At the end of 2002, 104 sites were included in the UNESCO List, located in 23 countries in this region. Most of them
In Mexico (22),
In Brazil (16) and
To Peru (10)
Of these, 71 objects cultural heritage
Chronologically, they cover the period of time from the second millennium BC to the present day. But basically they represent the periods of the Middle Ages and modern times. Accordingly, they can be divided into objects of the pre-Columbian and post-Columbian eras
TO pre-Columbian era
The heritage sites of the three already mentioned Latin American civilizations are included.
In Mesoamerica these are world famous
Monuments of the Mayan Indians - the ruins of the cities of Palenque,
Chichen Itza,
Uxmal in Mexico,
on the Yukotan Peninsula,
Copan in Honduras
Monuments of the Aztecs in Central Mexico (Teotihuacan).
They are characterized by such monumental structures as
like step pyramids-teocalli,
palaces of rulers,
ball game courts.
In the Andean region, many objects date back to this era.
in Peru - the famous mysterious geoglyphs of the Nazca desert,
Fragments of the ancient Incan capital of Cusco
in Colombia - archaeological parks of San Agustin and Tierradentro
in Bolivia - the archaeological region of Tiwanaku near Lake. Titicaca
With a certain degree of convention, the world-famous stone statues of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean, described by Thor Heyerdahl and other travelers, can be attributed to the Andean region
Post-Columbian era
Associated mainly with the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Central and South America after the start of the Great Geographical Discoveries.
From Spanish Heritage objects of this era include
Cities with a rectangular layout characteristic of Spanish architecture of that time, a central square (“Plaza Mayor”), numerous Catholic cathedrals and monasteries, and palaces of the nobility.
In the West Indies this is, for example,
City of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, associated with
named after Columbus
The old part of Havana with its fortifications in Cuba
In Central America
Historical centers of Mexico City, Puebla - in Mexico
Cities and fortresses in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama
Monuments of Cartagena in Venezuela,
Quito in Ecuador,
Cusco in Peru
Mining city of Potosi in Bolivia
Legacy of colonial Portugal widely represented in Brazil (the cities of Salvador, Olinda, Ouro Preto, etc.)
To objects modern times relate
The new capital of Brazil is Brasilia, designed and built by Brazilian architects Luis Costa and Oscar Niemeyer and having the symbolic shape of an airplane with a “fuselage” and “wings” in its plan. This is one of the most grandiose and organic urban planning projects of the 20th century in terms of design and execution.
Objects natural heritage in the region 30.
These are national parks and reserves. Most Famous
Iguazu in Brazil and Argentina
Los Glaciares in Argentina
Manu in Peru
Galapagos Islands in Ecuador
First of all, with detailed planning, and according to the “don’t pass by” principle. But sometimes I organize targeted expeditions to one or more places that deserve special attention from this competent organization. And there is no need to regret it; what you see always lives up to your expectations. In total, there are now more than a thousand such objects on the planet that are classified as natural or cultural-historical. The list is moving, new lines are being added to it, but some, unfortunately, are being deleted; not all of the heritage can be preserved.
The Brazilian part currently consists of 18 elements, listed according to the chronology of inclusion, and indicating the number by which you can find a detailed description on the UNESCO website (link above):
(1) Historic City of Ouru Preto, 1980, number 124.
(2) Historical Center of Olinda, 1982, number 189.
(3) Ruins of the Jesuit mission-redoubts of San Miguel das Missois, 1984, number 275.
(4) Historic Center of Salvador di Bahia, 1985, number 309.
(5) Church complex of Bom Jesus do Congonhas, 1985, number 334.
(6) Iguazu National Park, 1986, number 355.
(7) City of Brasilia, 1987, number 445.
(8) Serra da Capivara National Park, 1991, number 606.
(9) Historic Center of San Luis, pc. Maranhão, 1997, number 821.
(10) Forest reserves of the south-eastern Atlantic coast (State of Sao Paulo - State of Parana, 1999, number 893.
(11) East Atlantic Coast Forest Reserves ("Discovery Coast"), 1999, number 892.
(12) Historic Center of Diamantina, 1999, number 890.
(13) Complex of Central Amazon Reserves, 2000, number 998.
(14) Pantanal Protected Area and Adjacent Protected Areas, 2000, number 999.
(15) Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha, 2001, number 1000.
(16) National parks zones"campos cerrado": Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas, 2001, number 1035.
(17) Historic Center of Goiás, 2001, number 993.
(18) San Francisco Square in the city of San Cristovao, pc. Sergipe, 2010, number 1272.
Despite the diverse natural resources, including vast expanses of equatorial and tropical jungle and thousands of kilometers of magnificent coastline, as well as the partly deserved fame of the “land of small wild monkeys,” natural reserves are in the minority here, there are only 7 of them against 11 cultural and historical monuments. This looks even more strange if we consider that the colonial history of Brazil is quite short, and no traces of developed pre-Columbian civilizations have yet been found on its territory. But such is the systematic work of this UNESCO committee, the criteria for inclusion in the list in these two categories are completely different, and these proportions are quite consistent with the general trend.
Continuation: .
At the end of 2008, 120 sites in Latin America, located in 30 countries in this region, were included in the UNESCO List. Most of them are in Mexico (28), Brazil (16) and Peru (10).
Of the total number of objects, the vast majority (82) belong to the category of cultural heritage objects. Chronologically, they cover the period of time from the second millennium BC to the present day. But for the most part they represent the periods of the Middle Ages and modern times. Accordingly, they can be divided into objects of the pre-Columbian and post-Columbian eras.
The objects of the pre-Columbian era mainly include the heritage of the three already mentioned Latin American civilizations. In Meso-America, these are such world-famous monuments of the Mayan Indians as the ruins of the cities of Palenque, Chichen Itza, Uxmal in Mexico, on the Yucatan Peninsula, Copan in Honduras, as well as monuments of the Aztecs in Central Mexico (Teotihuacan). They are characterized by such monumental structures as stepped pyramids-theocalli, palaces of rulers, steles, and ball courts. Most of them were discovered in the 19th century. and now attract numerous tourists. In the Andean region, many objects in Peru (including the famous mysterious geoglyphs of the Nazca desert, fragments of the ancient Inca capital of Cusco), in Colombia (archaeological parks of San Agustin and Tierradentro), in Bolivia (archaeological region of Tiwanaku near Lake. Titicaca). With a certain degree of convention, another world-famous heritage site can be attributed to the Andean region - the stone statues of Fr. Easters in the Pacific Ocean, described by Thor Heyerdahl and many other travelers and explorers.
The post-Columbian era, associated mainly with the Spanish and Portuguese colonization of Central and South America after the start of the Great Geographical Discoveries, was also widely reflected in the cultural heritage sites of Latin America (Fig. 243). The objects of this era include mainly cities with a rectangular layout characteristic of Spanish architecture of that time, a central square (“Plaza Mayor”), numerous Catholic cathedrals and monasteries, and palaces of the nobility. In the West Indies, this is, for example, the city of Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic, associated with the name of Columbus, the old part of Havana with its fortifications in Cuba, in Central America - the historical centers of the cities of Mexico City, Puebla and some others in Mexico, as well as cities and fortresses in Guatemala, Nicaragua, Panama. Of the Spanish heritage of this era in South America, the most famous are the monuments of Cartagena in Venezuela, Quito in Ecuador, Cusco in Peru, and the mining city of Potosi in Bolivia. The legacy of the Portuguese colonial empire is widely represented in Brazil (the cities of Salvador, Olinda, Ouro Preto, etc.).
The objects of recent times in the region include the already mentioned new capital of Brazil - the city of Brasilia, designed and built by Brazilian architects Luis Costa and Oscar Niemeyer and having in plan the symbolic shape of an airplane with a “fuselage” and “wings”. This is one of the most ambitious and organic urban planning projects of the 20th century in terms of design and execution.
There are 35 World Natural Heritage sites in Latin America. These are mainly national parks and reserves. Among them there are such famous ones as Iguazu in Brazil and Argentina, Los Glaciares in Argentina, Manu in Peru, and the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador. And among the mixed cultural and natural sites here are the ruins of the Mayan city of Tikal in Guatemala, the Inca mountain fortresses of Machu Picchu and Rio Abysseo in Peru.
Adam and Eve Falls on the Iguazu River The waterfall complex became a UNESCO heritage site in the 80s of the last century. "Adam and Eve" is located in Iguazu Park next to the Bossetti Falls.
The Adam and Eve waterfall is especially beautiful on a sunny day, when millions of splashes reflect the rays, shimmering with all the colors of the rainbow. At the same time, the cloud of spray itself rises several meters - the force of the falling water flow is so great. There are strong observation decks for tourists here.
3. Bird Park (Foz Do Iguaçu)
Toucan parrot in the Bird Park In the municipality of Foz Do Iguaçu there is a Bird Park. It covers an area of 17 hectares. According to the organizers, the birds live here in their natural habitat. Places where birds gather are surrounded by nets. Tourists have the opportunity to go inside the enclosures and admire the birds in their natural conditions.
In the park you can see all the birds living in Brazil. Experts have counted approximately 900 species. The bird park is not only for tourists. Research work is constantly carried out here, the purpose of which is to create optimal conditions for the preservation of especially rare breeds. In addition to birds, you can see exotic butterflies in the park, striking in their brightness. In addition, there are crocodiles and snakes here.
As for flowering and evergreen plants, their freshness and beauty are ensured by special care. The aromas of freshness float in the air. You can enjoy this attraction of Brazil as part of an organized excursion.
