As noted, in terms of the total volume of cargo handled, the ports of the Baltic Basin occupy first place among the ports of other sea basins. They will retain their leadership until 2030. Proximity to the most developed industrial regions of Russia and at the same time to European countries contributes to the fact that flows of the entire range of cargo pass through these ports.
There are seven Russian sea ports in the basin: Big port St. Petersburg, Primorsk, Vysotsk, Vyborg, Ust-Luga, Kaliningrad and Passenger Port of St. Petersburg. The Baltic ports are mainly occupied by the transshipment of foreign trade and transit cargo. Coastal cargo accounts for less than 1% of their cargo turnover.
In 2011, the ports of the basin processed 185.7 million tons of cargo (34.7% of the total cargo turnover of Russian ports), including 3.0 million tons of coastal cargo (9.5% of the total volume of coastal cargo transshipment). The ports of the basin handle 37.8% of liquid and 30.7% of dry cargo of the total cargo turnover of all ports of the country.
The ports of the Baltic Basin are the end points of the Russian sections of the East-West and North-South international transport corridors. If future international transit cargo turnover is ensured along these corridors (this will be mainly cargo in containers), the total cargo turnover of these ports will increase significantly. Already in the short term, the main cargo flows will go to the ports of Ust-Luga (mainly dry cargo and partially liquid cargo) and Primorsk (liquid cargo).
Meanwhile, largest port The Baltic basin of St. Petersburg is limited by urban buildings and highways and does not have the opportunity to expand its territory. Therefore, the development of the port of St. Petersburg is carried out at the expense of outports (Bronka, Lomonosov, Kotlin Island).
A special feature of the Baltic basin is also the presence of the enclave Kaliningrad region, communication with which is carried out using the sea railway crossing Ust-Luga - Baltiysk - German ports.
Azov-Black Sea basin
In terms of total cargo turnover of sea ports, the Azov-Black Sea basin ranks second after the Baltic basin. There are twelve Russian sea ports in the basin. The ports of the Azov-Black Sea basin are the main elements of railway-sea transport hubs.
In 2014, the ports of the basin processed 125.4 million tons of cargo (23.4% of the total cargo turnover of Russian ports), including 15.1 million tons of cabotage cargo (47.6% of the total volume of cabotage cargo transshipment in the country ). The basin ports handle 18.1% of liquid and 30.3% of dry cargo of the total turnover of these types of cargo of all ports of the country.
The ports of the basin can be divided into three groups. The first includes the ports of Vostochny, Vanino, Vladivostok, Nakhodka and Posyet, connected to the country’s transport system by railway approaches or pipelines. These five ports handle more than 70% of the cargo passing through the basin. The second includes ports connected by pipelines to the offshore fields of Sakhalin - Prigorodnoye, De-Kastri, and serving the needs of one company. Their cargo turnover accounts for more than 20% of the cargo turnover of the ports of the basin. The third group includes the remaining 15 ports, which are located in areas where there are no land communications, and which currently provide transshipment of cargo to support livelihoods settlements, in which they are located, with the immediate surroundings. Their capacity is used by 10-50%, and there are no prerequisites for increasing the cargo base and increasing cargo turnover. The port of Zarubino stands apart, which has railway and road access, a favorable location, opportunities for development and almost completely unused capacity.
The ports of the basin are divided into three unequal groups. The first includes ports located on Black Sea coast, non-freezing, capable of receiving large-tonnage sea vessels and having the potential for further development. The second group includes the ports of the Azov Sea. Freezing, shallow water, usually located in cities and without prospects for development associated with an increase in cargo turnover. The third group consists of ports located in Black Sea resort cities.
The bulk of the basin's cargo is processed in the ports of Novorossiysk (67%), Tuapse (11%) and Kavkaz (5%). The remaining 9 ports in the basin process only 17% of cargo. As capacities are commissioned in the new Black Sea port of Taman, the share of Azov ports in the basin’s cargo turnover will further decline.
