There is a landmark in the Moscow region that every resident of our region who is interested in history and architecture should visit. To your great surprise, this is not the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in Sergiev Posad or the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery in Zvenigorod. This is a small ancient village of Yaropolets, located in the Volokolamsk region. According to archaeological data, it is already more than 1,000 years old.
For a small settlement with a population of just over a thousand people, there are several quite significant attractions, which puts it on a par with many tourist giants. From what is interesting to see, I note the following:
- Zagryazhsky-Goncharov estate,
- Chernyshev estate and Kazan Church,
- Chapel over the grave of Hetman Doroshenko,
- St. Nicholas Chapel,
- Hydroelectric power station on the Lama River,
- Monument to V.I. Lenin and N.K. Krupskaya,
- Yaropolets People's Museum of Local Lore.
But let's start in order.
As always, I accidentally read on the Internet about one of the attractions of Yaropolets, not a temple or an estate, but the first rural hydroelectric power station in the young Soviet republic.
The view was impressive, so it was decided that we would go to Yaropolets and see something else along the way.
And then I suddenly find out that Yaropolets is completely self-sufficient, there are quite enough interesting places for a one-day trip - two estates, a large and luxurious, albeit abandoned park, a huge and very beautiful church, chapel, monuments, museums. In general, it was decided that we were going to Yaropolets.
There are a great many reports about trips here on the Russian Internet, so organizing a trip and including the most significant places will not be a problem. Go.
Relations with New Riga somehow things didn’t work out for us,and out of habit we taxi to Volokolamka. Yes, there are a lot of traffic lights, and all the time through populated areas, but how many things along the road you can see just out the window. And even though I’ve already been a hundred times, I’m still tempted to stop by, but our goal is in 130 kilometers.
We pass by the Church of John the Baptist in Sadki.
The temple is very beautiful in its simplicity. Built in 1741.
Past the chapel of Dmitry Solunsky in Snegiri. Although the chapel is a remake, it fits into the Snegiri complex just perfectly, and here is the complex itself.
The museum is very interesting, located on the line of defense of Moscow. Next came my favorite Church of Seraphim of Sarov in Snegiri.
A very beautiful wooden remodel. But Istra appeared ahead.
We drive through surprisingly quickly. And here is the Church of Peter and Paul in Novopetrovsky. We drive by, I always pay attention to the progress of the reconstruction, I think they will be done soon.
Well, here comes Volokolamsk.
Of course, I missed a lot along the way, but I chose exactly what my soul strives for. We don’t deny ourselves the pleasure of taking a ride through the center of Volokolamsk, once again looking at the Kremlin from the outside.
If anyone hasn’t been, then in the Kremlin there is a wonderful diorama of the defense of Moscow.
And we pass by the monument to the toiler bus and in Maslennikovo we go left to Yaropolets.
On the way, we pay attention to the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary in Suvorovo
and ahead, finally, we have the goal of the journey.
Our first stop is just before reaching the sign with the name of the village - Pillboxes from the Great Patriotic War.
There are a lot of them here, the battles were very bloody. And we, having examined them from all sides, moved on.
The Goncharovs' estate in Yaropolets It’s difficult to drive past; the entrance turrets will attract anyone’s attention.
She's the first one on our way. We stop and go for a walk. At that time, I had a very old camera, so the photos were not always good, but they could convey the essence. The history of the village is very interesting; extraordinary destinies are intertwined here.
The village of Yaropolets was presented to the hetman of Ukraine, Petro Doroshenko, by Sofia Alexandrovna, after he took the oath to Moscow. The hetman lived here in retirement for 14 years, later passing it on to his son, who divided the estate into unequal parts and sold the larger part to Count G.P. Chernyshev, to whom we owe the street lighting of Moscow.
For now, let’s leave the Chernyshevs and move on to the second part of the estate. It remained in the possession of the hetman's son, who inherited it from his daughter. Subsequently, the estate passed to her son I.A. Zagryazhsky. During his second marriage, a daughter, Natalya, is born, the future mother-in-law of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.