4. Wanda Mines (Puerto Iguazu)
View of the Wanda mines The mine is located near the city of Puerto Iguazu. This is an extensive deposit of semi-precious stones. If the question is what to visit in Brazil, then the Vanda mine is a good option to replenish your baggage of impressions. The mine is named after the Polish princess Wanda. The unique deposit was discovered in 1976.
The mine is rich in minerals. Here, in particular, agate, topaz, rock crystal, quartz and some others are mined. Most of the semi-precious stones mined in the mine are raw materials for jewelry production. To attract tourists, there are several special shops nearby that sell jewelry with minerals and stones mined here.
No less interesting to tourists will be the process of stone extraction itself. During the excursion you can get acquainted with their diversity. The guides interestingly tell how many forms of stones are found here, as well as what colors prevail in them.
5. Pantanal (Mato Grosso do Sul)
Water lilies in the ecological paradise of the Pantanal In the western part of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul lies a picturesque tectonic depression. Pantanal means “wet lowland”. There are very few such large wetlands on the planet. The approximate area is 195,000 square kilometers.
During the flood season, the Pantanal turns into a beautiful lake. However, winter droughts set in, and an overgrown swamp and sandbanks appear in place of the lake. In addition, during winter droughts, grassy areas and wandering river beds can be seen in this place. At the same time, the flora here is extremely diverse, which allows us to classify the Pantanal as one of the natural attractions of Brazil.
650 species of birds and more than 50 species of reptiles have been recorded here. The flora is represented by 3,500 plant species. This is a protected natural area that has been declared a UNESCO site. On three sides the Pantanal is sharply limited by cliffs and gorges of the plateau. The relief here is as contrasting as the weather conditions.
Check out the beautiful places in Brazil in this wonderful video!
6. "Devil's Throat"
Bird's eye view of the Devil's Throat waterfall There is a unique complex of waterfalls on the Iguazu River. There are 275 of them here. The most impressive is the 700-meter ledge, which has a horseshoe shape. Devil's Throat Falls consists of 14 streams of water that continuously cascade from a height of 350 feet.
The waterfall is located in a huge cloud of spray, sparkling in the sun. The Devil's Throat was discovered by the famous traveler El Dorado Cabeza de Vaca in 1541. The strength and power of the waterfall will be of interest to those who are thinking about what to see in Brazil. The observation decks here are very durable and there is no danger for tourists. Multi-stage platforms extend for many kilometers, which makes it possible to admire this landmark of Brazil at any time.
The story received rave reviews E. Roosevelt, who was stunned by the majestic picture of the waterfall. Seeing him, Eleanor said in shock: “Pitiful Niagara.” It is better to view the waterfall from a helicopter, when all the water flows are open in one panorama.
7. Sugarloaf Mountain (Rio de Janeiro)
Cable car to Sugarloaf The mountain has a height of 396 meters. It rises majestically above Guanabara Bay and is a natural landmark of Brazil. The unusual shape of the mountain was the reason for the original name. Locals call it Pan-di-Asucar, which means “sugarloaf”. What causes such an unusual shape of the mountain?
It turns out that intrusive igneous rocks have been weathering here for centuries. There is practically no vegetation on the slopes of the mountain. From the outside she looks stern and ascetic. The first settlement at the foot of the mountain appeared in 1565. It was here that Rio de Janeiro was later founded.
In 1817, the British flag appeared on the top of Sugar Mountain. It was erected by the English nurse Henrietta Carstairs. This was the first ascent of the mountain. And already in 1912 a cable car appeared here. It is still available to travelers today.
Anyone wondering what to see in Brazil will be interested in taking the cable car up the Sugar Mountain with three stops: Praia Vermelha, Urca and the top of Pan de Azucar. At the same time, on Mount Urca you can admire the amphitheater. The Concha Verde concert complex in Urca often hosts dance shows that are so popular in Brazil.
8. Amazon Rainforest
Evergreen forests of the Amazon Brazil's natural attractions include the Amazon forest. They have a second name - Amazonia, which is more common in Brazil. These are broad-leaved forests with high humidity. The Amazon is located in the river basin of the same name. Thick evergreen forests cover an area of 5.5 million square kilometers.
This is 50% of the area of all tropical forests on the planet. The Amazon extends across 9 countries, including Brazil. The biological diversity of rainforests always attracts travelers and tourists.
Currently, 40,000 plant species and 3,000 fish species have been described, but scientists tend to believe that this is not complete data. The fauna of the Amazon is also rich, and the tropical deciduous forests are home to many predators that pose a serious danger to humans. Among them are the jaguar and the caiman. In addition, there are many poisonous snakes in tropical forests, so independent travel here is not advisable.
Unfortunately, the Amazon forest is rapidly declining. There are statistics according to which forest areas decreased by more than 400,000 square kilometers from 1991 to 2004 alone. Deforestation is carried out haphazardly, and the state is not always able to control this process.
The reason for deforestation is to clear the area for agriculture. However, currently the situation has been somewhat optimized, since Greenpeace and many public organizations have actively joined in preserving tropical forests.
9. Pedra Pintada (Roraima state)
Rock formation "Painted Stone" In the Brazilian state of Roraima there is an amazing rock formation. Translated, the name Pedra Pintada reads as “painted stone.” From the outside it looks multi-colored, and the color is dominated by vertical light stripes on a dark background. The rock extends up to 35 m. It is located above sea level at an altitude of 83 meters.
Tourists have a lot to see in Brazil. Inside the “painted stone” there is a cave with rock paintings. Once upon a time, ancient tribes lived here, leaving their descendants with stone axes and a lot of ceramic dishes. It should be noted that tourists do not always have the opportunity to get into this cave. The fact is that Pedra Pintada (“painted stone”) is located on the territory of an Indian reservation.
The Indians are jealous of this landmark of Brazil, which is located on their lands. It is possible to enter the cave for tourist or other purposes only with the permission of the National Indian Foundation FUNAI. If permission is obtained, then travelers are guaranteed a vivid impression. After all, the rock paintings inside the cave are made with bright white and pink paint.
10. Ibirapuera Park (Sao Paulo)
Bandeiras Monument, dedicated to the European pioneers of Brazil Thinking about what to see in Brazil? Of course, Ibirapuera Park in Sao Paulo. It covers an area of 140 hectares. The year of foundation of the park is considered to be 1954. Its opening took place in honor of the 400th anniversary of Sao Paulo. The author of the landscape project was Roberto Burle Marx, and the buildings located in the park were designed by the architect Oscar Niemeyer.
Tourists are constantly amazed not only by the park’s vegetation, but also by its structure itself. Essentially, it is a small kingdom that has palaces, lakes and forests. At the entrance to the park lies the largest lake. White and black swans sway on its waters. Well-fed geese and ducks swim nearby here. One of the pleasures for park visitors was the opportunity to feed them.
The birds are accustomed to treats and swim close to people. The lake has colorful fountains with moving jets. The vegetation here is very diverse. For example, the park has Japanese gardens and spreading palm groves. In fact, the entire nature of the southeastern part of Brazil is represented here. The structure of the park is thought out so that the buildings fit organically into the landscape.
Therefore, overall the park gives the impression of complete harmony. Among the iconic monuments is the monument to Pedro Alvarez Cabral, who is the first European to reach the coast of Brazil. The park looks very romantic, so people often make dates here. You cannot consider that the sights of Brazil have been explored if you have not experienced this beautiful place.
Sights of Brazil: what else to visit while in Brazil
Continuing to look at interesting places, we will tell you about those that attract tourists and local residents equally. It is most convenient if you are accompanied by professionals who know the optimal time for visiting attractions and other details of organizing excursions.
11. Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro
Alley of the Botanical Garden in Rio de Janeiro All the enchanting diversity of Brazilian flora and fauna is presented in the Botanical Garden. It occupies 54 hectares. 6.5 thousand species of plantings are registered here. At the same time, those that are on the verge of extinction are especially valued. In addition to rich vegetation, the Botanical Garden has monuments and architectural structures.
In addition, a scientific center operates on the territory of the Botanical Garden to systematize and study vegetation. It has a rich library. The books in it are selected mainly on botanical topics. The year the Botanical Garden was founded is 1808. Initially, it was created so that exotic plants imported from other countries could undergo acclimatization.
For this purpose, they created special conditions and built greenhouses. The garden was laid out at the behest of King João VI. It crowns the landmarks of Brazil and is a national treasure. The botanical garden is located to the right of the famous statue of Christ. Since 1992, the Botanical Park in Rio de Janeiro has been declared a UNESCO site. It is currently considered a biosphere reserve.
12. Copacabana (Rio de Janeiro)
Bright Spot Beach in Rio de Janeiro The Copacabana beach area in Rio de Janeiro stretches for 4 kilometers. Previously, there was a fishing village on this site, which bore the same name. Translated, this word means “bright spot.” Copacabana is famous for hosting representatives of the art world. Brazilian artists, writers or painters often settled here.
Copacabana reached its peak in the 50s of the last century. And later, wealthy citizens and politicians began to settle in this area. This area is connected to Rio de Janeiro by tram line.
The founding year of Copacabana is considered to be 1750, when a chapel appeared on this site. Over time, the first settlements began to appear here, which have now become an independent suburb of Rio de Janeiro.
Nowadays, the prestige of Copacabana has decreased significantly due to the fact that illegal business has begun to flourish here. However, it is in Copacabana that the largest concert venue in Rio de Janeiro is located. Rod Stewart's concert in 1994 attracted more than 4 million people, which is noted in the Guinness Book of Records. Later, in 2006, a concert took place here with the same incredible success Rolling Stones, which attracted approximately 2,000,000 spectators. Copacabana still carries within itself the spirit of free creativity.
13. Maracana Stadium (Rio de Janeiro)
Top view of Maracanã Stadium Brazil's attractions also include sports facilities. These include the Maracanã Stadium in Rio de Janeiro. This is the largest football stadium in the country. The famous clubs Flamengo, Fluminense and the Brazilian national team consider it their home arena.
