
5) Having arrived in Madagascar in the 16th century, Europeans met lemurs there, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge eyes, which the locals called “poppies”.
(1) The indigenous population of Madagascar calls ring-tailed lemurs, harmless animals with long fluffy tails, tenacious paws and huge, wide-open eyes, with the word “maki”, but the modern name - “lemur” - was given by Europeans. (2)B Ancient Rome Lemurs were the name given to the souls of the dead who did not find peace in the kingdom of the dead and return at night to the world of the living, bringing misfortune and death. (3) With the fall of Rome, the mystical lemurs disappeared into oblivion,<...>When in the 16th century the first Europeans came to Madagascar and met small animals with huge eyes glowing in the dark, they remembered Roman superstitions about the ghosts of the dead and gave “maquis” their own name, which stuck.
Task 2
What word (combination of words) should be in the gap in the third (3) sentence?
Probably
For example
Task 3
Read a fragment of a dictionary entry that gives the meaning of the word OWN. Determine the meaning in which this word is used in the third (3) sentence of the text. Write down the number corresponding to this value in the given fragment of the dictionary entry.
OWN, oh, oh.
1. Belonging to someone or something. by right of ownership. S. house.
2. Your own, personal. See with your own eyes. In your own hands. Self-esteem (feeling of self-respect). At your own request.
3. Being under the direct control, disposal, subordination of someone. S. correspondent.
4. Literal, real. In the proper sense of the word.
5. Peculiar only to someone, without extraneous additions (special). C. body weight.
6. actually, introductory. To be more precise, in essence. Actually, I don’t argue.
7. actually, a particle. Expresses limitation: without something, something else, extraneous. The Volga system consists of the Volga itself and its tributaries.
Task 4
In one of the words below, an error was made in the placement of stress: the letter denoting the stressed vowel sound was highlighted incorrectly. Write this word down.
jealous (predicate)
document
Task 5
One of the sentences below uses the highlighted word incorrectly. Correct the lexical error by choosing a paronym for the highlighted word. Write down the chosen word.
Ecologists are trying to identify a disease that threatens boxwood, especially its young shoots, with extinction.
Environmentalists call for economical use of electricity and plan to hold a special eco-action for cellular subscriptions.
Rescuers quickly localized the fire in a HIGH-RISE building.
The guests visited the assembly hall of the new lyceum building, which is not inferior in scale and decoration to a small DRAMATIC theater.
Task 6
In one of the words highlighted below, an error was made in the formation of the word form. Correct the mistake and write the word correctly.
MORE BEAUTIFUL
two SEVENTHES
about FIVE HUNDRED pages
a lot of CHERRIES
PLANT a tree
Task 7
Establish a correspondence between grammatical errors and the sentences in which they were made: for each position in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
GRAMMATICAL ERRORS
A) incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
B) incorrect construction of a sentence with a participial phrase
C) disruption of the connection between subject and predicate
D) violation in the construction of a complex sentence
D) violation in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members
1) St. Basil's Cathedral has not only rich decor, but also an unusual overall composition.
2) I sincerely admired and loved this painting by Surikov; an unknown power emanated from it.
3) The generation of our fathers and grandfathers perceived the reforms with distrust.
4) Tired from a long walk, we wanted to get to the camp as quickly as possible.
5) In 1871–1872, Dostoevsky’s sixth novel was published with the defiant symbolic title “Demons.”
6) Once you see this clearing, you will not be able to forget it.
7) At the group meeting, issues of attendance and whether it was possible to take tests early were discussed.
8) Gorky could vividly depict the life of tramps, since he knew the life of these people well from the inside.
9) Contrary to expectations, service in the regiment was full of surprises, often pleasant.
Task 8
Identify the word in which the unstressed unchecked vowel of the root is missing. Write out this word by inserting the missing letter.
prestige
lock up
sp..oral (solution)
Task 9
Identify the row in which the same letter is missing in both words. Write out these words by inserting the missing letter.
be..whole, ra..col
not...sightly, walked...
pr..found, pr..white
once..skate, at..slope
stop..become, oh..fighty
Task 10
Write down the word in which the letter I is written in place of the gap.
merciful
suede
extend
nomadic
thawed
Task 11
Write down the word in which the letter Y is written in place of the gap.
dependent
doesn't stick (they)
trepl..t (they)
Task 12
Determine the sentence in which NOT is spelled together with the word. Open the brackets and write down this word.