A special burden will fall on the sea ports of the basin (primarily the port of Sochi) during the 2014 Winter Olympic Games. On the coast of the Black and Azov seas The development of recreation areas, sports, resort and health facilities is envisaged. Seaports play an important role in the development of maritime tourism.
The work of domestic maritime transport in the Azov-Black Sea basin is complicated by Turkey’s opposition to the passage of Russian large-capacity vessels through the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits. Delays of ships in the Black Sea straits lead to serious financial losses. This indirectly affects the work of seaports.
The Baltic has historically occupied a major place in Russia's foreign trade, and stable markets have developed in Europe for our traditional exports (oil, petroleum products, gas, coal, mineral fertilizers, timber, metals and other goods). The need to develop Russian ports in the Baltic is determined both by the volume of foreign trade traffic and its structure, and by the economic and political situation in this region.
A container terminal with a capacity of 1.5 million tons per year, a refrigerated complex and other infrastructure facilities are being built in the port of St. Petersburg. Construction of an oil terminal is also underway: a territory has been formed, several tanks have been installed, and the pier has been reconstructed, which makes it possible to transship up to 11.5 million tons of oil products right now. Once the work is completed, the terminal will handle up to 5.5 million tons of petroleum products per year.
But there are other Russian ports on the Baltic Sea besides St. Petersburg. Of course, they are not so large, but their development will help not only increase the volume of maritime transport in Russia, but also significantly reduce the load on the St. Petersburg port.
Feasibility studies for the development of the port of Vysotsk have been completed, including the construction of new berths, railway and road approaches for a prospective cargo turnover of up to 5.3 million tons.
Work is underway on the construction of a cargo area in Lomonosov for transshipment of containers, general and other cargo.
However, the largest facilities in the Baltic basin are 3 new ports on the coast of the Gulf of Finland - a port in Batareinaya Bay for transhipment of oil products (15 million tons), an oil loading port in the Primorsk area (45 million tons) and a dry cargo port in the Ust-Luga area (35 million tons).
The new port in Batareinaya Bay is located on the left bank of the Gulf of Finland, 60 km from St. Petersburg. A feasibility study for the first stage of construction for an estimated cargo turnover of 7.5 million tons was developed and approved. Preparatory work has begun. The berth front is an oil pier with two berths for receiving vessels with a carrying capacity of 16.5 - 40 thousand tons. The tank farm is designed for 400 thousand m3.
A feasibility study for the construction of a new seaport in the Ust-Luga area, located in the south-eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, 100 km from St. Petersburg, has been developed and approved.
In accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation, the construction of a coal terminal with a throughput capacity of 8 million tons per year is prioritized.
The terminal is designed for unloading coal from railway cars, short-term storage of cargo and loading onto ships. The complex includes a 268 m long berth, an approach channel, car layers, warehouse areas, reloading mechanisms, etc.
Currently, work is underway to form the territory, dredge, and drive a sheet piling wall. At the same time, projects for the subsequent construction of a complex for transshipment of ferrous and non-ferrous metals and mineral fertilizers are being developed. Negotiations are underway with interested investors.
The new port in the Primorsk region is located 130 km from St. Petersburg and 60 km from Vyborg. A feasibility study for the first stage of construction has been developed: it is planned to build a complex for reloading petroleum products with a capacity of 4.5 million tons at the expense of Russian and foreign investors. Commissioning of the facility is planned for 1999.
To transship crude oil through this port, a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation adopted a decision on the design, construction and operation of a unified Baltic pipeline system from the village of Kharyaga (Komi Republic) to the coast of the Gulf of Finland as part of the existing main oil pipelines in the direction of Usa-Ukhta-Yaroslavl-Kirishi, which are being built again sections of this system and the oil loading terminal of the port complex. That is, the southern option for transporting oil from the Timan-Pechora fields has been adopted.
