6. Question: What work does a group of tourists need to do to organize a bivouac?
Answer:
Prepare firewood (for cooking and heating), stacking it at a distance of 5-6 m from the fire.
Ensure availability of water.
Place the tents compactly with the entrance to the fire at a distance. 5-6 m.
Make a bonfire.
Set up a place near the fire for eating.
Prepare food.
7.Question: What do you think should be done first and what second?
Answer: It is advisable to carry out all bivouac work in parallel.
I. The work at the bivouac must be distributed immediately upon arrival at the site. Each of the works at the bivouac is performed by the participants who are assigned to do it. On multi-day hikes, it is better to distribute the work in advance so that all participants “go through” all types of work, i.e. participants undergo a full course of training.
With good organization of bivouac work, it ends by the time dinner is ready. In general, bivouac work takes from 1.5 to 2 hours.
I would like to draw your attention to the fact that depending on specific conditions, sometimes the order of work at the bivouac depends on the number of people in the group and their experience. Experienced tourists know what to do first in each specific case.
8.Question: If there is little dead wood and fallen wood at the bivouac, what will you do?
Answer: Deploy more people to collect firewood.
9.Question: What if it's raining?
Answer: Yes, first of all we need to put up tents.
I. Experienced tourists have this rule: “ No job, find one»!
The group does not sit idle, when some are working, others are looking for work, helping each other until all the work is finished.
I. There is a number of objects in front of you.
Answer me the following question
10.Question. What is this?
Answer:- plexiglass, hay, matches, paper.
11.Question: What do they have in common?
Answer: This is kindling for a fire.
12.Question: What is the significance of a fire for a bivouac site?
Answer: it is more than a fire, a bivouac center, a kitchen, a living room, a dining room. This is dry clothing, hot food, this is a place of communication, warm and dry.
13.Question: Where does the fire begin?
Answer: From its location. The fireplace should be open, but protected from the wind, preferably near water.
14.Question: Where should you not make a fire?
Answer:- closer than 5 m from trees, stacked firewood, resinous stumps, tents, under trees (especially dry ones);
In young coniferous plantings, in areas with dry reeds, reeds, moss or grass;
In clearings where there are remains of forest combustible materials, on peat bogs, in the forest on rocky places;
15.Question: Should the fire be controlled and by whom?
Answer: The fire is monitored by the fireman, only he can throw branches into the fire.
16.Question: Is it possible to leave a fire burning overnight?
Answer:- Do not leave the fire unattended. Before going to bed, you need to put out the fire;
17.Question: What are the precautions when working with a fire?
Answer:
If you plan to keep the fire going all night, to warm the sleeping people, it is necessary to appoint guards at the fire;
Increase control over the fire in strong winds;
Those on duty at the fire must wear shoes, long sleeves, and always mittens;
When leaving the bivouac site, be sure to fill the fire with water.
18.Question: List the rules for lighting a fire?
Answer:
1. Light the kindling from below, then it will all burn.
2. Then thin dry twigs, wood chips, splinters that need to be laid in a hut. When they flare up.
3. Place twigs that are a little thicker, and then thicker ones (about the size of a finger).
4. There must be a gap between branches, splinters, and firewood for air access. For oxygen access.
19.Question: Do you think there are certain requirements for choosing a bivouac site?
Answer: Yes, they do exist.
I. And what exactly are we together now and we’ll try to figure it out. Let us look into the diary of one novice, inexperienced tourist, whom the leader, for educational purposes, instructed to choose a bivouac site on a hike.
I give each group of tourists one letter and give them time to read it and find mistakes.
20.Yes, this is a problem, I was entrusted with choosing a place to stay for the night. Over there in the distance near the river you can see a village. Downstream the river behind the village you can stop. In the evening we will ask the local grandmothers for fresh milk. There, near the village on the edge of the forest, there stands a tall, spreading oak tree, just what you need if you can find shelter from the rain. Let's stand on the western side of the oak tree so that the sun doesn't wake us up early in the morning. At least we'll get some sleep! The place here is picturesque. How nice it is that there is a depression there near the oak tree, because you need a flat place, you can set up tents. We’ll come, set up tents, and then decide where the fire will be.
I. This is how a newcomer taking his first steps in tourism reasoned.
Each group takes turns expressing its proposals about the correctness or incorrectness of the hike participant’s judgments.
| Wrong | Right |
| Near populated areas, industrial enterprises, near power lines. | Near a source of running water (rivers, springs) but not in flooded areas |
| Downstream of the river from the settlement | Presence of dead trees |
| Lonely tall trees (especially oaks and chestnuts). | In a forest, a place well blown by the wind in summer and protected from the wind in winter. |
| It is better not to place forest edges on the northern and eastern sides | Place the tents on the eastern side of the edge - it is well lit by the sun in the morning |
| In depressions, dry river beds | First, choose a place for a fire, and then a place for tents (4-5 m from the fire). |
| Reservoirs with standing water | Don't go near tall, rotten trees. |
| The bivouac site must be level, dry, beautiful |
I. Those on duty who prepare food in the morning get up 1 hour before. They prepare everything in the evening.
22.Question: What do the officers on duty prepare?
Answer: Water, firewood to protect from dew and rain, food.
I. In the morning, all participants except those on duty can be almost “assembled”, and the camp is basically collapsed before breakfast begins. When breakfast is ready, everyone stops so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. At the same time, the breakfast boilers are washed by the next people on duty, so that these people on duty can get ready at this time.
It is important to learn not only how to set up a camp correctly, but also how to remove it.
23.Question: Where do you think you should start removing the camp?
Answer? First, collect personal backpacks.
Then the tent and sleeping bags are turned inside out, shaken out, but first the tent slopes are allowed to dry in the sun, then the bottom is dried. Put it in a backpack.
Leftover food is left aside - for forest animals
The remaining firewood is carefully stacked under the tree.
The garbage is burned. Take non-combustible waste with you.
The fire is extinguished. Cover the fire pit with removed turf and water it.
I. That's right guys, but you should also always remember that the parking lot should be left better than it was. Those who come after you should like this place. Nature should not suffer from your invasion. This law must be observed without exception, which will preserve not only nature, but also our morality, our ethics, our souls.
Organizing a tourist bivouac in a variety of environmental conditions is one of the main components of the livelihoods of tourists along the trekking route. Bivouac is a camp, a location for overnight or rest outside a populated area (in field conditions). Tourist bivouac technology is a complex set of techniques and means used to organize a tourist camp, providing the necessary level of recovery and rest for tourists after the stress of a day of walking. The better the bivouac is organized in these specific environmental conditions, the better the quality of rest for tourists after a day of walking. On the contrary, neglecting the careful organization of bivouacs along the route leads to the development of physical and mental fatigue of the participants in the hike and significantly reduces the level of safety of the hike.