By midnight, all the guests had left, Maria was left alone, but now she was no longer (NOT) SO sad.
Natalya Petrovna’s new acquaintance turned out to be a far from (NOT) SIMPLE person.
The still (UN)furnished room seemed frighteningly huge, alien and cold.
(NOT) FAR from our house was Birch Grove, and I could walk there for days on end.
Maksimka, (NOT) THINKING about the danger, rushed to help his friend.
Task 13
Determine the sentence in which both highlighted words are written CONTINUOUSLY. Open the brackets and write down these two words.
(B) FOR an hour the conversation did not stop: they talked mainly (ABOUT) the upcoming journey.
And if (FROM) WHAT I’m starting to do, I’m not the only one who expects benefit, then, I admit, I’m more willing to take it FOR (THAT).
And no matter how much you are in a hurry to get to the water, you will still stop several times on the way down the hill to look at the distance on the other side of the river.
(B) AS A CONSEQUENCE of the rainfall, the river overflowed its banks, and the entire space (ALL) AROUND was covered with water.
(NO)THING had changed in his appearance, although he was dressed the SAME as before.
Task 14
Indicate all the numbers in whose place NN is written.
The main action of the picture takes place in the background: in a bright room, a tearful (1) lady with a child in her arms looks pleadingly at the invited (2) doctor in a golden (3) pince-nez.
Task 15
Place punctuation marks. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which you need to put ONE comma
1) Neither the bad English weather, nor the icy cold of the bedroom, nor the cold tea could change the guest’s mood.
2) In the syntactic structure of two poetic texts we can find both similarities and differences.
3) I. Repin was very interested in life in all its manifestations and he was disgusted by the indifference of Western artists to social problems.
4) Our class especially liked role-playing reading or dramatization of fragments from the works being studied.
5) Many literary scholars and historians argue again and again about the secrets of Shakespeare’s work
Task 16
The garden (1) thinned out more and more and turned into a real meadow (2) descended to (3) a river overgrown with green reeds and willows (4).
Task 17
Place all missing punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
Good weather in the mountains settled (1) visible (2) for a long time and made everyone happy. The (3) valley was visible below, and the aromas of herbs could be felt even high in the mountains.
Task 18
Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
The trees (1) near (2) which (3) we located (4) rose alone in the middle of an open field, which was sown with rye and buckwheat.
Task 19
Place all punctuation marks: indicate the number(s) in whose place(s) there should be a comma(s) in the sentence.
It has long been known (1) that (2) if you throw a piece of stale meat into the sea (3) sharks do not appear in this place (4) because they are repelled by the smell of acetic acid.
Task 20
Edit the sentence: correct the lexical error by eliminating the extra word. Write this word down.
When you commit an act for which you may later be ashamed, you need to remember that someday you will get a reverse boomerang effect.
Task 21
Which of the statements correspond to the content of the text? Please provide answer numbers.
1) When a person grows up, his eyesight deteriorates.
2) As a child, even dandelions could magically erase all trouble.
3) Childhood is unique.
4) It is impossible to make the world as bright as a child.
5) When I was a child, I caught bigger fish...
(1) A person rejoices when he grows up. (2) Happy to be leaving childhood behind. (H) Of course! (4) He is independent, big, courageous! (5) And at first this independence seems very serious. (6) But then... (7) Then it becomes sad.
(8) And the older an adult, the sadder he is: after all, he is sailing further and further from the shore of his only childhood.
(9) The house in which you grew up was demolished, and an emptiness appeared in your heart. (10) The kindergarten you went to was closed, and some kind of office appeared there. (11) And then you found out: Anna Nikolaevna, your first teacher, died.
(12) There are more and more emptiness in the heart - as if it would not become completely empty, terrible, like that end of the world near the stairs on a quiet night: black in front of you, only cold stars!
(13) When a person grows up, his eyes become dull. (14) He sees no less, even more, than in childhood, but the colors fade and the brightness is not the same as before.