In January 1807, Natalia Ivanovna Zagryazhskaya married Nikolai Afanasyevich Goncharov and in this marriage Natalya Goncharova was born. Pushkin came here twice to visit his mother-in-law.
The estate at that time was falling into disrepair. Natalya Ivanovna’s husband died and left her very large debts, which she could not pay off, more than a million rubles.
Natalya and her children often came to visit their mother.
Now on the territory of the estate there is a MAI recreation center, access to the territory is free. The estate was badly damaged during the war.
After walking around the estate and getting to know all the buildings, we go for a walk in the park. The path leads us to hydroelectric power station spillway.
The weather was very hot, there were a lot of people, people were swimming and just relaxing.
Then we didn’t know that in addition to the spillway there was a hydroelectric power station museum, otherwise we would definitely have gone. But we were impressed by the view itself, and that seemed to be enough.
Even though we walked there, there is an entrance here. After the Chernyshev estate and the Kazan Church, turn left, the road is so-so, but covered with asphalt, however, it is so narrow that it is difficult to pass oncoming traffic. There is a small parking lot near the bridge, but there are a lot of cars and you simply can’t find a space. And we walked through the park to the car, albeit along a different path.
Came out to the second estate of the Chernyshev princes.
We passed by on the way stelae to commemorate the arrival of Catherine the Great at the estate.
The estate was so magnificent that it was put on a par with many palaces in Europe. With its rich decoration, stucco moldings, many sculptures, and wonderful regular park, it stood out among other estates.
In the “Atlas of the Russian Empire” of the 18th century you can read about the Chernyshev estate: “It can equal the best pleasure houses in Europe in beauty and splendor.”
Many famous personalities lived, visited, and were born here:
- Zakhar Chernyshov is the first mayor of Moscow, it is now the mayor’s office in his palace on Tverskaya,
- “Queen of Spades” of all times Natalya Petrovna Golitsyna,
- Dmitry Vladimirovich Golitsyn is another mayor of Moscow, through whose work we have the Bolshoi and Maly theaters and many other buildings in the city,
- Decembrist Zakhar Chernyshev,
- Ksenia Chernysheva-Bezobrazova, who was married to the youngest son of the Archduke of Austria from the Habsburg dynasty, Rudolf.
During the war, the estate was very much destroyed, and now its appearance is very deplorable. Having walked around the estate, we walked to the car with mixed feelings. It’s a shame when such beautiful houses stand in ruins.
Walking along the road, on the left we see a large church - the Temple of the Kazan Icon of the Mother of God. We arrived... terrible, such splendor and in such a depressing state. The temple is unique, two symmetrical volumes - this is unusual for Russian architecture.
One part of the temple is a church with a very beautiful iconostasis,
and in the second there was the tomb of the Chernyshev princes.
After a German bomb hit the temple, the marble tomb survived, but our vandals destroyed it. They took away the magnificent marble rosette and broke the obelisk.
Yes, the temple is deteriorating, but so much has been destroyed and depicted.
They tried to carry out reconstruction in the temple, but other than “trying” there was no progress. That’s why a sign like this looks very funny.
Having walked around the temple from the outside, having been inside, we decide to go to Chapel of Hetman Doroshenko.
The Goncharov estate, which is located in the Moscow region, in the village of Yaropolets, was fabulously lucky during the years of Soviet power.
While other noble houses were looted, abandoned, and eventually destroyed, the Goncharov estate was saved by the name of the great poet. And the dedication of the last owner, Elena Borisovna Goncharova, who obtained a “safe conduct letter” for the estate from the new government. Since then, it has been included in the list of historical and cultural monuments, which is why it has survived. But first things first. 
Hetman Doroshenko and his descendants.
Yaropolets, like Moscow, was first mentioned in chronicles back in the 12th century. It is assumed that the place got its name from Prince Yaropolk, whose fortified point was located here.
Then, for a long time, Yaropolets belonged to the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery. Looking ahead: in the 19th century, Natalya Goncharova-Pushkina’s mother, Natalya Ivanovna, would end her days in this monastery.