The northern option of transporting oil and building a port in the Arctic region with transportation by sea vessels directly from the areas of these fields is under study.
A feasibility study has been developed for the feasibility of constructing a railway-automobile ferry crossing in the direction of Ust-Luga - Kaliningrad - European ports. However, due to lack of funds for design work, further developments have been suspended.
After the collapse of the USSR, the St. Petersburg port became very congested, as it remained the only Russian port on the Baltic Sea. Therefore, the port cannot cope with the tasks assigned to it. To relieve the load on the St. Petersburg port, as well as to develop trade with European countries, new ports are being built and developed on the Baltic Sea. But so far they are not as large as St. Petersburg, and cannot completely remove the load from this port.
Modern maritime transport is an important part of the Russian transport system. In terms of cargo turnover (about 8% in 1995), it ranks third, behind railway and pipeline transport. It plays a leading role in transport services in the regions of the Far East and Far North. The importance of maritime transport in Russia's foreign trade is great. It accounts for 73% of cargo shipments and more than 90% of international cargo turnover. Small cabotage prevails in inland maritime transport.
In many technical and economic indicators, sea transport is superior to other types: the largest single carrying capacity, practically unlimited capacity of sea routes, relatively small specific capital investments, low energy consumption for transporting 1 ton of cargo, low cost. At the same time, maritime transport also has significant disadvantages: dependence on natural conditions, the need to create a complex port facility, and limited use in direct sea communications.
Scientific and technological progress in maritime transport significantly affects its geography: it changes the directions, composition and magnitude of cargo flows, stimulates the construction of new seaports and berths, and the development of new routes in inland seas and the World Ocean.
After the collapse of the USSR, Russia was left with 8 shipping companies and 37 ports with a total cargo processing capacity of up to 163 million tons per year, of which 148 million tons are in the Baltic and Northern basins. Average age Russian ships are 17 years old, which is significantly worse than the corresponding characteristics of the world merchant fleet. There are only four large shipyards left in the country, three of which are located in St. Petersburg (Severnaya, Admiralteyskaya and Baltic Shipyard). Only 55% of the deadweight of the Union's transport fleet became Russian property, including 47.6% of the dry cargo fleet. Russia's sea transportation needs are currently estimated at 175 million tons per year, while the country's fleet is capable of transporting approximately 100 million tons. The remaining seaports on Russian territory can handle only 62% of Russian cargo, including 95% of coastal cargo and 60% export-import. To transport incoming imported food and export goods, Russia uses the ports of neighboring countries: Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia.
The main sea basins of the country differ from each other in the economic specifics of the economic regions gravitating towards them and natural conditions shipping.
Azov-Black Sea basin serves freight and passenger transportation in Russia, Ukraine and Georgia, as well as trade relations with foreign countries. The region of export-import gravity covers over 75 countries. More than half of the transportation occurs in foreign trade. The main place in exports is occupied by oil and petroleum products, as well as ores, metals, and cement. The structure of imported goods includes grain, non-ferrous metal ores, metal, sugar, machinery and equipment, tropical fruits and vegetables, pipes for gas pipelines.
Thanks to the resort location of the basin, passenger transportation has greatly developed (up to 30 million people per year). The most significant passenger flows go along the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Crimea. On the Black Sea, Russia still has the ports of Novorossiysk, Tuapse and Sochi. Novorossiysk is located in the ice-free Tsemes Bay. The port specializes in foreign trade transportation. The structure of cargo turnover is dominated by liquid cargo. In addition, a significant amount of timber and cement is sent, and grain, sugar, metal, and ore are received. In terms of cargo turnover, it is the largest sea trade port. Tuapse specializes in the removal of liquid cargo. Mainly foreign trade transportation is served. The port also ships ore and coal, and receives construction materials, sugar, metal, grain, machinery and equipment. Sochi has a significant cargo and passenger turnover.