The stadium was named after a river flowing nearby. The year of its foundation is 1948. At that time, Brazil was preparing for the 1950 World Cup. The work was finally completed in 1965. Since then, Maracana has been considered the main Brazilian stadium.
This is a very spacious venue; the stadium holds several attendance records. It is built in the shape of an oval. It is noteworthy that here the playing field is separated from the stands by a moat with water. The purpose of the moat is to drain the stands. The stadium is located in a tropical rain zone, so the installation of drainage ditches is a functional necessity.
The stadium is open, but along the contour of the stands there is a large oval-shaped canopy. In 2016, this stadium hosted the opening ceremony of the Summer Olympic Games. All football matches during the 2016 Olympics were also held at this stadium.
14. Ponta Dunas water park (Fortaleza)
Extreme slide at Ponta Dunas water park Fortaleza is home to one of the largest Brazilian water parks. Ponta Dunas is a favorite summer attraction for tourists. Countless dizzying attractions attract vacationers here. Slides and extreme descents in streams of water that will make your heart skip a beat are a guarantee of the most vivid impressions. Ponta Dunas complements the attractions of Brazil . It delights with thoughtful engineering solutions and the gushing imagination of its creators.
For example, it is on the territory of this water park that there is a slide that is included in the Guinness Book of Records. From the outside, it’s scary to imagine that someone will decide to go down, because the slide reaches the level of a 14-story building. Nevertheless, the slide is never empty. Dozens of brave daredevils, who are characterized by a spirit of excitement, rush from it. They are provided with a fair dose of adrenaline!
There is a 40-meter slide nearby; it was built later, so it has not yet been claimed for a world record. The descent from it is almost vertical. Surprisingly, it is never empty either. The organizers have provided a system of restrictions for such attractions. Pregnant women and children shorter than one and a half meters cannot ride them.
The territory of Ponta Dunas is huge. Moreover, the height of the local attractions allows you to admire the expanses of the sea, because the water park is located in the coastal strip. For tourists, everything is provided here: from food to places for relaxation. Cafes and restaurants offer delicious menus. Tourists who are tired of extreme pleasures are offered calm and cozy hotel rooms.
Several artificial rivers flow through the park. It has swimming pools of varying depths. Moreover, each pool maintains its own temperature balance. In South America, Ponta Dunas is the first such structure.
15. Gastronomic Museum (El Salvador)
Fish moqueca - traditional Brazilian fish soup Gilrovina What to visit in Brazil? For lovers of delicacies, the gastronomic museum in El Salvador is a real find. The exhibition here is quite unusual. It is entirely devoted to gastronomic wisdom. Here you can get acquainted with the history of Brazilian cuisine and national customs. The museum opened in 2006.
In addition to classic exhibits, you can watch videos. In addition, the guides offer documentary films dedicated to the gastronomic features of Brazil. Also, cutlery dating back to different centuries is of constant interest to tourists.
There is also a souvenir shop here. And since the exhibition tells fascinating stories about food, the local restaurant is never empty. Here you can taste many of the dishes described in the museum.
16. Royal Portuguese Library (Rio de Janeiro)
Facade of the Portuguese Royal Library Felipe Restrepo Acosta 
Interior of the reading room of the Royal Portuguese Library uwephilly The ancient, very recognizable monumental building can hardly be called just a library. This is a real temple of science, the grandeur of which amazes both outside and especially inside, when you find yourself in the kingdom of books arranged on amazingly beautiful shelves made of carved wood. And in general, absolutely the entire interior decoration is made of wood - carved lace from the floor to the ceiling alternates with thousands of books, and the ceiling space is crowned with a magnificent mosaic, through the colored glass of which light penetrates into the room. The building, designed in Manueline style, began construction in 1880, and in 1900 the library opened its doors to the general public.
17. Teatro Amazonas (Manaus)
View of the Amazonas Theater Karine Hermes In the very center of the Brazilian city of Manaus is the building of the Amazonas Opera House, built at the end of the 19th century, during the “rubber fever” period. The increased demand for rubber once allowed local planters to become so rich that they were able to invite European opera stars. Over time, England was able to establish rubber production in its tropical colonies, and with the advent of a competitor, the Brazilian planters quickly went bankrupt. The theater was abandoned for many years, and only in the 90s of the last century it experienced a new heyday. Today, the Amazon Opera Festival is held annually within its walls, which attracts thousands of tourists.
18. Museum of Contemporary Art (Rio de Janeiro)
Museum of Contemporary Art in Flamengo Park in Rio de Janeiro Halley Pacheco de Oliveira The sights of the capital of Brazil, which is still considered to be Rio de Janeiro, despite the fact that the city lost this status back in 1960, include not only historical, but also modern objects. The building of the Museum of Modern Art, whose shape resembles a flying saucer, is remembered by all visitors by its appearance alone. Both the facade and the interior design of the museum are distinguished by their originality. The museum's exhibition itself was created as a result of the large-scale cultural and economic upheaval that Brazil experienced after World War II. The collection exhibits works of contemporary art collected from different countries. These are objects of painting, sculpture, graphics, metal and plastic structures.
19. Carnival in Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro)
Car with dancers at the carnival in Rio de Janeiro Sergio Luiz 
Inside the Sambadrome at Rio de Janeiro Carnival Alan Betensley If we talk about the national attractions of Brazil, the carnival in Rio is their most striking example. This event can be called one of the most colorful, enchanting, large-scale events in the whole world. Every year hundreds of thousands of people from different countries come to the holiday to personally participate in the celebration. Traditionally, the action takes place in February-March, shortly before Lent according to the Catholic calendar. During the event, representatives of the 12 best samba schools demonstrate the skill of incendiary dance, and jury groups located at several points along the carnival procession route evaluate the quality of performance, from dance technique to the type of costumes.
20. The city of Ouro Preto (Minas Gerais state)
Street in Ouro Preto 
View of the colonial city of Ouro Preto The ancient city in eastern Brazil was once one of the main hotbeds of the gold rush in South America, and evidence of its importance today is a number of unique buildings, most of which were built in the 18th century and decorated in the colonial baroque style. Today the town has become a real open-air museum, and in its historical part traffic is even blocked. Among all the city buildings, the Catholic Church of Ouro Preto stands out, and a huge number of museums are concentrated here. Of no less interest is the suburban Itakolomi Park, in whose tropical forests you can see wildlife in its pristine beauty.
21. Historic center of Olinda (Pernambuco state)
Church of the Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the historical center of Olinda From the buildings of the historical center of one of the most beautiful Brazilian cities - Olinda, one can read the history of Brazil, starting from the time of the first Portuguese colonialists. This authentic city in the northeast of the country was founded in the 16th century. At that time, colonialists settled here, and the city they built flourished for a century. During the raids of the Dutch invaders, it was seriously destroyed, and after another couple of decades, the power of the Portuguese was restored, and new beautiful palaces and rich mansions were erected here - they are the ones that have survived for the most part to this day. The elegant stucco molding, rich gilding and other abundant decoration of the facades of these buildings still impress with their splendor.
22. Church of San Francisco (El Salvador)
Square and cross in front of the Church of St. Francis in the city of Salvador Rosino 
Gold items in the interior of the Church of San Francisco in the city of El Salvador fernando_dallacqua Another object of historical value is located in the city of Salvador - this is the Church of San Francisco, also built during the era of Portuguese colonial rule. The external, moderately restrained appearance of the building contrasts strongly with its interior decoration, the richness of which is even difficult to describe. Literally the entire temple is covered with gold from the inside; the extraordinary abundance of gilded carved elements, paintings and sculptures is impressive - their golden reflections amaze the most sophisticated imagination. It was thanks to this decoration that the temple received its second name - “golden church”. The building itself is decorated in the best traditions of Brazilian Baroque.
23. Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge (Sao Paulo)
Cross-shaped support of the Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge on the Pinheiros River in Sao Paulo Visiting Sao Paulo , You can see with your own eyes one of the most unusual and modern structures in the country - the Octavio Frias de Oliveira Bridge. For visitors, this is a unique attraction, where you can take original photos, and for local residents, it is an important transport artery of the city. The main visual features of the structure are the characteristic X-shaped 138-meter support, the main function of which is to support two levels of the transport highway, as well as 144 powerful cables holding the transport roadway. Construction of the bridge started in 2006, and two years later its grand opening took place.
24. Mount Corcovado (Rio de Janeiro)
The train that takes tourists to the top of Corcovado Klaus with K Brazil, whose capital today is the city of Brasilia, still keeps the bulk of its attractions in its former capital - the city of Rio de Janeiro. One of the symbols of Rio and the whole country is the monumental statue of Christ the Redeemer, thanks to which Mount Corcovado has become famous throughout the world - it is at its peak that a colossal 40-meter sculpture of the Savior rises. The mountain itself is located within the Tijuca National Park. A railway of a special design leads to its top - it has gearing, which is necessary for the safe adhesion of the train to the rails on a steep climb. Three trains regularly travel along this track, providing visitors to the mountain with a quick ride to the top in 20 minutes.
25. Elevator Lacerda (El Salvador)
Passenger elevator Lacerda in the city of El Salvador krebsmaus07 One of the most notable attractions of the city of El Salvador is its unusual Lacerda lift, which serves as public transport. The fact is that the city itself, located on the ocean coast, has a strong difference in altitude, starting from the coast to the interior of the mainland. Therefore, for ease of movement, a kind of elevator was created connecting Cairo Square in the Lower City and Sousa Square in the Upper City. It consists of two towers - one contains elevator cabins, the other, located in the rock, has counterweights. Every day, about 28 thousand passengers, thanks to the lift, get from one part of the city to another.