How is it customary to classify field tourist camps? According to their purpose, tourist field camps are divided into the following types.
Long-term (base) camp.
Short-term bivouac for a tourist group
Emergency (including individual) bivouac.
Long term camp- This is a common attribute of multi-day tourist competitions. The bivouac is designed to provide quality rest for athletes covering competition distances. At the same time, tourists do not change their location (place of overnight stay). The creation of a base camp is also typical for high-altitude mountaineering, when athletes working a route in extreme high-altitude conditions periodically descend to such a camp (set at a more “comfortable” altitude) to recuperate. Short-term bivouac for a tourist group– this is a type of field camp that tourists set up after a day’s trek for one night (two in the case of a day’s rest on the route) for the purpose of resting after a day of walking. It is this that is typical for hiking trips, and we will focus our attention on it in the future. Emergency(including individual) bivouac is rather an exception, dictated by certain unfavorable circumstances during the trip. Its purpose is to organize acceptable, not necessarily comfortable, conditions for overnight stay and rest (including for survival in unfavorable environmental conditions, without special technical means). Qualified tourists must be proficient in the technique of its organization, but this is the topic of a separate special course on carrying out rescue operations.
What factors determine the features of bivouac work technology? The features of the bivouac work technique and the features of the organized bivouac are determined, first of all, by the following factors.
The type of camp being installed (see above).
The nature of the hiking area (mountainous or flat terrain; forest or treeless area).
The hiking season and climatic features of the hiking area.
In this lesson it is not possible to consider all types of tourist bivouac, and below we will consider only the technique of bivouac work when organizing a short-term tourist bivouac in various environmental conditions: on the plain and in the mountains; in forested and treeless zones, in winter and summer. But, even limiting ourselves to this framework, we must admit that the selected material is very extensive, and we will focus your attention only on the technique of bivouac work in recreational hikes and hikes of initial categories of difficulty in Belarus. Only a sufficient minimum of information will be given regarding the organization of bivouac in the mountains, in difficult sports hiking and ski trips (see also the methodological lesson “Basics of bivouac techniques”).
What criteria are used to choose a place to set up a field camp? Let us determine that, regardless of the type of bivouac, the chosen place for its organization must necessarily satisfy the following two conditions: firstly, it must be safe; secondly, there must be water at the bivouac site (potable, or suitable for consumption after boiling).
Organization of parking
Travelers spend about two-thirds of their hiking time at rest stops, that is, most of the route falls on parking.
Tourist bivouac- this is a stopping place where travelers rest, eat, spend the night, and prepare for their further journey; this is the base camp for a radial route organization; it is a shelter from bad weather, it is a fire, a hearth, a center for communication, reflection on what has been passed and planning the path ahead. The bivouac is the house in which we live during the hike.
By duration share small stops (for rest, changing clothes, repairs), lunch stops, overnight stays, and days.
In one-day On hikes, only short and lunch breaks are arranged. For two days or more During long hikes in bivouacs, they also spend the night, and also arrange days when they do not move further along the route: they rest, swim, pick berries, mushrooms, fish, take walks, and excursions.
Organization of a halt- this is, first of all, the correct and competent choice of location, good preparation of the site, distribution of work, setting up tents, lighting a fire or lighting stoves or stoves and, most importantly, ensuring the safety of the parking lot from natural forces and troubles created by man himself.
At rest stops, in addition to resting and eating, they repair clothes and equipment, observe nature according to a certain program, and keep diary entries (observations, sketches, notes about the route, nature, surroundings). At rest stops they sing songs, have fun, play sports or practice. During halts and days, they pick mushrooms and berries, fish, get to know the surrounding area in more detail, and go on walks and excursions.
In short, most of camp life is spent at rest stops.
Small stops- the shortest and simplest pauses and stops along the way are made mainly for rest after 1-2 hours of travel. Therefore, the place for small stops is determined primarily by the time of transitions. Of course, it’s good if short rests take place on fairly flat and dry areas in clearings, forest edges, and the sides of roads and trails. Good location at a source of drinking water - a well, a spring or a clean stream. When it is windy, it is good to stop in a shelter (a forest strip, bushes, a coastal slope, etc.). If the time and place are conducive to mosquitoes and other midges, then it is better to stop in ventilated areas. In winter it is better to stay in the sun, and in summer when it is hot - in the shade.
At a small stop, it’s good to eat sour candy, take vitamins, refresh your face, rinse your mouth with cold water; You can drink a few sips of hot tea or coffee from a thermos. You can relax while hiking on dry ground, fallen trees, and stumps.
On water trips, on the contrary, it makes sense to do physical exercise, run, jump, and warm up. If possible, a place for a short rest on a water trip is chosen in a place convenient for mooring ships, with a dry area on the shore.
In winter, before stopping, you need to slow down the pace of movement, if it was fast, in order to cool down somewhat. In cold weather, after stopping, you need to put on a warm jacket and sweater. The backpack can be lowered onto plastic wrap, hung on a branch, placed on a log, or placed on your skis. It is advisable to load backpacks in such a way that you can sit on them, if necessary, without crushing any items of equipment or food.
The time of small rests can vary from several minutes to half an hour.
Lunch stops- these are longer stops for rest and food. The place for a lunch stop is chosen more carefully than for a small one.
In summer It’s good to choose a flat area on the bank of a river or lake, where there is dry fuel - brushwood, dead wood, windfall, dead wood. It is advisable to stop on the river above villages, livestock farms, watering places, and fords. The ideal situation, which it is advisable to strive for, is a calm stretch with convenient descents to the water, with a sandy bottom, without snags.
One of the main conditions for choosing a place to stop for lunch is availability of clean drinking water: well, spring, spring. Water from most rivers in the densely populated part of the country is now unsuitable for drinking (effluent from industrial enterprises, livestock farms; runoff from fields treated with mineral fertilizers).
In water trips, the same conditions: a convenient pier, a flat, dry area, protected from the wind or, conversely, a ventilated place (if there are midges).
Good fuel is especially necessary on site winter halt. Having a source of drinking water (stream, spring, well) is desirable if you are preparing hot food, but water can also be obtained from snow.
When stopping for lunch, one or two people go for water, several people prepare fuel, one person sets up a fire pit and lights the fire. Those on duty are cooking lunch, the rest are free - resting, fishing, swimming, picking mushrooms and berries.
In sunny weather, at this time you can dry clothes, tents, and other things.
Duration halt in summer - at least an hour. In winter, with short daylight hours, they try to make the lunch break shorter. Its duration depends on the speed of building the fire and cooking. Responsibilities (procuring fuel, making a fire, cooking) are already distributed in advance. All tourists participate in bivouac work in winter so as not to freeze.
If you have lunch without a fire (tea, coffee from thermoses, sandwiches, dried fruit), which often happens in winter conditions, especially on multi-day hikes (due to saving daylight hours), then lunch lasts less than an hour.