(15) Without childhood, the soul is cold.
(16) It seems to me that everything was better in my childhood. (17) Swifts were flying overhead - swift birds, whose flight is similar to the trail of lightning, and from them we recognized the weather. (18) If they fly low, right above your head, cutting through the air with a slight rustle, it means rain, and if they hover in small dots at a bottomless height, it means it’s a clear day, you don’t have to be afraid - the most reliable sign.
(19) The sea of dandelions was blooming. (20) If you’re upset about something, upset - go outside when the dandelions are blooming, walk two blocks along a sunny path, and you’ll still remember why it upset you so much, what a nuisance: dandelions with their bright colors will magically erase everything in your head . (21) When will they fade? (22) When will the wind blow stronger? (23) A holiday in the soul, by God! (24) Clouds are rushing across the sky, white, flying. (25) And billions of parachutes take off from the ground to the clouds - a real blizzard. (26) On such a day you walk around rejoicing, as if you yourself were flying above the earth and looking at it from above.
(27) In my childhood there was fish in the river, big perches pecked on the fishing rod, not like now - all kinds of small fish!
(28) It seems to me that everything was better, but I know that I am mistaken. (29) Who is given the magical right to compare childhoods? (30) Which lucky person was able to start his life twice in order to compare the two beginnings? (31) There are none. (32) My childhood seems wonderful to me, and everyone has such a right, no matter what time they lived. (33) But it’s a pity to drive away the delusion. (34) It’s for me
I like it and it seems important.
(35) I understand: in childhood there is similarity, but there is no repetition. (36) Every childhood has its own eyes. (37) But how can we make sure that, despite the difficulties, the world remains childishly beloved?
(38) How to do it? (39) Is there really no answer?
(According to A. Likhanov*)
* Albert Anatolyevich Likhanov (born in 1935) - Russian writer, author of books for children and youth, journalist, public figure.
Text source: Unified State Examination 2013, Center, version 4.
Hide text
Task 22
Which of the following statements are true? Please provide answer numbers.
Enter the numbers in ascending order.
1) Sentences 1–5 present the narrative.
2) Sentences 9–11 list the events that took place.
3) Sentences 24–25 contain description.
4) Sentences 28–34 contain reasoning.
5) Sentences 20-22 contain a narrative.
Task 23
Write down synonyms from sentence 20.
Task 24
Among sentences 27–37, find one(s) that is related to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun. Write the number(s) of this sentence(s).
Task 25 No. 5
Read an excerpt from the review. It examines the linguistic features of the text. Some terms used in the review are missing. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list.
"A. Likhanov writes about what is near and dear to him: these are very personal and therefore very emotional reflections. It is no coincidence that the syntactic device appears in the text - (A)_____ (sentences 4, 23, 27). Although the writer does not impose his point of view on us, we cannot remain indifferent to what A. Likhanov is talking about. The trope - (B)_____ (in sentences 8, 36) and the syntactic device - (B)_____ (sentences 9-10) - create a feeling of everyone’s involvement in the problem raised. Another technique does not allow the reader to remain indifferent - (D)_____ (sentences 29-31).”
List of terms:
1) metaphor
2) syntactic parallelism
4) exclamatory sentences
6) dialectism
7) colloquial word
8) question-and-answer form of presentation
9) rhetorical appeal
Madagascar is an independent state located on the island of the same name in the Indian Ocean. Its area is 578 thousand km 2. In the ranking of the most large islands in the world it occupies fourth position. The population of Madagascar is about 24.2 million people. The capital of the state is the city of Antananarivo.
Historical information
Madagascar is one of the largest states located on the territory of one island. According to scientists, the settlement of these lands occurred during the early Middle Ages in Europe. Malagasy (as they call indigenous people Madagascar) had close cooperation with the Arab peoples and borrowed the Surabe alphabet from them. In 1500, Europeans learned about the island after Portuguese ships moored on its shores.