IN Baltic basin geographical location and good transport connections determined the dominant role of foreign trade transportation (over 90% of cargo turnover). Small cabotage is small and is dominated by the transportation of mineral building materials. Some higher value have transportation of goods to points on the Arctic coast of our country. Large cabotage is well developed (in Barentsevo, Beloye and Black Sea). Ships in this basin serve several international passenger lines. Passenger transportation in small cabotage has not become widespread due to the developed network of land routes.
Of the eight Baltic ports of the former USSR, Russia has three whose equipment does not allow for modern cargo transportation. The largest Russian port in the Baltic is St. Petersburg, processing 12-15 million tons of cargo per year. About 90% of the port's cargo turnover is accounted for by export-import transportation. Departures are dominated by wood, oil and chemical cargo, and metal, while arrivals are dominated by grain, sugar, metal, and building materials. The port of St. Petersburg is one of the largest passenger ports in the Baltic, serving mainly foreign tourists. Annual passenger traffic - 100 thousand people.
Another highly mechanized port of the Baltic basin is Vyborg. Its cargo turnover consists of local building materials, exported wood and imported metal and paper. Coal, paper, industrial cargo are exported through the port of Kaliningrad, metal, sugar, grain, and some types of equipment are imported. To relieve the congestion of the St. Petersburg port on the Baltic, a powerful port complex is being built in the Luga Bay of the Gulf of Finland. The Ust-Luga port will be three times more powerful than the St. Petersburg port, its cargo turnover with cargo handling will be 35 million tons.
Caspian Sea mainly used for transport between Russia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. Foreign trade communications are carried out only with Iran and occupy a small share of cargo turnover. Coastal shipping predominates in the Caspian basin. The bulk of them are oil and petroleum products. Other bulk cargo includes construction materials, salt, chemical products, grain, fish, cotton, and wool. In the basin, along with sea vessels, mixed (“river-sea”) navigation vessels are widely used. The main Russian ports are Astrakhan and Makhachkala.
Passenger flights of sea vessels from Baku to Makhachkala and Astrakhan are organized in the Caspian basin.
Far Eastern sea basin is of great economic importance for the development of economic relations in the coastal regions of the Far East. The Far Eastern basin includes the Bering, Okhotsk, and Japan seas, as well as the eastern part of the Northern Sea Route (Laptev Sea, East Siberian and Chukchi Seas).
The main feature of the Far Eastern basin is the numerous intra- and inter-district low-capacity cargo flows. Coastal transport predominates: 85% of the total volume of transport in the basin. Large cabotage is small, its share in transportation is about 1%. The main cargo flows are formed in the ports of Primorye and go to Kamchatka, Sakhalin and Magadan region. Timber cargo is sent from the ports of Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino to the northern regions. Oil cargo from Vladivostok goes to Nagaevo, the ports of Sakhalin, Kamchatka and Chukotka. Sakhalin coal is sent to various ports in the Far East.
Foreign trade shipping include timber, coal, oil cargo, ores. More than 80% of overseas traffic occurs in Japan. In foreign trade transportation, imports are inferior to exports.
Main import cargoes: grain, sugar, metal, cement, chemical cargoes, machinery and equipment.
The Far Eastern basin ranks second in Russia in terms of passenger transportation, behind the Azov-Black Sea basin. There are regular cargo and passenger routes to Chukotka, Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, as well as local passenger lines: Vladivostok - Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Vladivostok - Korsakov, Vladivostok - Kholmsk, Vladivostok - Anadyr - Providence port. A special place is occupied by international passenger lines: Nakhodka - Japan, Nakhodka - Hong Kong.
The sea railway crossing Vanino - Kholmsk is of great economic importance for the region, thanks to which it became possible to transport goods year-round and rhythmically between Sakhalin and the mainland.
The most important ports of the Far Eastern basin: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Magadan, Kholmsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. They have modern ship handling technology and a powerful icebreaker fleet.