Parking for overnight and overnight stays
Many years of practice have allowed us to develop criteria, which the average parking lot should meet. The parking lot should have such "fantastic" characteristics:
- 1. To be deserted and located as far as possible from villages (“we went on a hike to be in nature, and not to be jostled among...”); be near a village ("milk...", "apples...");
- 2. There should be enough fuel in the parking lot, and not just any fuel, but dry spruce fuel.
- 3. There should be a dense forest nearby (well, no further than 20 m).
- 4. This is a place where you could put up a tent so that during the day it would be in the shade, and in the morning it would be illuminated by the sun (do not wait for it to dry from dew in the wind).
- 5. Nearby there should be a river with clean water and a sandy beach, as well as a high bank covered with pine, and under it there is a lot of fish.
- 6. There should not be a high mountain nearby with the threat of a landslide, so that in case of rain or loud excitement about the caught roach, nothing happens.
- 7. Nearby is a spring, in the worst case a stream with cold water; but so that in case of heavy rain it does not turn into a raging river.
- 8. Berries - a must!
- 9. Mushrooms - definitely!
- 10. Nuts - of course!
- 11. Bushes - it’s bad without them!
- 12. But so that no mosquitoes, no midges, no gadflies, no flies, no ticks, tarantulas, phalanges, no king cobras or vipers.
- 13. The view from the parking lot should please the eye and caress the soul.
And there should be 113 such points.
Let's not hide the harsh truth: the ideal parking lot that would satisfy all the points is difficult to find, and maybe even impossible.
Therefore, if you come across a parking lot with 77 points, choose it without hesitation, 41 points - and this one will do. You shouldn’t neglect the thirteen-point line either. Finally (which does not happen) a parking lot may turn up that does not satisfy any of the points - stop, because you still need to spend the night...
It is clear that the given “conditions” are an unattainable ideal, to some extent a cartoon, a joke, but nevertheless in every joke...
In the middle lane country, the main requirement for a bivouac site - safety - is almost always easily satisfied. It is more difficult to choose a place that is convenient and, if possible, picturesque, with water and firewood available. In summer, water is more important in the middle zone; in autumn, winter and spring - firewood, since at this time it is easier to get clean water (any forest puddle is cleaner than a river). It is undesirable, as already noted, to be located on the river bank below large villages, near industrial enterprises, roadways, power lines, and near bodies of standing water.
The camp site must first be dry.
In moss taiga forests Finding such a site can be difficult. It is best to be located near a stream or river, in open areas. A breeze blowing through the campsite will protect against midges. In steppe and desert places, on the contrary, it is advisable to set up a camp where there is any vegetation. It is better not to place tents under a tall, spreading tree, as during a thunderstorm it can easily be struck by lightning. When a thunderstorm is approaching, there is no need to stop on ridges, hilltops, or passes. You should not set up camp on flooded river banks, in the beds of dry streams, or on low-lying islands.
The bivouac is located very successfully, if the camp is set up in a picturesque place, with convenient approaches to water, if there is good firewood nearby, the place is protected from the wind in winter and ventilated in summer (in hot weather or in the presence of mosquitoes). It’s not bad if the bivouac site is sheltered and the tents can be stretched between the trees. There should be no tall, rotten trees near the bivouac - they can fall down and fall on people, a fire, or tents. It is good if the camp is illuminated by the sun in the morning (eastern slopes of the hill, eastern edge of the forest, river bank, etc.). Here condensation and dew on tents dry out faster. Of course, it’s nice to stay in a picturesque place and where you can also swim.
The main thing in winter overnight stays is- protection from cold, wind, moisture. It is important to ensure normal rest and sleep. You can spend the night in tents, near fires, in snow huts or caves.
A place for bivouac, especially in the mountains, is necessary choose before dark. If you are forced to stop in the dark or in fog, it is necessary to inspect the place within a radius of 200-300 m to ensure its safety. Before going to bed, you need to check how the tents are strengthened and how your property is protected from wind and rain.
in winter The bivouac is located where there is fuel and dead wood. The best firewood- these are spruce and pine trees that have dried up. Good hardwood sushi is rare, as it rots quickly. Dry coniferous trees are protected from rotting by resin. However, it is easy to make a mistake with dead wood from conifers: dead pine may not have time to dry and will burn poorly. In a deciduous forest it is more difficult to find good firewood for a large fire, which is necessary in winter for a warm overnight stay.
In winter you need to stop before dark to choose good sushi and cut them in the light. It is good if the winter bivouac site is protected from the wind by dense undergrowth - preferably a spruce forest.
Often in winter clearing snow to the ground for making a fire, less often - for setting up tents; make passages to the fire and toilet, build a windproof wall from snow, etc.
After choosing a place for bivouac, immediately decide where the fire will be, if it is planned: then the places for tents will immediately be determined. Tents are placed no closer than 4-5 m from the fire so that sparks do not fall on them.
Bonfires Naturally, they are not bred on peat bogs, under the crowns of trees and on their roots, near stacks of hay or straw, near buildings. It is advisable to make a fire in the place of an old fire pit. Fires cannot be lit in forest parks and suburban areas, recreation areas, or on the territory of nature reserves and nature reserves.
Organization of overnight stay takes up to two hours in summer and winter; Therefore, you have to choose a place before dark. This is especially important in the mountains, since at dusk and at night it is impossible to determine the avalanche danger of the place chosen for bivouac. In the forest area in the mountains you need to stay away from avalanche clearings. In an open treeless valley The bivouac can be arranged under the protection of rock walls, on a side terrace under rocky ridges or on southern rocky slopes free of snow, on the middle part of the glacier away from avalanche-prone northern slopes, under a snow-free slope. If you stop on a closed glacier, then you need to fence off the area where cracks are possible. It is better not to be located in crevices with a narrow entrance between stones - it can be blocked with snow in a blizzard. To protect from the wind, it is good to place the tent under a large stone or rock, but without an overhanging snow cornice.
In the mountains, it is necessary to take into account the characteristics of the terrain and weather in order to avoid falling under rockfalls, avalanches, landslides, and mudflows. You cannot set up a bivouac on protruding parts of ridges, under cornices and steep slopes, in couloirs and mouth parts of their cones, on fresh (or lying on ice slopes) screes, between seracs and in glacier cracks in the zone of active ice movement.
Bivouac must be calculated to a sudden deterioration in weather. On the eve of a thunderstorm, all metal objects should be placed 25-30 m from the parking lot.
It can be very tempting to protect your tent from the wind by placing it under a steep slope or the bank of a stream or river. However, look, is there a snow cornice hanging over the slope? In bad weather, in conditions of poor visibility, the desire to shelter from the wind dulls caution. It's better to build snow protective wall in an open place, in the wind, in a snowstorm, than to be crushed by a collapsed cornice.