In the 18th and 19th centuries, a kingdom called Imerina was created on the territory of the current state. But in 1897 these lands were colonized by the French Empire. Between 1940 and 1943, the island came under British occupation and only in 1960 did it gain independence. Despite the liberation from the colonists, the population of Madagascar remained below the poverty line. All this happened due to the instability of the economic and political component of the country. Various military groups came to power and tried to maneuver between European states and the countries of the socialist camp during the Cold War. At the end of this confrontation, the process of democratization began on the island of Madagascar.
Population
Today, more than 24 million people live in Madagascar, and according to some sources, this figure has already exceeded 25 million. Over the last century, population growth has increased 10 times. The main percentage of citizens are children and the younger generation of Malagasy, whose age does not exceed 20 years. There are 60% of them.
According to demographers, the number of females and males is almost the same, the difference in numbers is less than 100 thousand.
Interesting fact! Since the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries, when the population of Madagascar was 600 thousand people, by 1900 it reached 2.5 million.
According to preliminary estimates, if the birth rate in the country increases at the same rapid pace as it is now, by 2100 the number of island citizens will increase to 70 million.
The population density of Madagascar (according to 2015 data) is 41.3 people. per km 2.
official languages
There are two official languages in Madagascar: French and Malagasy. The first of them is a legacy of colonialism, but the second is considered indigenous. The Malagasy language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian group. During its existence, it combined dialects from Malay and Polynesian. It contains Arabic, Amharic and Creole words, and also borrows a lot from Swahili and Bantu.
Linguists studying the Malagasy language have found echoes of Sanskrit (the ancient language of the Hindus) in it, indicating that settlers from Malaysia and India arrived on the island more than 2,000 years ago.
The dialect of indigenous peoples is little studied. But since it has much in common with other languages of the Malayo-Polynesian group, Malagasy can be understood by the inhabitants of Java and Sumatra, the Visayas and Tagalogs living in the Philippines.
Age indicator
The age composition of the population of Madagascar, according to 2015 data, looks something like this:
- children from 0 to 14 years old - more than 40%;
- young people from 15 to 24 years old - 20.53%;
- persons 25-54 years old - 31.56%;
- elderly people (55-64 years) - just over 4%;
- old people 65 and above - 3.22%.
Surprisingly, the birth rate is much higher than the death rate. According to statistics from 2015, per 1000 people there were 6.81 deaths and 32.61 births.
The island of Madagascar has a very high infant mortality rate, but this does not in any way affect the decline in the number of citizens of the country. The thing is that the state has a very high birth rate. Fertility is 5.1 children per woman. As a rule, urban families raise 2-3 children, but in rural areas, the number of children can reach 5 or more.
Religious preferences
The religious composition of the population of Madagascar is very diverse. The majority of the country's citizens follow the traditional indigenous religion. The main doctrine of ancestor cult is the connection between the realm of the dead and the living. Most adherents of this religious movement are found among the Imerina people.
In total, about 52% of the entire population of Madagascar believes in ancestor cults. They believe that all the souls of dead people join their forefathers and form a kind of “divine” hierarchy. This religion has a very strange ritual, which for Europeans will seem savage. The ritual ceremony (fimadikhana) involves “turning over the dead.” During the traditional ceremony, believers remove the bodies of the deceased and wrap them in a new silk sheet (shroud). During the festival, people have fun and dance. They may carry the dead in their arms during the ceremony, and then place them back in the crypt.
Madagascar's population is approximately 41% Christian. Most belong to the Roman Catholic Church. There are slightly fewer Protestant denominations on the island, including Lutherans, Adventists, Anglicans and others.
The rest of the country's citizens, which is 7%, are adherents of Islam. The teachings of the Koran are most widespread on the west coast of the island.
Racial composition of the population of Madagascar
The majority of the island's inhabitants are Malagasy. They make up 98% of the total population. Interestingly, the Malagasy are not a separate nation, but a collection of 20 ethnic groups. They all boil down to the Malay-Indonesian peoples. The indigenous population is divided into two subgroups:
- Mountain tribes. These include betzileu, merina, sihanaka, mikea and others.
- Coastal peoples. This group includes Antanusi, Sakalava, Antakarana, Betsemisaraka, Tsimikheti, Mahafali and others.