26. Ipanema Beach (Rio de Janeiro)
Vacationers on Ipanema Beach in the south of Rio de Janeiro A heavenly place with a hot southern mentality and a bright national flavor - all this is temperamental Brazil. The sights of Rio de Janeiro delight not only with cultural sites and enchanting holidays, but also with unusually beautiful nature, including beautiful sea beaches. Among them is the romantic Ipanema Beach, a place of exclusive relaxation and contemplation of beautiful views of the sunset. If you compare this place with the first most important beach, Copacabana, you can note that Ipanema is calm and serene. At the same time, entertainment lovers will find something to their liking here - the beach has ideal conditions for surfing, you can play football, volleyball and footvolley.
27. Beaches of Salvador (El Salvador)
Scenic view of the bay and sandy beach in El Salvador Fans of wild holidays will certainly appreciate the picturesque, little-known beaches, which can be called some of the most beautiful in Latin America. These are truly heavenly lands - a multi-kilometer sandy strip of coastline is adjacent to hundreds of palm trees and other abundant vegetation. A small number of campsites, a few small restaurants and bars are all that can be found from the signs of civilization in these places. But there are excellent opportunities for surfing, practicing other sports, serene swimming in the gentle waves, as well as natural pools for a relaxing holiday.
28. Lencois Maranhenses National Park (Marian State, Barreirinhas)
Dunes and lagoons of Lencois Maranhenses National Park For fans of natural attractions, Brazil offers plenty of opportunities to contemplate the most breathtaking landscapes. Many attractions in Argentina and Brazil are located on the border of these two neighboring countries. These include, for example, the large-scale Iguazu Falls, which have become the property of the two states. Most natural objects are located on the territory of nature reserves. Among such places is the beautiful Lencois Maranhenses National Park, which amazes the imagination with its mysterious nature - its entire territory is covered with snow-white sands, but it is by no means a desert. Heavy rains periodically occur here, forming lagoons of incredible blue, turquoise and green colors between the rows of sand dunes. Natural beauty of the Serra da Capivara National Park
A unique reserve of archaeological monuments is located in the north-eastern part of the country - the Serra da Capivara National Park. The rocks located on its territory store numerous evidence of the cultural development of mankind - in their caves you can see unique examples of ancient rock paintings depicting scenes from the life of prehistoric people. These lands officially became protected in 1979, when a Brazilian female archaeologist organized the first excavations here, as a result of which the dwellings and burials of ancient people, as well as jewelry, objects of labor and works of art were found. To this day, archaeological research continues in this region and new discoveries are made.
30. Fernando de Noronha (Pernambuco state)
Beautiful aerial view of the beaches of Fernando de Noronha 350 kilometers from the northeastern coast of the country in the Atlantic Ocean there is a volcanic archipelago consisting of 21 islands, and one of them, the largest, gave its name to the entire archipelago. This is the island of Fernando de Noronha, which was once given to a wealthy Lisbon merchant. The islands of the archipelago have a wonderful, warm tropical climate, with a dry season from August to January. Here you can see several ancient buildings - for example, a historical church or palace, as well as pousadas in the Portuguese colonial style. The island's stunning beaches are ideal for relaxing, diving and sailing.
Introduction
Criteria and conditions for including natural sites on the World Heritage List
1 Terms
2 Natural criteria
South America. World Natural Heritage Sites
1 Argentina
2 Los Glaciares National Park
3 Iguazu National Park
4 Peninsula Valdez
5 Natural parks of Ischigualasto and Talampaya
Bolivia
1 Noel Kempff Mercado National Park
Brazil
1 Iguazu National Park
2 Serra da Capivara National Park
3 Forest reserves of the eastern Atlantic coast
4 Forest reserves of the southeast Atlantic coast
5 Complex of reserves of Central Amazonia
6 Pantanal Protected Area
7 Brazilian islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll
8 National parks of the Campos Cerrado zone: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas
Venezuela
1 Canaima National Park
Colombia
1 Los Catios National Park
2 Malpelo Island
1 Machu Picchu Historical Reserve
2 Huascaran National Park
3 Manu National Park
4 Rio Abiseo National Park
Suriname
1 Central Suriname Conservation Area
Ecuador
1 Galapagos Islands
2 Sangai National Park
Conclusion
List of references and online resources
Introduction
UNESCO World Heritage - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which, in the opinion of UNESCO, are their conservation and popularization due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance.
In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). By September 2012, the convention had been ratified by 190 participating countries.
Every year the World Heritage Committee holds sessions at which "World Heritage Site Status" is awarded.
As of 2013, there are 981 sites on the World Heritage List, of which 759 are cultural, 193 natural and 29 mixed.
There are 67 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South America.
1. Criteria and conditions for including natural sites on the World Heritage List
.1 Conditions
As defined in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention, natural heritage includes the following:
) natural monuments created by physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, having outstanding universal value from an aesthetic or scientific point of view;
) geological and physiographic formations and strictly limited areas representing the range of endangered animal and plant species of outstanding universal value from a scientific or conservation point of view;
) natural sites or strictly defined natural areas of outstanding universal value from the points of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.
Outstanding Universal Value means cultural and/or natural significance that is so exceptional that it transcends national boundaries and is of universal value to present and future generations of all humanity. The continued protection of this heritage is therefore of paramount importance to the international community as a whole. A natural heritage property meeting one of the above definitions that is nominated for inscription on the World Heritage List is considered to be an Outstanding World Heritage Site for the purposes of the Convention if the Committee is able to satisfy itself that the property satisfies one or more of the criteria as well as the conditions of integrity.
1.2 Natural criteria
The main purpose of the World Heritage List is to make known and protect sites that are unique in their kind. For this purpose and because of the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were drawn up. Initially (since 1978) there were only criteria for cultural heritage sites - this list consisted of six points. Then, to restore a certain balance between the different continents, natural objects appeared and for them a list of four points. And finally, in 2005, all these criteria were brought together, and now every World Heritage site has at least one of them in its description: - include the greatest natural phenomena or places of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value; - represent an outstanding example , reflecting major stages of Earth's history, including traces of ancient life, ongoing geological processes of development of important land forms, or significant geomorphological and physiographic phenomena; - represent an outstanding example of important and ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of land, river and lake , coastal and marine ecosystems and plant and animal communities; - include natural habitats that are most important and significant from the point of view of conservation of biological diversity, including habitats of endangered species of outstanding global value from the point of view of science and nature conservation.
2. South America. World Natural Heritage Sites
South America is the southern continent in America, located mainly in the Western and Southern Hemispheres of planet Earth, however, part of the continent is also located in the Northern Hemisphere. It is washed in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the north it is limited by North America, the border between the Americas runs along the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea.
.1 Argentina
unesco monument landmark area
The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Argentina includes 8 items (as of 2011), 4 sites are included according to natural criteria. Los Glaciares and Iguazu are recognized as natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. Among them:
· Los Glaciares National Park (1981)
· Iguazu National Park (1984)
· Peninsula Valdez (1999)
· Natural Parks of Ischigualasto and Talampaya (2000)
In addition, as of 2010, 8 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 5 according to cultural, 1 - according to natural and 2 - according to mixed criteria.
Argentina ratified the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on August 23, 1978. The first site in Argentina was listed in 1981 at the 5th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
2.2 Los Glaciares National Park
Los Glaciares National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, glaciers) is a national park located in Patagonia (South America), in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz. The area of the park is 4459 km ². In 1981 it was included in the World Heritage List.
Founded in 1937, Los Glaciares is Argentina's second largest national park. The park gets its name from the huge ice cap in the Andes, which feeds 47 large glaciers, of which only 13 flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. This ice massif is the largest after the ice of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, glaciation begins at least 2500 m above sea level, but in Los Glaciares Park, due to the size of the ice cap, glaciers begin at an altitude of 1500 m and slide down to 200 m, eroding the slopes of the mountains underlying them.
The territory of Los Glaciares, which is 30% covered with ice, can be divided into two parts, each of which has its own lake. Lake Argentino, the largest in Argentina (area 1466 km ²) is located in the southern part of the park, and Lake Viedma (area 1100 km ²) - in the north. Both lakes feed the St. Croix River, which flows to the Atlantic Ocean. Between these two parts there is the Central Zone (Zona Centro), closed to tourists, in which there are no lakes.
The northern half of the park includes part of Lake Viedma, the Viedma Glacier, small glaciers and several mountain peaks popular with climbers and mountain hikers, such as Fitzroy and Cerro Torre.
The southern half of the park, along with small glaciers, includes the main glaciers flowing into Lake Argentino: Perito Moreno, Uppsala and Spegazzini. A typical boat tour includes exploring the otherwise inaccessible Uppsala and Spegazzini glaciers. The Perito Moreno Glacier can be reached by land.
Los Glaciares Park is a popular international tourism destination. Tours begin in the village of El Calafate, located on Lake Argentino, and in the village of El Chaltén, located in the northern part of the park at the foot of Mount Fitz Roy.
Climate . The entire natural appearance of the park and its originality are associated primarily with the climatic characteristics of the region. Nowhere on the globe are there such favorable conditions for the development of modern glaciation in such low sprats; the “Roaring Forties” westerly winds encounter on their way over the oceanic expanses of the World Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere only a single obstacle in the form of the Patagonian Andes. The winds hit their western (Chilean) slopes with terrible force and release almost all the moisture accumulated from the ocean.