The sister of Peter the Great, Sophia, during her short reign donated Yaropolets and the surrounding villages to the Ukrainian hetman Petro Doroshenko. The estate turned out to be huge, and after Doroshenko’s death it was divided in two. The northeastern part went to his son Peter, who soon sold it to the Chernyshevs.
The hetman gave the other part to his son Alexander, and then it went to his daughter Catherine as a dowry. In the mid-18th century, Ekaterina Alexandrovna married Alexander Artemyevich Zagryazhsky.
Afterwards, the estate passed to their son Alexander, under whom the main structures were completed, the wooden buildings were replaced with stone ones. The estate acquired the appearance that we see today. Under Alexander, a beautiful park was also laid out.
Then two brothers, Nikolai and Ivan Zagryazhsky, owned the rich estate one after another. Moreover, Ivan’s fate is worthy of an entire novel.
Beautiful Ulrika
Ivan Alexandrovich, having a legal wife - meek and pious, but by no means sparkling with beauty, Alexandra - brought his mistress Ulrika from abroad. Endowed with incomparable charm, the young woman - for the sake of a sweetheart - left her family, including her daughter from her first marriage. The father cursed Ulrika because of this unauthorized union, not sanctified by the church.
Ivan Alexandrovich, being a military man, took his lovely companion with him. But the hour came when he was fed up with her. Ulrika was expecting a child at that time. Then Zagryazhsky did not find anything better than to return with his mistress to Yaropolets and leave her in the care of his legal wife.
Alexandra acted almost like a saint: she not only accepted the unhappy young woman, but also began to raise her daughter Natalya along with her children. Ulrika soon died, but Alexandra ensured that the girl was legitimized in rights on an equal basis with the legitimate Zagryazhskys.
Pushkin was here
Natalya Ivanovna Zagryazhskaya, having reached adulthood, married Nikolai Afanasyevich Goncharov. From this marriage seven children were born. Including, in 1812, daughter Natalya, the same Natalie.
A few years later, Nikolai Afanasyevich is struck by madness, and Natalya Ivanovna takes on all the troubles associated with the household. It is not surprising that such a burden affected the woman’s character. Those who knew her noted Goncharova’s “difficult disposition”. She also turned out to be not the best manager.
Alexander Pushkin, having visited Yaropolets, wrote to his wife that his mother-in-law lived in a “ruined palace.”
After the death of the owner - this happened in 1848 - Natalya Pushkina’s brother, Ivan Nikolaevich Goncharov, began managing the estate.
Alexander Pushkin visited Yaropolets twice. In August 1833, when he was traveling to Orenburg, and in October 1834, returning to St. Petersburg from Boldin. Subsequently, museum workers carefully restored “Pushkin’s room,” the same one where he spent the night while staying with his mother-in-law.
The estate in Yaropolets remained in the ownership of the Goncharovs until the fateful 1917. Understanding perfectly its historical significance, Elena Borisovna Goncharova managed to ensure that the state took the estate under its protection. At first a school and a museum were opened here. Then the schoolchildren allegedly became cramped - and the museum stopped functioning, but the school remained
During the Great Patriotic War, fascist troops occupied Yaropolets. The Pushkin Room and the parks were destroyed, and the Germans turned the main building into a stable. Part of the palace was destroyed during the explosion of an ammunition depot.
After the war, the estate was left in ruins, which no one was in a hurry to restore. Moreover, people dismantled the remains of buildings in order to use them to restore their own homes.
Only in 1960 did a plan emerge: to make a rest house for the Moscow Aviation Institute on the territory of the estate. The work took 10 years. Externally, the estate began to look almost as before, but, of course, it did not fully restore its appearance. The interior was remodeled according to the needs of the holiday home; modern materials were used for the work.
The most important merit of the restorers is that they managed to restore the “Pushkin Room”. Surviving fragments of the interior and old photographs were used as samples.
The Goncharov estate today
To visit the Goncharovs’ estate, you need to drive along the Novorizhskoye Highway, heading towards Volokolamsk. Attention will be drawn to the front gate, which resembles either the turrets of a medieval fortress or chess rooks. Nearby is the Church of John the Baptist. It dates back to the 18th century, and has common features with the temple of the Arkhangelskoye palace complex.