In treeless northern regions, in the tundra, on ice (the Polar Urals, Bolshezemelskaya tundra, etc.), when sleeping in tents, you always have to build a windproof wall around the tent from snow blocks (blizzards often begin suddenly). Therefore, there is no need to stop in places where the snow has been blown away or its depth is not sufficient to obtain snow “bricks”.
There are different opinions about the distance of the wall from the tent. Still, a wall installed close to the tent better protects it from the wind (Fig. 1), while it will be shorter, but on the windward side you need to lay out an additional wall to protect the entrance of the tent.
Rice. 1. Windproof wall made of snow blocks
In the mountains, when choosing a place to stay overnight, it is preferable hottest of the day southern and western slopes. Here you need to choose a relatively flat area, preferably in a forest, sheltered from the wind. In the forest during cold times, the temperature is several degrees higher, and the wind force is less than in open places. By morning, the difference in temperature and humidity in the forest and in open areas is even greater.
Cold air accumulates in all depressions at night. Tents, awnings, huts better to place on high ground so that the tent does not flood when it rains.
Spend the night in the river floodplain do not do it. The strip that is filled with flood waters can be identified by a pile of logs, branches, roots, and grass polished by water. The islands between the channels spreading across the wide floodplain are especially dangerous. In mountain gorges, debris from trunks, branches, and roots can form. The water accumulating behind them breaks through the blockage and rushes down in a shaft several meters high. The rate at which the water level rises even in the lower reaches of the gorge is such that it is impossible to escape the flood, especially when setting up an overnight stay on the island.
When forced to choose places to stay for the night on the slopes you need to stick to areas on the ridges, but not in the hollows, where fallen stones may fall off. In winter, these places are dangerous for avalanches. Places where rocks fell are usually marked by dents in trees, marks of impacts on executions with stone chips and dust around.
Before the storm(development of striped cumulonimbus clouds, stuffiness, calm) do not stop on the crests of ridges and under tall trees protruding above the forest background.
In a dense forest It is better to avoid places where many tree trunks are burned by lightning; More often than other trees, lightning strikes oaks and chestnuts, much less often - beeches, hornbeams, and maples.
It is necessary to carefully examine the trees near the site of the proposed bivouac, identify dry and unstable trunks, dry overhanging branches. Strong gusts of wind can break branches, branches, and trees.
Water source should be close to the bivouac site. In dry times (July - September) the springs may be dry. During prolonged drought, the middle and lower reaches of mountain rivers in places of gravel and pebble deposits can dry out completely, the water flows in the thickness of the sediment.
Water can be found in shady gorges where stream beds are made of rocky soil. More often the sources are located at the sources of the hollows.
The place where groundwater seeps - a hollow - can be excavated with a sharp object (ice pick) and wait for the water to settle.
Near the source, the brightness of the foliage is greater. Water-loving plants - reeds and cattails - can indicate water.
If the water level is lower than what can be reached, then the adsorption water can be collected using a film (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Collection of adsorption water
When choosing a bivouac site on water trips It is desirable that the river bank be convenient for mooring and removing ships, and have an area for placing ships, tents, and a fire. It is advisable to look for a site in ventilated areas (if there are midges) and at a sufficient height (3-4 m) above the water level, if its rapid rise is possible. This must also be taken into account if you want to stay on the island. The duty officers begin choosing a place for a bivouac half an hour before the planned end of the working day, inspecting the place from the shore. It is advisable to use old sites and fire pits.
Even if you follow all the advice given, need to to avoid misunderstandings and false insults remember that the desire for the best parking lot will haunt you throughout your entire tourist life, but achieving the ideal is almost impossible.
The fact is that when choosing a parking lot, some discovered by Felix Quadrigin absolute laws. The basic law of parking is harsh and simple, just as all the laws of nature are harsh and simple: the best parking is five hundred meters away.
There are several more minor laws that also cannot be neglected. The first of them - law "half past six", which means that the best parking is found at half past seven in the evening.
The law has two more conclusions: a parking lot that comes across at half past seven will be slightly worse, and after half past eight parking disappears altogether.
And again, this “law”, like the sketch of the water trip given below, is not only a joke, but also reality, albeit somewhat exaggerated. In life it happens both this way and that way.
"It has already been repeatedly noted that the time from five to half past eight in the evening is a real luxury. The sun shines and even warms, but does not bake. There is no wind - what is there wind, a breeze! - not the slightest. The water is a mirrored showcase of the central department store. The river straightens and flows smooth and calm. There are already gadflies, but there are no mosquitoes yet. Thick evening smells roll in from the shores in waves. Only now you can fully feel the bliss of a kayak trip!
Therefore, we agreed at home, before the hike, and then confirmed it with repeated oaths during the hike: every evening we go from five to half past nine. Do not mention stopping earlier than half past eight. Don't even hint! Until half past nine, the word “parking” does not exist in our language at all. Absolutely no!
But the law is the law. And at 18.30 you notice that the first kayak begins to wag its rudder lasciviously. Those walking ahead naturally saw a parking lot. And what a one! I have no words! Can't describe it! This is the kind of camp you dreamed of when you were discussing your future hike on long winter evenings.
Meanwhile, the captain of the first kayak, previously warned and intimidated by the Admiral, calmed the crew’s excitement with a stern jerk, judiciously keeping silent about the fact that he himself was also experiencing spiritual vibration. The kayak moves forward decisively. Oscillations stopped! Temptation overcome! But here a second kayak spots a potential anchorage. The opening is accompanied by the grinding sound of striking oars, the ship turns across the current, and the rest of the flotilla collides with the kayak. The reason for the failure is obvious. After not very friendly, but loud and inspired exclamations, a conspiracy spontaneously arises against the Admiral, who, as a rule, comes in the last kayak.
The admiral, who has lost his vigilance due to the extraordinary beauty of the landscape, does not have time to maneuver and crashes into a cluster of ships.
What's the matter? - he plays out the misunderstanding of this moment not very successfully.
With joyful shouts, they explain to the Admiral that only completely irresponsible leaders with too high an opinion of themselves can miss such a parking lot. Thus, the conversation immediately begins in terms of harsh and irreconcilable contradictions between the boss and subordinates.
No, just look, there in the depths, you can even see from the water, the berries are turning red, the mushrooms are crowding, and the source, no, just admire the source - what is your “Samson” there!
Admiral. But today we still have twelve kilometers left. People (convincingly and insincerely). Tomorrow we'll get up at five and catch up!