Completely different climatic conditions are characteristic of the eastern (Argentine) slopes and foothills of the Patagonian Andes, where the national park is located. Having lost strength and moisture on the western slopes, the air masses of the “roaring forties” arrive on the eastern slopes “weakened” and almost dried up. Being in the "rain shadow" of the Andes, the park's territory receives much less rainfall - up to 900 mm on the mountain slopes and 500 mm in the east of the park. The average annual precipitation for the entire park is 809 mm, and the average annual temperatures are +7.5 °C, minimum +3.3 °C, maximum + 12 °C. Here, unlike the eastern slopes of the Patagonian Andes, the sun shines most of the year. Only from April to May the sky is overcast, it rains in the foothills, and snow falls in the mountains. In winter, which is June - August in the Southern Hemisphere, snowfalls are common. In early spring and summer, strong hurricane winds sweep over the park's territory from the west and south - from Antarctica.
Flora. In addition to snow-capped peaks (of undoubted interest for climbers), huge glacial fields and amazingly beautiful lake surfaces, in Los Glaciares National Park you can also get acquainted with the unique flora of Patagonia.
The park contains two types of plant communities - subantarctic Patagonian forests (in the west) and Patagonian steppes, characteristic of the flat-platagonal part (in the east).
Fauna. The vertebrate fauna of the national park, with the exception of avifauna, has not yet been sufficiently studied. About 100 species of birds have been recorded here, of which the most notable are the Andean condor and the long-billed (Darwinian) rhea.
Among the birds, the Andean spur duck and chaffinch are very numerous.
There is a small population of Andean deer. The Andean deer is listed in the International Red Book.
In the park there are individual individuals of the mountain veskashi from the order of rodents. More often you can see llamas and guanacos.
The ichthyofauna of glacial lakes and small streams is very rich. Many tourists come to Los Glaciares National Park specifically for sport fishing. In lakes Viedma and Lago Argentino, two species of salmonid fish were introduced specifically for sport fishing.
.3 Iguazu National Park
Iguazu National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Iguaz ú) - a national park in Argentina, located in the department of Iguazu, in the northern part of the province of Misiones, in the Argentine Mesopotamia.
The park was created in 1934 and partially contains one of the natural monuments of South America - Iguazu Falls, surrounded by subtropical jungle. On the other bank of the Iguazu River lies a Brazilian park with the same name (Iguazu National Park). Both parks were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites (in 1984 and 1986, respectively).
Flora. The flora includes 2 thousand species of plants, in particular: one of the endangered species of aspidosperm trees - Aspidosperma polyneuron (English), rarely found outside the park due to cutting down for edible fruits, one of the types of cabbage palm - Euterpe edulis (English. ), phoebe, holly, footcarp, recently increasingly rare cedrela, araucaria, palo rose. Trees of the burzer family and many vascular plants grow. Among the flowers there are bromeliads and various types of orchids.
Fauna. The park's fauna includes 70 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles, several hundred species of butterflies, including endangered species. The most common fauna are: jaguar, jaguarundi, mazama deer, lowland tapir, capybara, water possum, ocelot, giant anteater, Brazilian otter, bush dog, puma, monkeys (capuchins and howler monkeys), nosoha, Paraguayan caiman, broad-faced caiman, coral asp. Birds such as swifts and large toucans can also be found there. Wine-breasted Amazon, American swift, Tirika, Brazilian merganser, bronze penelope (English) Russian, South American harpy, hummingbird, common to these places. Among the known representatives of bats, the most common type of vampire bat is the common vampire.
Geography of waterfalls. The complex is 2.7 km wide and includes approximately 270 individual waterfalls. The height of the water fall reaches 82 meters, but at most waterfalls it is a little more than 60 meters. The largest waterfall is the "Devil's Throat" - a U-shaped cliff 150 meters wide and 700 meters long. This waterfall marks the border between Brazil and Argentina.
There are three towns in the vicinity of the falls - Foz do Iguacu on the Brazilian side, Puerto Iguacu on the Argentine side and Ciudad del Este on the Paraguayan side.
The most famous names of the waterfalls: "Adam and Eve", "Three Musketeers", "Two Sisters", "Salto Escondido" ("hidden jump"), "Salto Floriano" ("flower jump"), "San Martin" , "Ramirez" and a number of others.
Tourism. Iguazu Falls is one of the most visited tourist destinations in South America. Every year there are 1.5-2 million visitors. Observation platforms are equipped especially for tourists. There are hiking and driving routes in the vicinity of the waterfall. Tourists are also offered waterproof clothing, since the routes go to the very foot of the waterfalls. In the vicinity of Iguazu Falls there is an international airport, dozens of hotels, campsites, access roads, and walking trails have been built. The local population is also involved in this industry; there are specially equipped areas for them where they show local dances and songs, while dressing in local costumes.
.4 Peninsula Valdez
Valdez is a peninsula on the Atlantic coast of Argentina. Area - 3625 km ². It is connected to the mainland by the Carlos Ameghino isthmus. The Bay of San Jose juts out from the north, and Golfo Nuevo from the south. Most of the peninsula is uninhabited. There are several salt lakes, the largest of which lies 40 meters below sea level. This is the lowest point on land for South America.
In 1999, the Valdez Peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List - primarily for its unique and rich fauna.
Physiographical features. The peninsula is located in the northeast of the province of Chubut, and is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. From the north and south, its coasts are washed by the bays of San Jose and Nuevo.
The relief of the territory is a typical Patagonian plateau, which ends in the sea with steep banks. The coast is composed of marine sediments, which are subject to constant erosion. Part of the coastline is represented by beaches, among which rocky ones stand out - a favorite place for elephant seals.
The climate on the peninsula is transitional between the temperate climate of the central part of the country, with maximum precipitation in the hot months, and the cold climate with winter rains, which is more typical of Patagonia. Summers on the peninsula are hot but short, and winters are cold.
Diversity of flora and fauna. The main vegetation of sea shores is algae. They cover rocky shores with colorful blankets: blue-green, green, brown, red or yellow-green, depending on the pigment in the plant cells.
The Valdez Peninsula in Patagonia is of great importance for the conservation of marine mammals. The population of the endangered Australian subspecies of the southern right whale breeds here. The peninsula is famous all over the world for its excellent viewing opportunities for these giants. They arrive on shore in June and stay until December to give birth. The southern right whale reaches a length of approximately 14 meters and weighs up to 50 tons. Females carry their young for a whole year, and give birth to only one offspring at a time.
Southern elephant seals and southern sea lions also breed here, and resident killer whales use a unique hunting strategy adapted to the local coastline conditions.
The peninsula is also home to many species of birds and land animals, such as guanacos, foxes, rheas, pampas ptarmigan, and the Patagonian hare.
2.5 Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks
Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks - Two contiguous parks covering an area of over 275,300 hectares in the desert region along the western border of the Sierra Pampeanas mountains in Central Argentina. Here you can see the most complete fossil record, dating back to the Triassic period (245-208 million years ago). Six geological formations in the parks contain the fossilized remains of numerous living precursors to mammals, dinosaurs and plants, revealing the evolution of vertebrates and the nature of the paleographic environment during the Triassic period. Included in the UNESCO List in 2000.
Flora and fauna of Ischigualasto. The fauna and flora of Ischigualasto are unique. All inhabitants demonstrate amazing adaptation to the desert arid climate. Some of the most common species of animals that travelers can not only see, but also feed, are gray Argentine foxes, viscachas and rabbits. While traveling through the park, guests also come across peculiar animals - mara, which are also called Patagonian hares, although they have nothing to do with hares.
Of the predators that live in Ischigualasto, one of the most common are the “damage” skunks, since these animals, which protect themselves with the help of the foul-smelling secretions of the anal glands, have a particular preference for open areas.
Among the canids, the gray Argentine fox, or “sorro de la pampa,” is widespread here.
In the protected area there are condors, two species of South American vultures - turkey and urubu, and many songbirds. And even representatives of the parrot family, which in our minds are characteristic exclusively of tropical forests.
Surprisingly, these arid lands are even home to several species of frogs and toads.
The vegetation is represented mainly by cacti, rare thorny bushes and trees, such as retama, chanyar, algorobo and others. Many of the plants found here are used in medicine.
Attractions of Talampaya Park
· The dry bed of the Talampaya River, where dinosaurs lived several million years ago - as in Ischigualasto, fossils from that era can be found here.
· Talampaya Canyon - the height of the walls reaches 143 m, the minimum width is 80 m.
· Remains of indigenous settlements, such as the petroglyphs at Puerta del Canyon.
· A botanical garden with native flora in a narrow part of the canyon.
· Fauna of the region: guanacos, hares, maras, foxes and condors.
3. Bolivia
There is only 1 World Natural Heritage Site in Bolivia - Noel Kempff Mercado National Park. In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 4 according to cultural, 1 - according to natural and 2 - according to mixed criteria.
.1 Noel Kempff Mercado National Park
Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is located in the province of José Miguel de Velasco, department of Santa Cruz in eastern Bolivia on the border with Brazil. The territory of the park is 15,838 km ² , making it one of the largest parks in the entire Amazon basin. In 2000, the park was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Climate. The climate is distinctly seasonal with approximately 1400-1500mm of average annual precipitation. There is a dry season of about 4-6 months (from May to September) when there is a decrease in rainfall. The average annual temperature is 25-26 °C, but during the dry season the temperature can drop to 10 degrees for several days when cold, dry Patagonia air masses (surazos) reach the park.
Flora and fauna. The inaccessibility of these places serves as a good natural protection for the virginity of the park, which includes five ecosystems located at altitudes from 200 to 1000 m above sea level: montane evergreen forests, deciduous forests, dry savanna, wet savanna and tropical rainforests. The diverse flora includes 4,000 plant species, of which 2,700 species have been identified. Among them are several types of palm trees, cedar, oak, vines and bromeliads, and many types of orchids. Captivating colors and smells, exotic passion fruit and mangabe fill these places.