Total 76 photos
This is the second part of my material about the Goncharov Estate in Yaropolets! Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin visited the estate on August 23-24, 1833 on his way to the Volga region and Orenburg, and for the second time in early October 1834 - he stopped by for one day on his way from Boldino to St. Petersburg. He came to visit the owner of the estate, Natalya Ivanovna Goncharova, the mother of Natalya Goncharova (Pushkina). We have already examined the estate church of John the Baptist in the first part. The second will contain a detailed story about the estate, its history and a little about Pushkin, of course...
We have already begun to examine the architectural ensemble of the Goncharov estate from the Church of John the Baptist.
Now we are entering the estate's Front Yard...
Until 1712, Yaropolets was ruled by the Moscow Court Order, since Doroshenko’s sons were minors. In 1717, the youngest of them, Peter, sold his part of the lands to G.P. Chernyshev, the ancestor of the Chernyshev counts. There is already a ready-made material about this estate - the Chernyshev Estate.
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Zagryazhskie
The creator of the palace and park ensemble is A.A. Zagryazhsky. The hetman's granddaughter, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Doroshenko, brought Yaropolets as a dowry to her husband, Lieutenant General Alexander Artemyevich Zagryazhsky (1715-1786), who was related to Prince Potemkin on his mother's side.
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The portrait is attributed to F. Rokotov. Mid 1770s.
Alexander Zagryazhsky rebuilt the wooden buildings of the estate in stone. Under him, a general estate layout was developed that has survived to this day. The architect who led the reconstruction of the estate complex in the 1780s is unknown. According to memoirists A. Arapov and M. Kartsov, what Yaropolets Rastrelli built is classified as a family legend.
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As A. Chekmarev notes: “The origin of the design of the estate ensemble, the very spirit of its architecture is connected with the Moscow architectural school of the second half of the 18th century.” According to S. Toropov, the builder of Yaropolets could have been one of the “second row” architects: I.V. Egotov, A. Bakarev, E. Nazarov. A. Sedov, based on stylistic analysis and comparison with known buildings and projects, attributed the authorship to Egotov.
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In September 1775, Empress Catherine II visited Zagryazhsky, and a few weeks later Grand Duke Paul and his first wife visited.
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Carriage maker
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Construction of the estate began at a time when its owner was not yet a member of the court elite. Change of A.A. status Zagryazhsky, who became related to those close to the empress, probably prompted him to rebuild the estate in the 1780-1790s. As a result, in Yaropolets not only were the buildings of the estate complex reconstructed, but also a landscape park appeared, decorated with park architecture in which “classic” and “gothic” were intricately mixed.
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Goncharovs
In 1821, the estate was inherited by the granddaughter of Alexander Zagryazhsky, Natalya Ivanovna, who in 1807 married industrialist N.A. Goncharova.
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“There is a legend about the origin of Natalya Nikolaevna’s mother (Pushkina). According to family legend, Natalya Ivanovna is the illegitimate daughter of Euphrosina Ulrika, Baroness Posse (née Liphart) from Ivan Alexandrovich Zagryazhsky. She was incredibly beautiful. Ulrika left for Russia with the first favorite of Prince Potemkin , Ivan Alexandrovich Zagryazhsky (having run away from his own husband and leaving his son). But in Russia, Ivan Alexandrovich had his own family. And so he brings the beautiful Ulrika from Dorpat to Yaropolets to his wife, son and two daughters and introduces her to his “deceived wife" After scenes and explanations, Ivan Alexandrovich left for Moscow, where, according to contemporaries, “he lives single and, it seems, does not miss an opportunity to have fun”...
And the legal wife eventually left the beautiful Ulrika in her house, warmed her up, and accepted her daughter Natalya, who was soon born, into her family. Meanwhile, Ulrika suffered in a strange environment and soon “withered like a flower” - she died at the age of 30, leaving her legal wife in the care of a little daughter, whom she loved and raised as her own, and with the help of her influential relatives “made every effort to legitimize the birth Natalia, protecting all her inheritance rights”...