Vladivostok is located in the Golden Horn Bay and serves as a supply base for port points on the Pacific coast and the eastern sector of the Arctic. In the structure of cargo turnover, more than 60% is made up of coastal transportation of oil cargo, coal, machinery, equipment, and food products. Exports are dominated by timber, coal, and oil cargo, while imports are dominated by grain, sugar, and metals. The port's annual cargo turnover is about 10 million tons. Vladivostok is connected with the ports of Sakhalin and Kamchatka by 12 coastal passenger lines.
Nakhodka is a commercial port of international importance. The main cargo flows are directed to the Arctic regions and Kamchatka. Export-import transportation accounts for 2/3 of cargo turnover. The export of goods exceeds their import. Oil cargo, coal, cement, timber, pig iron, potassium salts, ore, building materials, canned crab and fish, grain, paper, sugar, and rice pass through the port. Every year the port ships more than 10 million tons of cargo and 60 thousand passengers. The port of Vanino is located in the bay of the same name in the Gulf of Tatar. Designed for transshipment of cargo (metal, machinery, equipment, food products, animal feed, etc.) with railway to sea vessels with subsequent delivery to Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands and coastal areas Sea of Okhotsk. The main share of cargo turnover falls on the ferry crossing Vanino - Kholmsk.
Kholmsk is the largest port in the Sakhalin region. Export-import and cabotage cargo is processed here. The port's cargo turnover is 4.5 million tons.
Magadan is a port of the Sea of Okhotsk, serving remote areas of the Magadan region and the Sakha Republic using road transport. The port mainly (90% of cargo turnover) receives petroleum products, coal, equipment for the mining industry, machinery, metal, and food products.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky is located in Petropavlovsk Bay Avacha Bay. The main cargo traffic to Kamchatka and back is sent through this port: coal, oil products, construction materials, machinery, etc. Imports prevail over exports. Mainly fish products are exported.
Not far from Nakhodka, a new port, Vostochny, has been created, the cargo turnover of which is 14-16 million tons. This is a highly mechanized transport enterprise. Coastal and export-import cargo passes through it.
There are mainland ports in the basin - Posiet, Sovetskaya Gavan, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Okhotsk, Anadyr, Provideniya, Egvekinot; Sakhalin ports - Korsakov, Uglegorsk, Nevelsk, as well as port points on Kuril Islands: Kurilsk, Severo-Kurilsk and Yuzhno-Kurilsk.
Northern Basin- the area of the fastest growth in maritime transport. It includes the White, Barents and Kara seas of the Arctic Ocean. On navy The Northern Basin is tasked with transport services for the territory of the Far North, Arctic islands and ensuring foreign trade relations. Coastal transportation, the share of which is about 40%, is carried out between points on the Arctic coast and the islands of the Arctic Ocean. The cargo includes ore, building materials, coal, timber, petroleum products, metal, equipment, machinery, consumer and food products.
The area of gravity for export-import cargo includes many countries in Europe and North America. Through the seaports of the basin, metal, grain cargo, coal, and sugar are imported, and apatite concentrate, wood, ore, and coal are exported.
The most important port in the basin is Murmansk. This is the ice-free western port of the Northern Sea Route. The main cargo turnover of Murmansk comes from overseas transportation, with exports significantly exceeding imports. The port's cargo turnover is more than 7 million tons.
The sea trade port of Arkhangelsk is located in the Northern Dvina delta. The port's cargo turnover is over 5 million tons. Coal, building materials, petroleum products, metal, food cargo are sent along coastal lines, and coal and wood are received. Mainly timber and timber products are exported; metals are included in imports. The port provides local passenger transportation for up to 40 thousand people. in year. In the Northern basin, Onega, Mezen, Naryan-Mar, Igarka, Dudinka, Belomorsk and Kandalaksha are also of great importance.