The park is home to more than 630 species of birds, 139 species of mammals - this is more than in all of North America, including: jaguar, puma, river dolphin, giant anteater, maned wolf, tapirs, capybaras, swamp deer. Many species of butterflies and other insects, 62 species of amphibians, including the South American side-necked turtle and black caiman, 127 species of reptiles. Two species of anacondas are found here at the same time - the common green and yellow Paraguayan. There are about 254 species of fish in the rivers.
Some of these fauna species are endangered in other areas of Bolivia.
4. Brazil
There are 8 natural sites on the UNESCO World Heritage List in Brazil. Among them, 4 objects are recognized as “natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance” (criterion vii).
· Iguazu National Park (1986)
· Serra da Capivara National Park (1991)
· East Atlantic Coast Forest Reserves (1999)
· South East Atlantic Coast Forest Reserves (1999)
· Complex of reserves of Central Amazonia (2000)
· Pantanal Protected Area (2000)
· Brazilian Atlantic Islands: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll (2001)
· National parks of the Campos Cerrado zone: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas (2001)
.1 Iguazu National Park
Iguazu is a Brazilian national park and UNESCO World Heritage Site located in the state of Paraná. It is renowned for its waterfall (part of which is located in Argentina's Misiones province) and its spectacular wildlife (especially its wide variety of birds), which includes rare and endangered species. This is the most unique place in the world, as 5 forest species are concentrated on one piece of land.
4.2 Serra da Capivara National Park
Serra da Capivara National Park is a national park in the state of Piaui in northeastern Brazil. The park contains many sites of prehistoric rock art, which were discovered by archaeologist Niede Guidon. On her initiative, a park was created to preserve images. In 1991 it was listed as a World Heritage Site. The area of the park is 1291.4 km².
As archaeological research shows, in ancient times the Serra da Capivara was very densely populated; here was the largest concentration of prehistoric peasant farms in ancient America.
Climate, flora and fauna. The climate in these places is very hot and arid, and therefore the vegetation of the park is represented by thorny trees and shrubs, as well as cacti, of various bizarre shapes, more reminiscent of a candelabra. Despite the dry climate, which, it must be said, is not at all typical for Brazil, in these places it is not difficult to meet anteaters, armadillos, snakes, jaguars, pumas, and various parrots. Also in these places lives an interesting animal - a false vampire. This is a bat with a meter-long wingspan.
Park attractions. In the Brazilian Serra da Capivara National Park there are caves where distant human ancestors lived 50 thousand years ago. Most likely this is the oldest community of people in South America. The national park is located near the city of San Raimondo Nonato (central part of the state of Piaui).
Scientists have counted more than three hundred archaeological sites in this place. The main images are well preserved and date back to 22-25 thousand years before the Birth of Christ. Extinct animals that will never exist on planet Earth are painted on the rocks.
4.3 East Atlantic Coast Forest Reserves
Eight protected natural areas (including three national parks) with a total area of 112 thousand hectares are located in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo and include Atlantic rainforests and bushland (restinga). In terms of biodiversity, this area is one of the richest on the planet. The reserves are home to a number of endemic species, which makes it possible to trace the evolutionary path of living organisms, and this, in turn, is of great importance from both a scientific and environmental point of view.
Biodiversity. Although the ecoregion has suffered greatly from deforestation for agriculture and urbanization (out of a million square kilometers of virgin forest, about 7% remains), the flora and fauna here are very rich, with 450 species of trees growing on one hectare. There are many endemics, for example, 92% of local amphibians are found nowhere else. An example of a primate is the genus of lion marmosets (Leontopithecus). The collared sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is found only in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Birds include the blue-capped tanager (Tangara cyanocephala), red-billed crax (Crax blumenbachii), blue-bellied parrot (Triclaria malachitacea), three-toed jacamara (Jacamaralcyon tridactyla), etc.
.4 Forest reserves of the southeast Atlantic coast
The forest reserves of the southeast Atlantic coast contain the finest and most extensive examples of Atlantic forest in Brazil. The 25 protected areas that make up this monument, covering a total area of approximately 470,000 hectares, demonstrate the biological richness and evolutionary history of the last remnants of the Atlantic Forest. The area is diverse and beautiful and is of great scientific importance.
Biodiversity. Partially isolated since the Ice Age, the Atlantic Forest has developed into a complex ecosystem with exceptionally high levels of endemism (70% tree species, 85% primates and 39% mammals).
The designated World Heritage Site contains well-preserved areas of highly diverse Atlantic rainforest. More than 450 species of trees per hectare can be found in some areas. The forest canopy along the river valleys is higher with isolated trees reaching up to 30 m in height.
There is a very diverse fauna. Mammals include 120 species, probably the largest number in Brazil. Some notable species are the jaguar, ocelot, bush dog, La Plata otter, 20 species of bats and various species of endangered primate, especially the muriqui and brown howler monkey. The avifauna is very diverse with 350 recorded species.
.5 Complex of reserves of Central Amazonia
A huge zone (more than 6 million hectares) of unique world treasures of nature is a delightful complex of reserves in the Central Amazon. This region is distinguished by a wide variety of biological objects. For example, the reserves include such valuable protected areas as: Jau National Park, the Anavillanas Archipelago and the Amazon Forest. The diverse ecological systems of "Warzea" and "Igapo" make the reserves an invaluable world attraction. The peculiar ecology of these places is an excellent habitat for the world's largest electric snakes, Amazonian manatees, black caiman, as well as the giant fish - arapaima. In the rivers and lakes that form a bizarre aquatic system, you can find 2 species of dolphins here.
Flora. The Igapo flora is relatively poor, most characteristic of it is the imbauba cecropia, which grows quickly but not high (usually about 10 m), with wide, palmate, almost white leaves and aerial roots that support it under water. Near the surface of the water, in backwaters covered with huge leaves of Victoria reggae, bushes of inconspicuous Ivoreiana stretch. During the retreat of floods, thickets of tall, tough grasses develop. These gloomy forests are decorated with climbing vines and epiphytes, including many orchids. The Amazon forests are the kingdom of vines. They spread along the ground in garlands, climb up onto trunks, are thrown from branch to branch, from one tree to another, hanging from trees.
Fauna. Numerous lakes and channels form a mosaic aquatic system on the territory of the site, which is in a state of constant development and serves as a habitat for the world's largest population of electric eels.
Rare and endangered species include the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman (the largest South American alligator, 5 m long), two species of river dolphins, as well as the giant arapaima fish.
There are many herbivores on the site, forest deer and antelope are especially common; There are anteaters, a sloth, a tapir, peccaries, an armadillo, and many rodents. Monkeys can be seen everywhere; they are very numerous and varied: capuchins, duruculas, uakari, howler monkeys. There are a lot of bats in the forests.
.6 Pantanal Protected Area
The Pantanal is a vast swampy tectonic basin in Brazil, small parts of which are also located in Bolivia and Paraguay, in the Paraguay River basin. It is located in the west of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and in the south of the state of Mato Grosso. The total area is approximately between 150-195 thousand km ², it is one of the largest wetlands on the planet.
Geography and geology. The predominant heights are 50–70 m above sea level. From the north, east and southeast, the territory is sharply limited by the cliffs of the Brazilian Plateau. The natural conditions of this region are very contrasting. Floods during the wet summer season turn the Pantanal into a huge lake-swamp and alternate with winter droughts, forming a patchy landscape of persistent semi-overgrown swamps, lakes, barely visible wandering river beds, salt marshes, sandbanks and grassy areas.
Biodiversity. There is a huge variety of flora and fauna here. More than 3,500 plant species grow throughout the Pantanal. There are 650 species of birds, 230 species of fish and 50 species of reptiles, and more than 80 species of mammals. There are about 20 million crocodiles alone. On the territory of the Pantanal there is a specially protected natural reserve - the Pantanal, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The Pantanal Nature Reserve is a unique and at the same time wonderful attraction in Brazil. Its borders touch Paraguay and Bolivia. The prevailing heights are within 50-70 meters. This amazing savanna is separated to the north by the Amazon jungle, and to the south by dense coastal Atlantic forests. The Paraguay River flows through the Pantanal, which creates numerous swamps, lakes and water meadows.
Among this richest fauna on the planet are such well-known species as the hyacinth macaw, toucans, capybaras, guara wolves, many species of monkeys, deer, coatis, armadillos, anteater, sloth, more than 1000 species of butterflies, etc. Many of the endangered animals extinct in other areas of South America, they live specifically in the Pantanal. Not far from the reserve is the small and wonderful town of Bonito, which is surrounded by greenery. The Brazilians dubbed it the gateway to the Pantanal. Thousands of tourists from all over the world visit this protected natural park of amazing beauty and diversity all year round.
.7 Brazilian islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll
The Fernando de Noronha archipelago and Rocas Atoll, which are the peaks of the underwater South Atlantic Ridge exposed to the ocean surface, lie off the eastern coast of Brazil. These islands are among the largest in this area of the Atlantic, and their coastal waters are highly bioproductive and play an exceptional role as habitats and breeding grounds for tuna, sharks, sea turtles and marine mammals. The islands contain the largest concentrations of tropical seabirds in the Western Atlantic; There is also a large local dolphin population here. During low tides on Rokas Atoll you can see an impressive picture: shallow lagoons teeming with fish.
Flora and fauna of Fernando de Noronha. The island was covered with forest until the nineteenth century, when a prison was opened on the island and the forest began to be cut down for the construction of escape rafts. The islands are now predominantly covered with bush, and some areas have recently been replanted with new forest.