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After his marriage to Natalya Goncharova, the daughter of the owner of the estate, who spent her childhood here, Yaropolets visited A.S. twice. Pushkin. He wrote that his mother-in-law “lives very secluded in her ruined palace.”
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The capitals are very beautiful.
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“...I found an old library in the house, and Natalya Ivanovna allowed me to choose the books I needed. I selected about three dozen of them, which will arrive to us with jam and liqueurs. Thus, my raid on Yaropolets was not at all in vain...”
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There was a legend among Yaropolets peasants that in 1833 Pushkin advised his brother-in-law I.N. Goncharov to build a new chapel over Doroshenko’s grave. This message, from the words of old-timer Yaropolets Smolin, was recorded by V. Gilyarovsky, who visited the estate in 1903.
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Pushkin visited Yaropolets for the second time on October 9-10, 1834. The ceremonial bedchamber of the main house was named “Pushkin’s Room” in memory of the poet’s visits; according to legend, he lived in it.
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The Goncharovs continued to own the estate until the revolution. The last inhabitant of the estate was the widow of Nikolai Ivanovich Goncharov (1861-1902), Elena Borisovna Goncharova (1864-1928), née Princess Meshcherskaya, who contributed to the opening of a four-class zemstvo school in Yaropolets in 1915.
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Thanks to the last owner, in 1918 the estate was registered with the state as a cultural monument. Goncharova achieved the issuance of a “safe conduct letter” to her from the department for museums and protection of ancient monuments under the People's Commissariat for Education. The paper, in particular, stated that “without the permission of the said department, the above-mentioned property is not subject to removal or requisition.” Local residents also gave their consent to Elena Borisovna becoming the keeper of the estate. However, an artist from Sergiev Posad, N.P., was appointed to the position of curator. Yanychenko.
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The interiors of the house were decorated with wall paintings depicting romanticized park views in ornamental borders, made under the Zagryazhskys. Such landscapes became widespread thanks to Hubert Robert, whose landscape panels decorated two halls in Arkhangelskoye.
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In the late autumn of 1918, Goncharova left Yaropolets. It is known that Elena Borisovna worked in the People's Commissariat for Education in 1919-1920. She died in exile on July 27, 1928 in France.
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After the October Revolution
On the second floor of the manor house there is a second-level school with a boarding school. On the ground floor, a museum was organized in four rooms. Some valuables were removed from Yaropolets in January 1919. They ended up in the National Museum Fund, the manuscript department of the Rumyantsev Museum and other organizations. The administration of the first children's collective farm "Giant" was located in the estate.
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In 1920, the peasants of Yaropolets asked V.I. Lenin, who came to the opening of a rural power plant, transferred the entire estate for a school. At the end of 1922, the museum was closed under the pretext of a lack of accommodation for students. Thanks to the persistence of the head of the New Jerusalem Museum of Art and History, N. Schneerson, the “Pushkin Room” was preserved.
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There, behind the fence, there was once a large regular park...
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By 1924, local residents had dismantled the embroidery plant, the soap shop, and the building located between two “factories” (cloth and linen) into bricks, and the roof of the greenhouses was dismantled. In the 1920s, both Yaropol residents (Zagryazhsky and Chernyshev) were examined by S.A. Toropov and A.N. Grech. Thanks to their efforts, information about the pre-war appearance of the estate has been preserved.
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From the end of 1941 until February 1942, the village of Yaropolets was under occupation. During the hostilities, both noble estates of the Chernyshevs and Goncharovs (Zagryazhskys) of Yaropolets were seriously damaged. The buildings of the Yaropolets Zagryazhskys have lost their roofs, ceilings, filling of window and door openings, and part of the decor of the facades. The northwestern part of the manor house was destroyed by the explosion of a German ammunition depot.
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For about fifteen years, Yaropolets was in a ruined state. During this period, local residents dismantled everything that could be useful as building material. The remaining part of the façade design and interiors have disappeared. The state of the estate in 1957 was recorded in the feature film “On the Count's Ruins,” filmed in Yaropolets. The Doroshenko Mausoleum, damaged during the war, was dismantled in 1953.