Admiral (laughs bitterly). You? Will you get up? At five? The people understand that the case is lost. The admiral gives the command:
An hour later, two worse sites appear one after another. The kayak captains, casting interested glances at the Admiral, remain silent and continue on their way. Meanwhile, the landscape is steadily deteriorating. First it recedes to the horizon, and then the forest disappears. The bush is disappearing. The temptingly gentle banks begin to rise, and finally the river finds itself between two ribbons of completely bare rocks. At half past eight the landscape becomes completely ominous. True, put the right bank, but from the water you can see that there is a black quagmire. It’s not like pulling out kayaks on the rocks of the left bank, they are “frosting” for an experienced climber to look at.
The admiral sends his kayak forward with strong strokes, and the whole group watches with sadness how, about three hundred meters away, he fussily sticks to one bank, then to the other, how he gets stuck in a coastal swamp, or, at best, drives away a herd of unknown cows with a loud bass voice. where did they come from, vaguely shakes his head, gets into the ship and rushes on. At a quarter to ten, the admiral's silhouette clearly emerges against the backdrop of a huge cold month, and a victorious cry is heard: "Ze-e-blah-ya-ya!" The cavalcade slowly and wearily approaches the place chosen by the authorities.
The parking lot is really nothing. The forest, however, is not visible, nor is the fuel. The nearest bushes, no, bushes, are about two hundred meters away. But there are very, very many traces of cows, horses, geese and some other unknown, but, judging by the specific signs, very large herbivores.
But you don't have to choose. Let’s quickly put up tents, light a fire and cook something!”
On bicycle trips, if the group is provided with tents, the bicycles are placed next to the tent in one tight group. The second car leans against the first one so that the rear wheel of the second one is next to the front wheel of the first one, etc. In inclement weather, cars can be covered with film.
For safety Bicycles must be locked with special locks. You can also stretch a chain between the trunk risers or the frames of the outer cars and hang a lock on its ends.
If a city excursion is planned, it is better to spend the night in the countryside, before reaching the city. In the morning you can already be in the city, and then, after seeing the sights, leave it to spend the night “in nature” again.
On motorcycle trips It is advisable to choose a place to stay overnight. so that after the rain you can get out on the road without outside help. Hillocks in a pine forest are preferred, where the soil is usually sandy and always dry. It is advisable that when leaving the road it is not necessary! had to overcome the clay rise. It's good to relax away from the noisy highway around the clock. It is better to avoid fords, no matter how attractive the place on the other side may be; It may rain at night and in the morning it will be difficult to overcome the water.
On car trips, if a group travels in 4-5 cars, you can stop for the night anywhere, setting up a watch. You can stop near housing, on the territory of a road repairman, a school, a police station, or a fire station. It is best to stay in campsites where there is security and a number of amenities - a fireplace for cooking, a shower, a toilet. The campsites have inspection pits and car washes.
You need to light a fire, stove or stove further from the car, so that the wind blows from the car to the fire.
It is better to explore the city on foot, leaving your cars for storage.
Work on the bivouac
Work on the bivouac must occupy minimum possible time. The sooner they are completed, the more time will be left for rest and movement, that is, for the hike itself. There is no need to save time at the expense of quality of work, ease of rest, or reduction of sleep.
The amount of work at the bivouac (harvesting firewood, water, setting up tents, making a fire, lighting a stove or primus, cooking) is highly desirable parallel, that is, simultaneously.
Once the fire is lit, buckets of water are hung over the fire. If the bivouac is without a fire, but with stoves or stoves, then pots or buckets are immediately placed on them.
Each of the works at the bivouac is performed participants to whom this is entrusted. Individual jobs are usually entrusted to those who have “specialized” in them, and who can do them better and faster. But if one type of work is harder than others, then it is better to do them in turn, for example, preparing firewood for a winter night by the fire. On multi-day hikes, when the conditions are approximately the same, it is better to distribute the work in advance so that all participants “go through” all types of work. For example, today two people are on duty - lighting and maintaining a fire, working with a stove or primus stove, preparing food; tomorrow they prepare fuel ("loggers"), and the day after tomorrow they set up tents ("house builders"). Thus, everyone does everything, is trained in all tourist work, no one has a reason to be offended. Naturally, women should not do heavy work such as felling, cutting and carrying trees.
With good organization work at the bivouac is usually completed by the time dinner is ready. This leaves enough time for rest and sleep.
Work at the bivouac must be distributed immediately upon arrival at the site or even earlier. Operating procedure depends on the type of tourism and specific conditions, on the number of people in the group and their experience. In a similar group, the Leader does not particularly need to distribute and manage work; experienced tourists immediately see what needs to be done first in each case.
If there is little dead wood and fallen trees at the bivouac site, then more people prepare firewood; If it is approaching or already raining, then immediately set up tents.
On ski trips in treeless areas First of all, they prepare snow bricks and blocks for the windproof wall, put up a tent and build a wall around it, taking into account the expected weather (on the windward side or surrounding the entire tent with it to the maximum height). IN winter taiga hikes priority work - procuring fuel and installing tents or equipping a place to spend the night (setting up a camp - compacting a site for a tent, preparing a fire and paths for it and a toilet, installing awnings, flooring, etc.). On water trips, the first thing to do is unload the ships and take them ashore.
In a similar group All work proceeds without unnecessary fuss and as if slowly. Nevertheless, setting up camp from the moment of stopping until the end of all evening work takes no more than two, and sometimes one and a half hours, which is quite good. The same amount of time should be spent winding down camp in the morning (from getting up to leaving). In such a group, people do not sit idle while others are working, but look for it, helping others until the work is finished. We need to make it a rule don't rummage through other people's backpacks(you are unlikely to find the thing you need anyway), and return what you took from a friend into his hands.
Duty officers who prepare food in the morning(preferably the same ones that were prepared the night before), get up half an hour (or more) before the general rise. Everything that is needed to make a fire or light a primus stove and stove (kindling, firewood, water, food) is prepared in the evening. Firewood must be protected from rain or dew at night; If it’s winter, prepare the water in the evening, and if the source is far away, then in the summer too.
It makes sense to appoint duty officers "for this bivouac", then both in the evening and in the morning they know where everything is and how best to use it. It’s better to start your duty with lunch and end with breakfast.
All participants, except those on duty, can be almost “assembled”, and the camp is basically winding down before breakfast begins. When breakfast is ready, all work is interrupted so as not to delay the attendants and the exit in general. Preferably so that the buckets after meals are washed by past or future people on duty, since today’s people on duty already have a lot to do.
Leave bivouac so that others would want to stay here and they would not have to look for another site, make a fire in a fresh place and re-equip everything. Burn the trash, bury the burnt cans, put the tent pegs and remaining firewood near the fire. After cleaning the bivouac, be sure to fill the fire with water or cover it with earth, even if the fire was lit far from trees and forests. This rule cannot be violated, because, having violated it once, it is easy to allow yourself to violate it again.
Unextinguished fire in the forest - a criminal offense.
Leaving, inspect the bivouac to see if things have been forgotten. The bivouac is inspected by those on duty or those assigned to do so, otherwise everyone can rely on others.