The islands are home to 2 species of endemic birds - Noronha Elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana) and Noronha Vireo (Vireo gracilirostris). Both are on the main island; Noronha Vireo is also present on Ilha Rata. In addition, there are the Long-eared Dove Noronha auriculata Zinaida, a rodent, Noronhomys vespuccii, mentioned by Amerigo Vespucci, which has now disappeared.
Geography of Rokas Atoll . It is of volcanic origin, formed by corals. The only atoll in the South Atlantic, one of the smallest atolls in the world.
The atoll has an oval shape, its length is approximately 3.7 km, width - 2.5 km. The depth of the lagoon is 6 m, area - 7.1 km ². The area of the two islets of the atoll (Cemit ério in the southwest, Farol Cay in the northwest) is 0.36 km ², of this, Farol Cay accounts for approximately two-thirds of the area. The highest point is a sand dune in the south of Farol Cay, its height is 6 m. The atoll consists mainly of corals and red algae. The coral ring is practically closed, except for a 200-meter wide channel on the northern side and a much narrower channel on the western side.
Both islands are overgrown with grass, shrubs, and several palm trees grow on them. The islands are home to crabs, spiders, scorpions, sand fleas, beetles, and many species of birds. Turtles, sharks, and dolphins live near the atoll.
.8 National parks of the Campos Cerrado zone: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas
"Campos Cerrado" is one of the ecoregions of the tropical Brazilian savanna, which occupies about 20% of the country's territory. This area contains two Brazilian national parks (Emas and Chapada dos Veadeiros), which are not just protected areas, but also UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Their flora and fauna is distinguished by its biodiversity and at the same time is one of the oldest ecosystems in the tropical zone, which impresses with its amazing contrasts. These places have been pleasing to the eye for thousands of years, and also serve as a safe haven for a wide variety of animals and plants.
Emas. Emas National Park is located in the central part of the Brazilian Highland savannah. The country's authorities, or rather President Juscelino, made this territory a reserve back in 1961, but Emas was added to the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2001. The park is rich in wooded savannah flora. It is here that you can find amazing palm trees typical of wooded savannas. In the park, tourists can see the round crowns of huge babasu palms, reaching 75 meters in height.
The Emasa Savanna has helped preserve many species of living organisms during climate change. Among the most interesting representatives of the fauna are the large anteater, the armadillo and the maned wolf. As for the climate, winters are cold and summers are hot. Curious tourists are offered such types of entertainment as fishing, horseback riding or boat trips.
Chapada dos Veadeiros. An equally interesting site is the Chapada dos Veadeiros Park. Which also became a protected area in 1961. The park is located in the state of Goiás on an ancient plateau. If Emas is very rich in fauna, then nature has endowed Chapada dos Veadeiros with a wide variety of flora. There are more than 25 species of trees on the territory of the reserve. The fauna of the region is also quite bright and colorful (swamp deer, armadillos, tapirs). On hot summer days, temperatures up to 40 degrees can be observed here, but in winter there is sometimes slight frost.
5. Venezuela
There are 3 names on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Venezuela (as of 2010), this is 0.3% of the total (981 as of 2013). 2 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 object - according to natural ones (Kanaima National Park).
In addition, as of 2010, 3 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first site on Venezuelan territory was inscribed in 1993 at the 17th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
.1 Canaima National Park
Canaima National Park is a park in southeastern Venezuela, on the border with Brazil and Guyana. The park area is about 30,000 km ². Located in the state of Bolivar and occupies approximately the same territory as the Gran Sabana Natural Park.
The park was opened on June 12, 1962 and is the second largest in the country, second only to Parima-Tapirapeco Park. In 1994, Canaima was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The main attraction and value of the park are the tepuis (flat-topped mountains) located there.
Flora and fauna. The territory of Canaima is home to such representatives of the animal world as: tapir - a large herbivorous mammal (somewhat reminiscent in shape of a pig, but has a short trunk adapted for grasping), peccaries - a large artiodactyl similar to a pig, agouti - rodents, relatives of guinea pigs, moving on long limbs, anteater, puma, jaguar, as well as wide-faced caiman, etc. In the village The Pemon Indians live with many rabbits that children chase. The local jungle is famous for its special abundance of different types of orchids, of which there are about 500 species.
Attractions. Like fragments of another world, the Table Mountains stand here - the unique Gran Sabana plateau, part of the Guiana Plateau, whose two-kilometer steep walls, absolutely flat at the top, rest against the clouds. These mountains, called tepuis, are among the oldest formations on Earth, dating back countless years when Africa and South America were one continent. Arthur Conan Doyle, inspired by the surreal landscape, settled tyrannosauruses and pterodactyls on the tops of the plateau. Of course, there are no ancient lizards on Gran Sabana, but the microcosm that lives at an altitude of two thousand meters above the rest of the surrounding world is truly unique.
Another attraction of Kanaim is the waterfalls, the highest on the planet. Falling from the sheer ledges of the mesa, these waterfalls are an impressive sight. The most famous of them, Angel Falls, falls from the top of one of the highest tepuis - Auyantepui, which deservedly means "devil's mountain".
6. Colombia
There are 2 sites on the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage sites in Colombia:
· Los Catios National Park (1994)
· Malpelo Island (2006)
.1 Los Catios National Park
It was created in the north of Colombia, in the border area with the state of Panama. On the other side of the border, another environmental protection zone has been created - the Darien National Park. Los Catios National Park appeared on the territory of Colombia in 1976; today its area has grown to 72 thousand hectares. The nature of the park is represented by the following natural zones: tropical forests and floodplain swamps. The area of Los Catios Park lies around the Atrato River. A total of about 600 plant species have been found on its banks and among nearby wet forest complexes. A rather remarkable local species is the cottonwood tree. This is a typical tropical species that belongs to the malvaceae family. The homeland of this species is considered to be Mexico, some countries of Central America, the Caribbean islands, and the tropical region of West Africa.
.2 Malpelo Island
Malpelo is an island in the eastern Pacific Ocean, 500 km from the shores of Buenaventura Bay in South America. Belongs to Colombia, part of the department of Valle del Cauca. Area 0.35 km².
On July 12, 2006, Malpelo, together with the adjacent water area of 857,150 hectares, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is the largest no-fishing zone in the eastern tropical Pacific.
Geography. The island is a rock without abundant vegetation, the maximum height is 376 m (Mount Mona, Spanish: Cerro de la Mona). Length about 1850 m, width up to 600 m. Surrounded by small rocks. The Malpelo Natural Protected Area occupies a circle with a radius of 9.656 km around a point with coordinates 3°58?30? With. w. 81°34?48? h. d. (G) (O).
The area around Malpelo is home to populations of silky sharks, frilled sharks, whale sharks, hammerhead sharks and sandbar sharks, making the island a popular destination for divers.
The island is composed of effusive rocks, volcanic breccias and Tertiary basaltic dikes. Vegetation - algae, lichens, mosses, some types of shrubs, ferns.
Biodiversity. Malpelo Island is a haven for a range of rare marine species. Many sharks, giant groupers, and marlins gather here. This is one of the few places on Earth where reliable encounters with a deep-sea sand shark have been recorded. These depths support stable populations of large marine predators and pelagic species, in particular, aggregations of more than 200 hammerheads, over 1 thousand frilled sharks, as well as whale sharks and tuna. 17 species of marine mammals, including humpback and blue whales, 5 terrestrial and 7 marine reptile species, 61 bird species, 394 fish species and 340 shellfish species have been recorded on Malpelo .
7. Peru
For 2012, the list includes 11 objects, 2 of which are natural and 2 are mixed:
Machu Picchu (1983)
· Huascaran National Park (1985)
Manu (1987)
· Rio Abiseo National Park (1992)
.1 Machu Picchu Historical Reserve
The city of ancient America, located on the territory of modern Peru, on the top of a mountain range at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, dominating the valley of the Urubamba River. In 2007, it was awarded the title of New Wonder of the World.
In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors. According to new rules, only 2,500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb Mount Wayna Picchu, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands that the number of tourists per day be reduced to 800.
Flora and fauna. On the territory of Machu Picchu you are constantly surrounded by landscapes of dazzling beauty. The splendor of the archaeological ruins is harmoniously combined with a huge variety of flora and fauna. Throughout the entire area of the lost city, which is approximately 32,520 hectares, you will see exotic pisonai and cunewal trees, shield palms, alders - they amaze with their grandeur. About 400 species of begonias and orchids grow here, of which only 260 species are classified.
The animals that live in Machu Picchu are also amazing in their diversity. The city is home to approximately 375 species of birds, of which 200 species can always be seen during a tour. One of the brightest representatives of birds is the Cock of the Rock, which is the symbol of Peru. The bird is easily recognized by its colorful plumage and can be easily found on river banks.
In terms of animals, the endangered Andean bear is of particular interest. In these parts he is known as the "Spectacled Bear". The animal is absolutely safe, eats only plant foods. Due to his shy nature, it is not often possible to photograph him. In Machu Picchu you can also see vicuñas, white-tailed deer, wild llamas and other representatives of exotic fauna.
Current state. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving UNESCO World Heritage status, has become a center of mass tourism. In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors. According to new rules, only 2,500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb Mount Wayna Picchu, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO requires that the number of tourists per day be reduced to 800. Machu Picchu is located in a remote region. To support tourism, a railway was built to the neighboring city of Aguas Calientes from Cusco via Ollantaytambo, with more than ten trains a day running from Ollantaytambo. There is a bus from the Aguas Calientes train station to Machu Picchu, which covers eight kilometers of steep serpentine ascent. UNESCO opposed the construction of the cable car to limit the flow of tourists. As a result of the 2004 earthquake, the railway section was severely damaged, but was restored.
At the 35th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, it was decided that the ancient city will be removed from the list of World Heritage Sites in Danger from February 1, 2012.