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Until 1960, a secondary school operated in the estate. Since 1959, the estates of the Zagryazhskys and Chernyshevs were transferred to the MAI for the organization of a holiday home. The project for the restoration of the Zagryazhsky estate was developed by the Mosoblrestavratsiya trust. Its goal was to restore the complex of buildings, taking into account the fact that it would later be used as a holiday home.
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Restoration work was completed by 1970, and the manor buildings regained their pre-war appearance. But, as A. Chekmarev notes: “... one cannot help but note the negative aspects of this restoration - a number of architectural details were renewed in other building materials, which led to their simplification and coarsening; in all buildings, including the church, the internal layout was radically changed and dull, faceless interiors.”
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In the manor house, the interior of the “Pushkin Room” was restored, at the moment the only room imbued with the spirit of the old Zagryazhsky-Goncharov palace. A wooden column from the “Pushkin Room” was discovered in the attic of one of the estate buildings; it became a model for six new columns bordering the alcove. The decoration of the room was known from photographs taken in 1937. During the restoration, the results of an examination of the original coloring of the walls and the remains of ornamental painting were used. The room hosts literary and musical evenings of the Pushkin Society of Moscow Aviation Institute, dedicated to the birthdays of Pushkin and his wives.
Scheme of buildings of the Goncharov estate in Yaropolets
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1. Main house with outbuildings
2. Manager's house
3. Fence with towers
4. Church
5. Carriage maker
6. Park pavilion
7. Weaving workshops
8. Yard fence
9. Stable
Lord's house
The restoration of the external appearance of the manor house can be considered a success of the post-war restoration. During reconstruction in the 1780-1790s, it was connected to two existing wings by straight one-story galleries. All three volumes look most advantageous from the courtyard side. The six-column Corinthian portico of the house with a semicircular loggia located behind it is the main decoration of the estate complex.
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The exit to the park is also decorated with a portico. The unplastered red brick walls (now painted) contrasted effectively with the white decor.
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Circumpferences
The front yard (court d'honneur) is framed by a metal fence with white stone pillars and is closed by circumferences (buildings arched in plan). At the ends of the circumferences facing the house, there are two-story buildings, their architecture repeats the architecture of the manor house .
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Stable
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Stable
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Stables from the park side. Obviously, it is in this building that the boiler room of the estate complex is located.
The other two ends have turrets with spiers. Their bases, square in plan, are designed in a classical spirit, the round upper tiers are decorated in a false Gothic style.
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Arched buildings are a very popular motif in manor complexes of the late 18th century. The circumferences housed a carriage house and a horse yard, their arches on the outside were decorated with open arcades.
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Semi-circular body with a turret. Carriage maker.
The name of Pushkin, famous and magical, saved more than one noble estate from destruction in Soviet times. Yaropolets, which belonged to his mother-in-law, Natalya Nikolaevna’s mother, was no exception.
Yaropolets was first mentioned in the chronicle in 1135. On the right bank of the Lama in those years, a fortified point was created by Prince Yaropolk Vladimirovich, the son of Vladimir Monomakh. At that time he owned Rostov and Suzdal and fought against Novgorod using the Volokolamsky route.
Most likely, the name of the village came from the name of the prince - Yaropolk. According to another version, the name comes from the “Ardent Field”, since in ancient times the kennels of the Moscow kings were kept in the vicinity, and at one time Alexei Mikhailovich loved to hunt here.
In 1684, the village of Yaropolets, together with the surrounding villages (about 1 thousand households in total), was granted by Queen Sophia to the Ukrainian hetman P.D. Doroshenko. Doroshenko lived in Yaropolets for the last 14 years and is buried here. His grave in the central square of the village is marked by a mausoleum.
After the death of P.D. Doroshenko Yaropolets was divided between his sons Alexander and Peter. From that time on, the fates of both parts of Yaropolets were different. In one of them, a major dignitary A.A. Zagryazhsky, who married the daughter of A.P. Doroshenko, a magnificent palace house and a number of service buildings were built in the 1770s.
Both the carefully worked out layout of the entire ensemble and the design of individual buildings, decorative towers, and entrance gates indicate that the estate was created by an extraordinary architect. In the stylistic features one can feel the school of M.F. Kazakov.