Accommodations
In summer usually spend the night in tents or under awnings, in winter You can spend the night by the fire, under a canopy or awning, on a fireplace, in a tent without a stove, in a tent with a stove for heating, in a tent with primus stoves for cooking (in treeless areas).
Each of these methods of spending the night has its own Advantages and disadvantages.
When spending the night by the fire The weight of equipment for overnight accommodation is small (tent, axes, saws, buckets), but the work of setting up a winter bivouac is very labor-intensive - preparing thick logs for a fire requires a lot of effort, and overnight accommodation is not very comfortable and warm.
Overnight in a tent with a stove, adapted for heating and cooking, gives the best rest, the greatest comfort, but requires special equipment - a stove, which not everyone can make. Preparing firewood will not take much time and effort: one medium-sized sushi is enough to provide the stove with fuel for the evening, night and morning.
In treeless areas There’s nothing to make a fire out of, and there’s nothing to “feed” the stove either. This can happen not only in uninhabited tundra, steppe or desert areas, but also vice versa, in densely populated places where, on the banks of picturesque rivers, lakes and reservoirs near large cities, numerous vacationers have long burned all the dead wood, dead wood and dry tree branches (and some -where there are even living trees themselves). In these cases, tourists have to take with them camping stoves(“bumblebee”, “tourist”) with a supply of gasoline, less often - gas stoves.
For a group of 9-11 people, two bumblebee Primus stoves and gasoline are enough at an approximate rate of 1 liter per day in winter and 0.7 liters in summer and autumn. If you cook food on primus stoves in a large tent, then even. In winter, when it’s frosty, the tent will have a positive temperature while the primus stoves are working. In the tent there is a special corner for primus stoves - the kitchen, under which it is advisable to have a small threshold on top and on the sides. In the tent where the stove is heated or the primus stoves are working, they make hole in the upper part for ventilation, smoke and water vapor release. When lighting, installing and removing buckets, the stove always smokes a little; buckets and pans, when water boils in them and food is cooked, always steam a little, especially with the lids removed. Therefore, if you do not make holes, the tent will be smoky and the walls will sweat.
Some designs of tents, including large collective ones, and stoves for heating and cooking are described in the section on bivouac equipment.
When using stoves and primus stoves, you must observe security measures. The pipe from the stove passes through a hole in the roof or wall of the tent. Around the pipe tent canvas replaced with non-flammable asbestos or fiberglass fabric 15-20 cm thick. A spark arrestor deflector is placed on the pipe outside the tent. You cannot use stoves in tents made of nylon fabric: despite the presence of spark arresters, a small part of the sparks can get on the nylon fabric and burn it.
Primus stoves and gas stoves are needed carefully adjust before the hike. Along the route, their work is always monitored by one participant who has studied them well and adjusted them before the trip. He must teach everyone else how to properly handle primus stoves and gas stoves.
kindle primus preferably outside the tent or, in extreme cases in winter, in the “kitchen”, behind the canopy.
A word about the day
What could be better than a day on a hike? A day trip attracts any tourist. Everyone has their own plans and hopes connected with her. The fisherman will finally find a use for his gear, mushroom pickers and berry pickers will be able to satisfy their desires, women will prepare a demonstration of outfits, do laundry, repairs, and prepare exotic, “holiday” dishes; Pathfinders can look for “traces of unseen beasts.”
To satisfy the wishes of all participants, the day must meet some additional requirements, in addition to the usual parking requirements.
The main one is "reservation" of the day. It is advisable that the camp be set up in a place where “no man has ever set foot.” This requirement is sometimes quite difficult to fulfill. There is only one thing left: to find a place fenced off from the whole world by “impassable” mountains or swamps.
No less important is the quality of the day, such as uniqueness. This refers to features unique to this place that will be remembered forever: some relief features, a picturesque landscape, a high mountain with a “panoramic” peak that reveals distant distances, a cozy river, a pine forest...
But, naturally, with all this, it is not the poignant moments or the exotic that leave the greatest impression. Not with your mind, but with your heart, you remember the quiet reach of the river near your bivouac, the nightingale night, the sensitive silence of the sleeping forest and the first rays of the sun, which at first hesitantly, and then more and more boldly burst out from behind the thick bushes. This is what you will dream about on winter nights, this is what will make your heart skip a beat when you hear the word “day”, this is what will call you on your next hike, despite all the administrative, family and other obstacles and circumstances.
Your day should be such that you feel sorry to leave here, so that you leave a part of your soul here.
Forced days don't have to be bad. Let it rain continuously for several days, let the blizzard rage endlessly. But nothing will prevent you from comprehending and thinking about problems that are important to you. You will never have any other free time. In addition, working in a camp in the rain, making a fire, for example, will remain exciting.
An unexpected day can be both reserved and unique, because a natural disaster can force you to pitch a bivouac where “a gray wolf cannot run and a black raven cannot fly.” And the memory of her will not be erased.
But the very next day after the “sitting” this memory will acquire light and lyrical tones; Is it necessary to convince that as you move away from the place of the day, it will seem more and more attractive and sweet?
Organizing a bivouac begins immediately after choosing the optimal parking place, which we discussed in
A bivouac in the highlands, requiring special work to organize it.
Let us list the main types of work that are included in the concept of organization in the order of their implementation:
- Determining the location of the main elements of the camp - tents and fire pits.
- Setting up camp.
- Procurement of kindling, brushwood and firewood.
- Lighting a fire.
- Water storage.
- Cooking.
After all the points have been implemented, we can consider that the camp has been set. In different conditions and in different areas, the order and scope of these works may vary, and therefore, the instructions for setting up a bivouac will also be different.
Now let's look at all these points, but in more detail.
Determining the location of the main elements of the camp and its staging
The convenience, comfort and safety of those who will be in it depend on how the camp is planned.
The place for the fire should be located on the downwind side in relation to the tents, so that the smoke is carried away in the direction opposite to the resting place. It should be convenient for preparing and eating food, drying things and heating, and also organized in compliance with fire safety rules.
A specially organized place for tent camps.
The distance from the tents to the fire should be sufficient so that the fire does not scorch the fabric of the tent, but not so much that you have to run across the entire camp to the fire: this is, at a minimum, inconvenient. If, instead of tents, a lean-to hut is used, a fire can be built near it: this is how some hunters in the winter taiga warm themselves.
If there are a large number of participants in the hike and there is a large, flat area convenient for setting up tents, the tents can be placed in a circle with the entrances to the center. This will allow camp participants to communicate with each other more easily. However, it is perfectly acceptable to place tents in rows to save space. This will allow you to set up a bivouac even in a relatively narrow place, for example, in a ravine.