The prospects for maritime transport are associated with the further development of transportation in the Arctic. The development of the territory is based on the Siberian rivers and seas of the Arctic Ocean and is connected with the Northern Sea Route. A new stage in the development of the Northern Sea Route began with the appearance of nuclear icebreakers on this route, which makes it possible to extend the period of Arctic navigation and ensure year-round shipping in the western sector to the port of Dudinka, and in the Far East to the port of Egvekinot in Chukotka. Large-scale projects have been developed for the accelerated development of the Russian merchant fleet, the technical re-equipment of the icebreaker and transport fleet, the reconstruction of ports and berths, and the introduction of a lighter transportation system.
Moscow, October 10 - "Vesti.Ekonomika". Transneft bought out Summa's share in the joint venture that controls the Novorossiysk commercial seaport. How, the company increased its share in the NCSP group to 60.62%.
Novorossiysk sea trade port is one of the largest sea ports in Russia.
"The Board of Directors was informed of the implementation of its previously adopted decision to increase the stake in the NCSP group owned by Transneft PJSC to 60.62%. The transaction was closed by acquiring 100% of the shares in the joint venture Novoport Holding, owned on parity terms by Transneft PJSC "and the Summa group and controlled 50.1% of NCSP," says a message on the website of Transneft PJSC, published following a meeting of the board of directors.
Below we will talk about the 10 largest seaports in Russia.
1. Novorossiysk
Freight turnover in 2017: 147.4 million tonsNovorossiysk seaport is one of the largest ports of the Black Sea and the largest port Krasnodar region.
The record holder of Russian ports for the length of the berth line, reaching a length of 8.3 km.
The seaport is located on its north-eastern coast in the Novorossiysk or Tsemes Bay, which is ice-free and convenient for navigation.
Navigation in the port lasts all year round, although it may be interrupted in winter.
2. Ust-Luga
Ust-Luga is a sea trade port in the north-west of Russia, in Leningrad region, in the Luga Bay of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea near the village of Ust-Luga.
Work began with the opening of a coal terminal in December 2001; the existing timber terminal at the mouth of the Luga River was included in the port.
Navigation conditions in this part of the Gulf of Finland allow for almost year-round operation of the port with a short period of ice support (the duration of navigation without the use of icebreakers in Luga Bay reaches 326 days a year).
3. Port Vostochny
Port Vostochny is a Russian seaport of federal significance in Wrangel Bay of Nakhodka Bay Sea of Japan.
In 1968, design and survey work began on the site of the future seaport. Construction began on December 16, 1970, in April 1971 it was declared an All-Union Komsomol shock construction project, and was under the control of the CPSU Central Committee.
It was planned to build 64 berths with a length of 15 km, for the workers of the new port it was planned to build a satellite city for 50 thousand inhabitants, the port’s cargo turnover was to be 40 million tons.
State control over ensuring the safety of navigation and order in the port is carried out by the federal state institution "Administration of the Vostochny Seaport", headed by the captain of the Vostochny port.
4. Primorsk
The port of Primorsk is the largest Russian oil loading port on the Baltic Sea, the end point of the Baltic pipeline system. The port is located on the mainland of the Bjorkesund Strait in the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, 5 km southeast of the city of Primorsk.
The port is designed to serve tankers with a deadweight of up to 150 thousand tons, a length of up to 307 m, a width of 55 m and a draft of 15.5 m, that is, ships with a ship close to the maximum draft capable of entering the Baltic Sea from the ocean.
On the territory of the port there are 18 oil storage tanks with a capacity of 50 thousand tons, tanks for storing light oil products and several emergency discharge tanks.
5. "Big Port of St. Petersburg"
"Big Port of St. Petersburg" is a large seaport in the North-West of Russia. The port water area is 164.6 square meters. km, the length of the berth line is 31 km.
The port of St. Petersburg is located on the islands of the Neva River delta, in the Neva Bay in the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea.