From the marriage of granddaughter A.A. Zagryazhsky Natalya Ivanovna with N.A. Goncharov gave birth to a daughter, Natalya, in 1812, the future wife of the great poet. Her childhood was overshadowed by her father's severe mental illness, aggravated by drunkenness and worsening every year.
The mother’s character, in which tyranny was combined with hypocrisy, also caused a lot of grief to the children. Nuns and pilgrims constantly stayed in her house, gossiping about the children and servants, and they also talked about the hostess’s addiction to strong drinks.
N.I. Goncharova introduced great complications into the life of Pushkin and his wife. This forced him to move from Moscow to St. Petersburg. “I don’t like Moscow life,” the poet wrote to P. A. Pletnev. - Live here, not as you want - as the aunts want. My mother-in-law is the same aunt.”
He visited his mother-in-law's estate twice. The poet came here for the first time on August 23-24, 1833 on his way to the Volga region and Orenburg. In a letter to his wife, he wrote: “I arrived in Yaropolets late on Wednesday: Natalya Ivanovna greeted me in the best possible way. I spent Thursday with her. She lives very secluded and quiet in her ruined palace and plants vegetable gardens over the ashes of your great-grandfather Doroshenka, to whom I went to worship.”
Pushkin stayed with his mother-in-law for a little more than a day. He wrote: “I found an old library in the house, and Natalya Ivanovna allowed me to choose the books I needed. I selected about three dozen of them, which will arrive to us with jam and liqueurs. Thus, my raid on Yaropolets was not at all in vain.” These short lines of the great poet are the only evidence of his visit to Yaropolets.
Pushkin visited Yaropolets for the second time in early October 1834 - he stopped by for one day on the way from Boldino to St. Petersburg.
In 1903, V.A. visited the estate, as a memorable place for Pushkin. Gilyarovsky. In an essay devoted to his impressions of the trip, he speaks enthusiastically about the architectural ensemble of Yaropolets: “I admired the palace, this most interesting building with its colonnade and stucco work on the outside. And all around the palace are high red walls, with a number of huge, bizarre towers, giving the impression of an ancient castle.”
The poet's mother-in-law Natalya Ivanovna, who lived here for a long time, did not die here. After her husband's madness and other troubles, she became very religious and constantly went to the Joseph-Volotsky Monastery. During one such trip, she died right in the monastery and was buried there, but the grave did not survive.
And although A.S. Pushkin was here only twice, and then only while passing through, in local legends, and even in serious literature, the image of the great poet in Yaropolets overshadowed the rest of the history of the estate. In Soviet times, this was precisely the salvation - who would care about the safety of the estate of some general? And here is Pushkin himself!
The last owner of Yaropolets, Elena Borisovna Goncharova, very quickly achieved the registration of the estate with the state as a cultural monument. In 1918, the department for museums and monument protection of the People's Commissariat of Education issued a “safe-conduct”, according to which the estate was not subject to requisition.
- Citizen, why are you hitting a woman on the head with a hammer?
- So this is my mother-in-law!!!
- Oh, mother-in-law? It takes a long time to use a hammer, so take an axe!
Other estates and parks:
In the 17th century belonged to someone exiled here hetman Right Bank Ukraine in 1665-1676. Peter Dorofeevich Doroshenko (1627 - 1698). During his time as hetman, with the support of Turkey and the Crimean Khanate, he tried to take possession of Left Bank Ukraine. The Cossacks did not support him, and the hetman capitulated that same year to the troops under the command of Romodanovsky. He surrendered and took the oath.In 1677 he was sent to Moscow and never returned to his homeland. In 1679, he was appointed by the Moscow government as governor of Vyatka (1679-1682). Three years later I received Yaropolets village under
Moscow (Volokolamsk district, Moscow province), where he died in 1698.
In 1717, G. P. Chernyshev (1672 - 1745) bought the northeastern part of the Yaropolets volost from P. P. Doroshenko. So, next to the Doroshenko-Zagryazhsky-Goncharov estate, the Chernyshev estate appeared.