7.2 Huascaran National Park
A national park located in the Ancash region of Peru, in the Cordillera Blanca.
The park area is 3400 km ². Declared a nature reserve on July 1, 1975. UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. The name of the park comes from the name of the highest peak in Peru - Huascaran, 6768 m high. The park is home to many rare and endemic plants and animals. For example, Puya raimondi is a plant of the bromeliad family up to 10 meters high, whose age can reach up to 100 years.
Climate. The climate in the national park, in addition to being characterized by the typical altitude zone for mountains, is divided into two seasons a year. One of them is humid, caused by strong warm winds blowing from the Amazon jungle, and lasts from December to March. The other, lasting from May to October, is dry and characterized by a large number of sunny days. The temperature at this time can rise to 25 degrees Celsius, but the nights are very cold, and the thermometer often drops below 0 degrees.
Flora and fauna. The fauna of the White and Black Cordillera is represented mainly by birds and mammals. Some species have not yet been described or our knowledge about them is extremely poor. Scientists estimate that 112 bird species representing 33 different families are found in Huascaran National Park. These include the Andean condor, the Andean spur-tailed duck and the Andean tinamous. Mammals are represented in the park by only ten species. However, among them are such amazing, rare and beautiful animals as the Pampas cat, Andean cat, spectacled bear, vicuna and Peruvian deer.
The flora of Huascaran National Park is more diverse in terms of species growing here. The park has seven climate zones and a huge number of microclimates. All this contributes to the development of unique plants, occupying literally every area of the mountain surface suitable for life and growth. In total, scientists described 779 plant species in Huascaran, belonging to 340 genera and 104 families.
.3 Manu National Park
The park was established in 1977 in the regions of Madre de Dios and Cusco, and in 1987 it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manu Area - 19,098 km ², of which the national park occupies 15,328 km ², the rest is a reserve zone. The main part of the territory is Amazonian forest, but some part is in the Andes at an altitude of up to 4200 m. Manu is home to a large number of species of flora and fauna. More than 15 thousand plant species and about a thousand bird species were found on its territory (more than a tenth of all bird species and about 1.5 times more than in Russia). The population of the Inca toad, endemic to Peru, is protected within the park.
.4 Rio Abiseo National Park
Rio Abiseo National Park is a national park located in the Peruvian region of San Martin. Since 1990 it has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The park is home to many species of flora and fauna and is home to more than 30 pre-Columbian archaeological sites. Since 1986, certain parts of the park have been closed to tourists due to the fragility of both the natural and archaeological environment. The largest and most famous archaeological site within the park is Gran Pajaten, located on a hilltop near the border of the region. Nearby are the ruins of Los Pinchudos (discovered in 1965), which are a series of stone graves. Most of the archeological research in the park is conducted by staff from the University of Colorado.
Geography and climate. Rio Abiseo National Park is located on the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes between the Marañon and Huallaga rivers, covering an area of 2,745.2 km ². In particular, the park covers about 70% of the Abiseo River basin. Altitudes in the park range from 350 m to 4200 m above sea level.
The park has seven climate zones, ranging from alpine meadows and mountain forests to dry forests and tropical rainforests. Precipitation varies from 500 to 2000 mm per year. The moist montane forest, which occupies most of the park, consists of low trees, mosses and lichens. This ecosystem exists at altitudes of about 2300 m. The humidity here is constant and rainfall occurs throughout the year, especially at higher altitudes. The soils are acidic.
8. Suriname
There are 2 names on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Suriname (as of 2010), this is 0.2% of the total (981 as of 2013). 1 object is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 object - according to natural ones (Conservation Area of Central Suriname).
.1 Central Suriname Conservation Area
The Central Suriname Conservation Area is a protected area in Suriname. The territory of the reserve occupies 16 thousand km ², consists primarily of tropical forests of the Guiana Highlands. The reserve is home to many species of animals, which are also under state protection.
On the territory of the reserve there is a unique granite monolith - Voltzberg, whose age is 1.8 - 2 billion years. It has two peaks separated by a crack: one of them has a height of 245 meters above sea level, the other 209 meters. The monolith itself is located at an altitude of 150 meters above the surrounding area. This monolith is 1.1 km long in a north-south direction and up to 700 meters wide in an east-west direction. Only at the top of the monolith is there sparse vegetation.
9. Ecuador
There are 4 names on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ecuador (as of 2010), this represents 0.4% of the total (981 as of 2013). 2 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 2 objects - according to natural ones:
· Galapagos Islands (1978)
· Sangai National Park (1983)
In addition, as of 2010, 7 sites on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first site in Ecuador was listed in 1978 at the 2nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.
.1 Galapagos Islands
The Galapagos Islands are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of Ecuador, consisting of 13 main volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and alluvial areas.
Climate . Despite its latitude, due to the cold current, the climate in the Galapagos is much cooler than other areas on the equator. The water temperature sometimes drops to 20 °C, and the annual average is 23- 24°C.
Flora and fauna. The inability of large predators to evolve on the islands has allowed many species of wildlife to thrive on these islands. Therefore, Galapagos is home to a large number of endemic and unique animals such as sea lions, native penguins, Galapagos tortoises, dolphins, Vampire finch, marine iguanas, lava lizards, whales, sharks, etc. There is also a large variety of seabirds such as frigatebirds, flamingos and albatrosses. The Galapagos plants are also surprising in their diversity; the islands are home to a wide variety of endemic trees, tree ferns, and other types of shrubs and flowers. The archipelago has some rare species of cotton, tomatoes, peppers, guavas and orchids. The underwater life in the Galapagos Islands is also very beautiful. The surrounding waters are home to many species of fish, animals and aquatic plants, making the Galapagos Islands one of the wonders of the underwater world.
Fortunately, due to the remoteness of the islands from the continent and active sea communications, the wildlife here has been virtually unaffected and remains the same as Charles Darwin once found it. Tourists arrive to the Galapagos Islands mainly by plane. The Galapagos is probably the only place on Earth where you can dive with a penguin or swim among sea lions. The Galapagos Islands are one of the planet's most precious treasures and one of the world's last refuges for wildlife.
.2 Sangai National Park
Sangay National Park is located in the highlands of Ecuador. The territory of the Andes, included in the national park, is full of volcanoes. The most important volcano in the park is named Sangay. The approaches to it in Ecuador have been protected since 1975, when the Sangay National Park was created. To this day, the territory of the park has grown to 500 thousand hectares. Basically, the park's expanses include areas of tropical rainforest, as well as cloudy mountain forests.
Flora and fauna. As for the massifs of tropical rainforest, the following types of vegetation dominate among them: mulberry trees, palm trees, laurel trees, lianas. And in the high mountain zone of cloud forests the following species prevail: various orchids and ferns, thickets of bamboo and shrubs. The diversity of plant species in the park is a completely natural phenomenon, because there is a very large range of altitudes, which ranges from 1000 to 5230 m above sea level. In total, as many as 8 altitudinal vegetation zones can be observed in Sangay Park; in general, about 1,000 species have been recorded in the region.
The fauna of the Sangay volcano is represented by the following species: mountain tapir, vicuña, dwarf deer; the avifauna is dominated by the red bird, condor and other birds. As for mountain inhabitants, such as the mountain tapir, we have enough information about them.
The Red Bird is one of the most amazing birds in Sangai Park. The red bird is also often called the bird of paradise and belongs to the passerine order. The bird is medium in size, about 30 cm in length, with a wing length of about 16 cm and a tail - 12 cm. It has golden-green plumage, a small crest on the back of the head. The bird's chest and wings, as well as its legs, are bright red. The back has a gray-yellowish tint, the throat is dark green.
Quite limited areas of the park are home to animals such as puma, Andean fox, spectacled bear, pudú deer, ocelots and jaguars, and guinea pigs. Of the birds, such unique species as cubillin and quilimas, vultures, giant hummingbirds, etc. were ignored.
Conclusion
Thus, using the example of the South American region, one could get acquainted with the UNESCO World Heritage Program, which began its existence in 1975. Since 1977, every year the World Heritage Committee has held sessions at which the program objects are determined - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which are conservation and popularization due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance.
The main purpose of the World Heritage List is to make known and protect sites that are unique in their kind. For this purpose and because of the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were drawn up. The first six criteria have been in force since 1978 and identify cultural sites; natural sites have been included in the list since 2002, when four additional natural inclusion criteria appeared.
Also, in the course of the work done, it was possible to verify that the “World Heritage Site Status” provides the following advantages (for natural heritage sites): it is an additional guarantee of the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes; increases the prestige of the territories and the institutions that manage them; promotes the popularization of objects included in the List and the development of alternative types of environmental management (primarily eco-tourism); ensures priority in attracting financial resources to support world cultural and natural heritage sites, primarily from the World Heritage Fund; promotes the organization of monitoring and control over the state of conservation of natural objects.
States on whose territory World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations to preserve them.
List of references and online resources
Drobot V.I. The concept of World Natural Heritage: a textbook / Mar. state University; IN AND. Drobot. - Yoshkar-Ola, 2008. - 122 p.
2. Gebel P. Natural heritage of humanity: landscapes and natural treasures under UNESCO protection. M.: Publishing house BMN AO. 1999. - 256 p.
Maksakovsky N.V. World Natural Heritage. - M.: Education, 2005. - 396 p.
Cattaneo M. Treasures of Humanity. UNESCO World Heritage Site. - AST; Astrel, 2005. - P. 512.
Official information website "UNESCO: World Heritage Sites" http://unesco.heritage.ru
Http://world heritage.rf
http://ru.wikipedia.org/
http://umeda.ru
Http://7-chudes-sveta.ru
http://whc.unesco.org/
http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/
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