This division is due to the historical migration of people who arrived on the island. The settlement of Madagascar by Austronesians occurred between the 2nd and 5th centuries. They settled in areas of the central highlands. Years later, a second migration wave began, when residents of the eastern part of Africa, mainly belonging to the Bantu people, began to come to the island. These settlers settled on practically free lands in the coastal zone. According to some reports, the Bantus came to the island as a result of human trafficking.
But there are other equally interesting versions about the settlement of the island. Some scientists argue that the Negroid race was the first to arrive in Madagascar, and the migration of the Austronesians occurred much later.
Differences between indigenous ethnic groups
People who have lived in this country for a long time, and the indigenous inhabitants of the island, have perfectly learned to identify the differences between ethnic tribes. Among themselves, Malagasy people call each other “gasi”. All ethnic groups have differences, although not too noticeable to visiting guests. They have different language dialects, types of housing, etc. They also differ in external features: skin color and face shape. Almost all groups have different greeting phrases.
The dialects and adverbs of the local population are unwritten. In educational institutions, the official state Malagasy language is used. It is spoken by more than 80% of the entire population.
Largest cities on the island
The largest and most populous city in Madagascar is the capital of the state, Antananarivo. According to 2010 data, about 1 million 688 thousand people lived in the territory of this metropolis. There are no other million-plus cities on the island.
- Toamasina. This city is located in the province of the same name and is its center. More than 225 thousand people lived here in 2010. Given the rapid demographic growth in the country, it can be assumed that this figure has increased significantly over 7 years. The city is washed by the waters of the Indian Ocean and is considered one of the main ports of the country. Export goods are transported from here: spices (cloves, pepper, vanilla), coffee, graphite. And food products, textiles, equipment and machines for various purposes are delivered from other countries.
- Antsirabe. Today, this city has a population of up to 250 thousand. Since it is located in a hilly area, at an altitude of 1500 m above sea level, the climatic conditions are colder than in other regions. Antsirabe is famous for its warm springs and hot baths. Not far from the city there is another attraction - Lake Tritriva, which is of volcanic origin.
- Fianarantsoa. The location of the settlement is the province of the same name. According to 2010 data, 184 thousand people lived here. The main part of the city was built in the 20s of the last century. It is conventionally divided into three parts: the upper, middle and lower city. There is a highway leading to the city of Ambucitroy (from the north) and to Ambalavao (from the south). Air service has also been established. In the areas adjacent to the city, coffee beans, tomatoes, rice and tobacco are grown. There are also numerous vineyards.
- Mahajanga. Locality, located in the gray-western part of the island. It is the main administrative unit in the district of the same name. The city's population is more than 166 thousand people (2010 data). There is a seaport here, but since the depth of the harbor is not too deep, small ships carrying cargo up to 150 tons come here. The most major commodity exported from Mahajanga is frozen shrimp. There is an airport in the city. The local beaches are very picturesque and attract many tourists to these places.
In recent years, many residents of rural areas have moved to live in cities, but their number is still larger. According to statistics, 30% of Malagasy are city dwellers, and the remaining 70% are inhabitants of the outback.
Every year the difference between fertility and mortality increases in favor of the former, due to which the population of Madagascar increases.
Description of the country's economy
The island's economy is a developing one. At the end of 2007, the state's GDP amounted to more than 18 billion US dollars, which brought the country to 116th position in the world ranking. Per capita income is one of the lowest (157th) at $1,068.
The main components of Madagascar's economy are agriculture, fishing and tourism. The country is an exporter of various spices and herbs, coffee, vanilla, and in cocoa, rice, granulated sugar, legumes, peanuts and bananas, it occupies a leading position in the world market.
Tourism in Madagascar is one of the country's main sources of income. Natural wealth helps to attract many people to this exotic place. About 80% of the flora and fauna are considered endemic.
Slavery in the 21st century?
There are rumors that even now on the island some people are kept in slavery. Of course, it has slightly different forms than in ancient times, and does not have official status. Since a large number of people live below the poverty line, they have to borrow from wealthier fellow villagers or relatives. Unable to repay, they are forced to work off the loan they took out. At the same time, without receiving a penny for your work. Many young people and even children work for food and shelter. For many years, the population of Madagascar was poorly educated, but today the picture has changed significantly.