Doroshenko was married three times. Agafya Eropkina - marriage in 1684 . In this thread one of the daughters became Zagryazhskaya . Ivan Aleksandrovich Zagryazhsky(1749-1807) from whom she was born Natalya Ivanovna Zagryazhskaya(by husband - Goncharova ) - mother of Natalia Pushkina. There is information about its origin a whole legend- By family legend, Natalya Ivanovna is an illegitimate daughter Euphrosines Ulrika, Baroness Posse(née Liphart) from Ivan Aleksandrovich Zagryazhsky. She was incredibly beautiful.
Ulrika left for Russia with Prince Potemkin’s first favorite, Ivan Alexandrovich Zagryazhsky.But in Russia Ivan Alexandrovich had his own family. And so he brings from Dorpat to Yaropolets to his wife, son and two daughters beautiful Ulrika and introduces the “deceived wife to the lawful spouse.” After scenes and explanations Ivan Alexandrovich went to Moscow, where, according to contemporaries, “he lives single and, it seems, does not miss an opportunity to have fun.”
And the beautiful Ulrika is the legal wife (kind soul - zlv14) eventually left her in her house, warmed her up, and soon accepted her daughter Natalya born to her to your family. Ulrika meanwhile, she wasted away in a strange environment and soon “withered like a flower” - died at 30 , leaving his legal wife in the care of a little daughter, whom she fell in love with and raised as her own, and with the help of her influential relatives “made every effort to legitimize the birth of Natalya, protecting all her inheritance rights.” By the way, Natalya Nikolaevna Goncharova-Pushkina-Lanskaya always remembered her foreign relatives, which is clear from her census ski.
Natalya Ivanovna in 1807 married to Nikolai Afanasyevich Goncharov, the son of the owner of the Linen Factories, well-educated and handsome. The entire imperial family was present at the wedding: Emperor Alexander I, the Empress, the Dowager Empress Mother, the Grand Dukes and Princesses. The imprisoned parents were the highest nobles. Soon after marriage, she gave birth to a son, Dmitry, then Ekaterina, Ivan, and Alexander. In 1812 she gave birth to a daughter Natasha
, who later became his wife Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin.beauty n She was saved neither by her mother, nor by herself, nor, subsequently, by her daughter. Natalya Ivanovna was a powerful woman with a difficult character, who was affected by her unsuccessful family life. Her husband, an educated and talented man, Nikolai Afanasyevich suffered from mental illness since the end of 1814. The illness, according to relatives, was caused by a head injury received when falling from a horse. However another reason judging by his wife’s letters, Nikolai Afanasyevich drank a lot. Natalya Ivanovna, in addition to raising children and looking after her husband, was responsible for managing two estates. All this required enormous physical and nervous effort.
Natalya Ivanovna raised her children strictly, demanding unquestioning obedience.She could whip children on the cheeks for a minor offense. But the children received an excellent education - they Russian and world history, geography, Russian language and literature were taught. In addition to French, which all the younger Goncharovs knew very well (later Natalya Nikolaevna admitted that writing in French was much easier for her than in Russian), German and English were studied. The elder brother Dmitry graduated from Moscow University “with very good success”, Ivan graduated from a private boarding school, and Sergei was educated at home. Pushkin scholar Larisa Cherkashina suggests that Natalya studied in the same program as her younger brother Sergei.
Pushkin A.S. came here in 1833. and 1834, as evidenced by the plaque on the main building of the estate.
With age, Natalya Ivanovna’s already difficult character worsened. She became a religious fanatic and a despot. In the house, in addition to tutors and governesses, there lived wanderers, nuns, and devout hangers-on. On August 1, 1848, Natalia Ivanovna Goncharova came to the city on a pilgrimage, fell ill there and died on the 2nd, and on August 4 she was buried in the monastery according to Christian Orthodox veneration.
On April 30, 1852, the younger generation of Goncharovs amicably divided the estate.Remembering my origins,Ivan Nikolaevich Goncharov put mausoleum-chapel over the grave of Pyotr Dorofeevich Doroshenko in 1838. It was dismantled in 1953 and restored in 1999.