However, in difficult conditions, tents can be placed regardless of their position to each other, but so that each of them is on a fairly level and safe place. This is especially true if you need to set up a bivouac in a mountainous forest area, on loose land or moraine, where there are not so many flat areas.
It is advisable to place tents so that there is enough free space between them, and a passing person does not trip over each guy rope stretched from the tent.
The tent entrance is oriented depending on the conditions. For example, the entrance of the tent can be directed towards the river flowing near the bivouac, which increases the aesthetics of staying in the camp. Or the entrance to the tent can be located on the windward side so that the tent is well ventilated and it is not hot in it.
In any case, the entrance to the tent should ensure ease of use, as well as the safety of people. For example, it is unacceptable to place a tent on the edge of a cliff with the entrance to this very cliff, despite the beautiful views that open to the eyes of the residents.
If necessary, an awning can be pulled up in the camp so that the whole group, regardless of the weather, can gather under it and discuss important issues, or simply sit down to eat. Here it should be convenient for those on duty to organize meals for the hiking group. The photo shows such an awning over a fire pit:
In general, if the camp is placed correctly, it should be convenient to work and relax comfortably. This is true for tourism, and for fishing or hunting, but a tourist bivouac usually must be organized in compliance with the greatest number of requirements, both because of extreme situations and because of the distance from human habitation.
In many cases, tourists can choose a hiking route so that, based on known data about the area, they can initially plan the placement of bivouacs in suitable places indicated on the map, or at least so that at the end of the walking day they go to an area convenient for setting up camp - on the river bank , to the edge of the forest, to the well.
Preparing kindling, brushwood, firewood and lighting a fire
After setting up the tents and determining a place for the fire, you need to organize the collection of kindling, brushwood and firewood.
Sometimes the collection of kindling can be carried out directly during the journey. So, for example, it would be useful to put birch bark picked along the way in your pocket or collect a certain amount of pine resin. They will not take up much space, but they can save time when organizing a fire, since there are not always sources of good ready-made kindling directly near the camp.
On a water trip, it is easier to organize a bivouac due to the fact that a significantly larger amount of equipment can be carried on watercraft.
I know of a case when, while setting up camp, tourists encountered difficulties in lighting a fire: it rained and finding dry kindling became a difficult task. One of the participants saved the situation by pulling out a piece of birch bark from his pocket. It turned out that he collected it in the middle of the day, when the group passed by a birch grove.
Speaking about preparing fuel for a fire, it is important to note the following nuance. Despite the fact that there is a fireman in the group, that is, someone who is involved in equipment and lighting the fire, the collection of fuel is also carried out by other members of the group. Otherwise, if everything is put on one campfire, a large tourist group may be left without a hot dinner. The strength of one person may simply not be enough to quickly collect enough firewood to prepare food for a large number of camp participants.
The video below describes the procedure for preparing firewood for a bivouac:
On one of the trips to which I was invited and where I had the “luck” to be a campfire leader, the following happened. The leader ordered to set up a camp in an already equipped parking lot (there were several gazebos with a roof and a built-in place for a fire). But due to the fact that this place was popular and frequently visited, there was almost no brushwood and firewood left nearby, that is, one of the fundamental rules for choosing a place for a bivouac was violated. The leader gave me the task of collecting wood and lighting a fire. My reconnaissance of the surrounding area showed that the nearest dry logs were at least half a kilometer away, and there was also a good parking place there. The only tools I had were a knife and a chain saw. As a result, it took me at least an hour and a half to search for, prepare fuel and light a fire to cook food for a group of five people with a supply of fuel for the morning fire work. Everything would have worked out much faster if we had set up a camp in a nearby “wild” clearing, and sent all the participants of the hike who were free from other activities to search and collect firewood. As we see, with an unsuccessful choice of location and improper organization of bivouac work, loss of excess time and effort is inevitable, and this is without taking into account the tense psychological situation in the group.
As soon as everything necessary for the fire has been collected, and the place for the fire is appropriately equipped, the fireman begins to build a fire. At this moment, the remaining participants are doing other things around the camp, for example, going to fetch water for a future dinner and tea.
Kindling for a fire, which can be collected in the forest-steppe.
The stage of procuring fuel and starting a fire is considered completed when the supply of firewood is sufficient to carry out all the tasks associated with the fire, the fireplace is equipped in accordance with the requirements for the safety and convenience of fire work, and the fire itself can burn for some time without human assistance.
Water storage
This is, perhaps, in most cases the simplest and fastest task, accessible even to children. That is why it can be left until the very last moment.
However, in some situations difficulties may arise, for example, if there are no open sources of fresh water near the camp. For example, a spring indicated on the map may simply dry up.
In such cases, it may take much longer to obtain water, and then you should take care of this almost in the first place. For example, if there is a nearby settlement, several participants should be sent there with empty containers.
If the place for bivouac is chosen correctly, there will be no problems with obtaining water.
While hiking along the Kuyalnitsky Estuary, we had to go to the place where we planned to stop for the night. On the map, a well was marked near this place. We were going to collect water from this well for the night and for the entire next day, since we planned a long trek through an arid region. However, to our disappointment, there was no bucket at the well, and the water in the well itself was heavily polluted with garbage. It was even possible to see the corpse of a mouse floating on the surface of the water in this well. I had to urgently go to the nearest village and ask people for water, leaving plans for setting up the camp for last.
Here's another cautionary tale. A group of tourist friends of mine lost their way and got lost. Dusk was approaching - it was decided to set up camp. In the place where the group initially headed, there was a source of fresh water, on which all hope was pinned. But at the place where the participants of the hike actually ended up, nothing like this was found. All water reserves were drunk on the way. In order to somehow quench their thirst, tourists drank water from a small puddle, which was not immediately discovered.
At the same time, small mountain streams are usually sources of clean water, quite suitable for drinking without special treatment.
In the mountains, the water in streams simply does not have time to become polluted.
For such cases, it is useful to have water disinfection tablets or a special water filter with you. I’m generally silent about ropes and utensils, thanks to which you can pull water out even from the deepest well or standing on a steep bank of a reservoir: they should be included in the mandatory set of tourist equipment.
Tablets for water disinfection, relatively inexpensive but effective.
The water procurement stage is considered completed when water is in the camp in sufficient quantity and quality prepared for cooking. A bucket of muddy water with plant debris floating in it will be of little use. Such water will need to be settled and filtered, which will take additional time.
Cooking
Most often, tourists carry food with them in backpacks, so there is no need to waste time replenishing it, as is the case with water. For this reason, cooking food usually happens as an afterthought. As a rule, this is done by the attendants.
Often, by the time field cooking begins, the main work for the camp has already been done, and each participant can take care of himself (carry out hygiene procedures, relax or communicate with other participants in the hike), although this time can also be spent usefully, for example, replenishing firewood, going for berries and mushrooms, if conditions permit. But most often the camp is set up in the evening, and it is not possible to do anything else other than basic bivouac work before dark.