Education
Although Madagascar is a third world country, the standards of education here are very high. Primary school is the norm for Malagasy. The education reform launched by President Ratsiraka has contributed to an increase in the level of knowledge and the number of students. New educational institutions were opened, and primary education became compulsory.
About 35% of all children who complete the first stage move on to high school. And only 5% go to universities. All subjects are taught in the official Malagasy language. The Merina are considered the most educated ethnic group.
The ethnic formation of the peoples of Madagascar was carried out in the process of resettlement to the island, first of Africans and Asians, and later of traders from India and Portugal and French colonists. Today's indigenous population of Madagascar is the result of the assimilation of these peoples. The state of Madagascar is currently inhabited by 18 main ethnic groups - clans, the majority of the population is formed by Malagasy.
Official languages Madagascar's languages are Malagasy (or Malagasy), English and French. About half of the population adheres to a religion based on the cult of ancestors and traditional for the area. About 40% of the country's inhabitants are Christians (Catholics and Protestants). Part of the population is trying to combine the religion of their ancestors with Christianity. A little less than 10% are Muslim.
The majority of Madagascar's population lives in rural areas, with less than a quarter of the country's population living in cities. The highest population density is in the central part of the island and on its eastern coast, the average density is about 22 people. per sq. km.
The average life expectancy in the Republic of Madagascar is low - 56.5 years, so more than half of the island's population are young people under the age of 20; less than 4% survive to the age of 65. Population growth in the country is stable and amounts to about 3%.
Population size:
21,281,844 (July 2010 estimate)
Gender and age structure of the population:
0-14 years:
43.5% (Men 4,523,033/Women 4,460,473)
15-64 years:
53.5% (Men 5,483,684/Women 5,557,098)
65 years and older:
3% (Male 280,677/Female 348,591) (2010 est.)
Average (median) age:
General:
18.1 years
Men:
17.8 years
Women:
18.3 years (2010 est.)
Population growth/decrease rate:
2.993% (2010 estimate)
Fertility indicator (rate):
37.89 population births/1,000 (2010 est.)
Mortality rate (rate):
7.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)
Net migration rate:
0 migrant(s)/1,000 population
Urbanization:
Urban population:
29% of total population (2008)
Urbanization indicator (coefficient):
3.8 Annual % change (2005-10)
Sex ratio:
At the time of birth:
1.03 men(s)/women
By age 15:
1.01 men(s)/women
15-64 years:
0.99 men(s)/women
65 years and older:
0.8 Men(s)/Women
In the general population:
0.99 men(s)/women (2010 est.)
Infant mortality rate (rate):
52.84 deaths/1,000 live births
Men:
57.69 deaths/1,000 live births
Women:
47.84 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)
Life expectancy at birth (average life expectancy):
In the general population:
63.26 years
Men:
61.27 years
Women:
65.3 years (2010 estimate)
General indicator (coefficient) of fertility (complete offspring of a woman during her childbearing period):
5.09 children born/woman (2010 est.)
HIV/AIDS prevalence rate among adults:
0.1% (2007 estimate)
Number of people living with HIV/AIDS:
14,000 (2007 estimate)
Number of people who have died from HIV/AIDS:
less than 1,000 (2007 estimate)
Nationality:
Malagasy, Malagasy
Official language:
Malagasy, English, French
Ethnic groups:
Antaifasi, Antaymypy, Antaysaka, Antambaxyaka, Antankarana, Antanysi, Antandryi, Bara, Betsiley, Betsimikapaka, Bezanuzanu, Bezu, Maxafali, Merina, Masumbiki, Sakalava, Sikhanaka, Ta Nala, Tsimikheti
Religious composition of the population:
local beliefs 52%, Christians 41%, Muslims 7%
Linguistic composition of the population:
English (official), French (official), Malagasy (official)
Population literacy level:
Definition:
A person is 15 years of age and can read and write
In the general population:
68.9 %
Men:
75.5 %
Women:
62.5% (2003 estimate)
Expected duration of study (from primary to higher education):
10 years
Men:
10 years
Women:
10 years (2008)
State expenditures on education:
2.9% of GDP (2008)