The criterion for the successful completion of this stage of bivouac work can be considered the satisfied faces of the participants in the hike, consuming with appetite the dinner cooked over the fire.
A bivouac in the dense taiga, where the water source is quite far away and we had to carry water in special containers.
This is all just an example of actions and the sequence of their implementation for an ordinary tourist group hiking in a temperate climate zone. The procedure and the actions themselves may differ from those indicated here depending on the presence or absence of certain resources and equipment, as well as on the conditions in which people are located.
The nuances of organizing bivouac work in different conditions
To understand the variability of the actions of a marching group when setting up a bivouac, depending on the conditions, I propose, as an example, to briefly consider some situations and the features of organizing bivouac work during them.
In the mountains, where there may be no trees or other vegetation at all, there is no need to search for firewood. In such places, tourists usually use burners. This means that instead of collecting fuel for the fire, participants can be busy with other useful activities.
In essence, a bivouac in the mountains is simply properly set up tents and a place where the burners are securely placed.
In the desert, there may be no need for a fire at all, especially when, in addition to the tent, you have a sleeping bag in your backpack. Travelers prefer to carry a supply of water with them when crossing dry regions. This means that when carrying out work on the camp, there is no need to search not only for firewood, but also for water, and setting up a parking lot takes much less time.
In a forest in a large swamp, to set up a bivouac, you may need to build a deck or a hanging bed for rest. In addition, the same flooring will be needed for the fire. In this regard, first of all you will need to look for poles for the flooring.
On the seashore, if there are no trees nearby, but you still need to make a fire, finding and delivering dry driftwood (pieces of wood washed ashore) to the site may be a higher priority than setting up tents, especially if it’s nightfall.
Such a site bears little resemblance to a classic bivouac, but fulfills all its main tasks.
In winter, in the forest, with severe frosts and the absence of a tent, you must first take care of preparing firewood for the fire and poles for the hut, and in the steppe, with deep snow cover, about building a snow shelter. In both cases, searching for fresh water does not make sense, since drinking water can be obtained by melting snow and ice.
A bivouac in the winter forest, quite safe, compact and well organized.
In spring and autumn, during thaws and rains, a priority may be to organize a roof over your head and a shed for firewood and a fire. In the summer, the search and production of fresh water may take the lead.
In windy weather, in the absence of a natural wind barrier, the device of artificial wind protection may be a priority.
As we see, in each individual situation, priorities can shift towards one or another “element”, and the number of “elements” themselves can either increase or decrease.
To summarize, we can say that a properly organized bivouac should ensure the safety of the people in it, the convenience of bivouac work, comfortable rest and, if possible, satisfaction from staying in the parking lot. And the organization of the bivouac itself should be energy- and time-saving, so that by the time the camp is set up, the camp participants can have time to have dinner and have a good rest, and not greet the dawn with their tongues hanging out from fatigue.
Bivouac
b and v u a k (German Biwak, French bivouac), accommodation (parking) of a tourist group for overnight or rest. Tour members groups usually spend 10–14 hours a day in bivouac. They are engaged in setting up the camp, preparing food, repairing clothes and equipment, preparing for the next day, and resting. The bivouac is located on fairly flat and dry areas, clearings, in places inaccessible to rockfalls, avalanches, flooding, and direct lightning strikes. The parking area should be sheltered from the wind and, if possible, not labor-intensive for equipment; It is advisable to have a water source nearby
bivouac in the mountains
In the mountains, a bivouac cannot be arranged on protruding parts of ridges, under cornices and steep slopes, in couloirs and mouth parts of their cones, on fresh (moving or lying on ice slopes) screes, between serracs and in glacier cracks in the zone of active ice movement, a bivouac must be designed for sudden deterioration of weather. In anticipation of a thunderstorm, all metal objects should be placed 25 - 30 m from the parking lot. Setting up bivouac at high altitudes, at low temperatures ,
bad weather, strong wind, and also for 2 or more nights in one place .
It’s better to build a snow hut i.e. dig a cave, which will provide a more comfortable overnight stay, safety of equipment, etc. A snow cave or hut (Fig. 2) can accommodate up to 4-6 people. In the case of a larger group, build 2 –
3 adjacent caves, connecting them together with a manhole.
A place for bivouac must be chosen before dark, if you are forced to stop in the dark or in fog, it is necessary to survey the area within a radius of 200–300 m to ensure the safety of the chosen place. Before going to bed, you need to check whether the property is sheltered from the wind and bad weather, how the tents are secured, and before leaving the bivouac, whether any of the equipment has been forgotten, whether the campsite has been removed, or whether the fire is extinguished.
During water trips, additional requirements are imposed on the bivouac site: the river bank must be convenient for mooring and removing ships; the presence on the shore of a platform for placing ships at night (height of at least 3–4 m from the water level) and a platform for setting up a tent or fire (not lower than 5–6 m above the water level). In addition, in the taiga and tundra zones, the parking area should be well ventilated - this will reduce the number of blood-sucking insects; in mountainous areas it is desirable that it be illuminated by the sun in the morning. Water tourists often set up a bivouac at the confluence with the main river. a tributary river where fishing is usually good.
The selection of a place for a bivouac begins on duty 30 - 40 minutes before the planned end of the working day; You should inspect the area from the shore. It is advisable to use old camp sites and old fire pits. It is not recommended to set up a bivouac on the island - the water level may rise at night. Having stopped for the night, tourists unload the ships and take them (with the exception of rafts) to the shore. During mooring, all vessels (including those lying on the shore) must be tied down. At the bivouac, water tourists often make a second fire - for drying clothes. If the weather is inclement, then the organization of a bivouac begins with the installation of tents, a camp awning and sheltering things from the rain.
On speleo trips, a bivouac, or underground camp, is usually organized when going through complex multi-day cave routes. The specifics of underground conditions (high humidity, low temperature, lack of natural light and confined space) determine increased requirements for camp equipment compared to a ground bivouac. When setting up an underground bivouac, it is necessary to provide a place for garbage and waste, which, after removing the camp, must be brought to the surface. Such a bivouac should be located above the possible level of flood waters, away from rockfall areas. For recreation at the bivouac, spacious nylon tents are used, providing sufficient comfort for living (the ability to change clothes, dry clothes, cook food). It is advisable to have a heat-insulating bedding (mat) and multi-person sleeping bags with a nylon top. A canopy made of waterproof material is built over the tent. Depending on the terrain and the degree of water content of the parking area, the tent is installed on the ground or on a suspended platform (piles can be used). Overnight accommodation can also be arranged using hammocks and insulating canopies. The underground life support kit includes: lamps, a supply of food, a burner for gasoline, paraffin, gas or dry fuel, kitchen utensils and a set of medicines. Regular telephone communication is established with the underground camp.