"Big Port of St. Petersburg" includes berths of sea trade, forestry, fishing and river ports, an oil terminal, shipbuilding, ship repair and other plants, a marine passenger terminal, a river passenger port, as well as berths of Kronstadt, Lomonosov, port points Gorskaya, Bronka.
6. Murmansk
Murmansk sea trade port is a seaport located on the eastern shore Kola Bay Barents Sea, the largest transport enterprise in the city of Murmansk.
The Murmansk port consists of three parts: "Fishing Port", "Commercial Port" and "Passenger Port".
In recent years, there has been a tendency for the “Trading Port” to crowd out all others due to the increase in the export of coal and a number of other mineral resources, for the reception and storage of which Murmansk has the necessary infrastructure.
The supply of fish has decreased significantly, since it has become more profitable to export it rather than inside the country. In September 2015, during the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the enterprise, a port museum was opened.
7. "Port Caucasus"
The port is one of the largest passenger ports in Russia due to its ferry service to Crimea with a capacity of about 400 thousand passengers per year.
The port allows you to receive train ferries, which, in addition to Kerch, run between the port and Varna in Bulgaria.
The port is located on the Chushka spit in Kerch Strait, in the Temryuk district of the Krasnodar region of Russia.
8. Vanino
The Port of Vanino is a Russian seaport of federal significance in the deep-water Vanina Bay, the largest in the Khabarovsk Territory.
It is located on the northwestern shore of Vanina Bay in the Tatar Strait and on the Baikal-Amur Railway.
Navigation in the port is open all year round. In winter, when the bay's waters are covered with ice (from January to March), ships are escorted using icebreakers. The port operates 24 hours a day.
IN commercial port there are 22 cargo berths and piers with a total length of more than 3 km. They are part of four transshipment complexes and an oil loading terminal
9. Tuapse
The seaport of Tuapse is located on the Caucasian coast of the Black Sea at the top of Tuapse Bay, southeast of Cape Kodosh and includes areas of the water surface at the mouths of the Pauk and Tuapse rivers.
Currently, the seaport of Tuapse is a multi-purpose port, open for navigation all year round, operating around the clock, providing cargo operations with cargo, including dangerous goods of 3–5, 9 hazard classes, foreign trade transportation of oil and petroleum products, as well as bulk cargo (coal, ore etc.), general cargo, grain, mineral fertilizers and agricultural products.
10. Nakhodka
Port of Nakhodka is a Russian seaport of federal significance in Nakhodka Bay and on the northwestern coast of the Sea of Japan.
Included in the largest port and transport hub in Russia Pacific Ocean"East - Nakhodka".
Includes universal marine and oil terminals in Nakhodka Bay, as well as fish terminals in Andreeva, Podyapolsky, Yuzhno-Morskaya, Gaydamak, Preobrazheniya, Moryak-Rybolov, Nazimova, Pyati Okhotnikov, Sokolovskaya bays, as well as at the mouth of the Oprichninka River.
Range of cargo: coal, oil products, containers, refrigerated cargo.
2. Sea basins and ports of the Russian Federation.
The Russian Federation is one of the leading transport powers in the world. Its shores are washed by the waters of 14 seas and three oceans. Water transport carries out domestic and foreign trade transportation. Sea transportation accounts for more than half of the volume of foreign trade cargo in Russia.
The seas washing the shores of Russia are geographically included in five sea basins:
Northern (covers the White, Barents, Kara and Laptev seas);
Baltic (Baltic Sea);
Black Sea-Azov (Black and Azov Seas);
Caspian (Caspian Sea);
Far Eastern (Japanese, Okhotsk, Bering, Chukotka, East Siberian).
They are directly adjacent to large economic regions of the country. Each of the five sea basins has a certain geographical isolation and access to world sea routes.
The main factor determining the place of the sea basin in the Russian Unified Customs Union is the development of industrial and agricultural production, as well as foreign trade in the area of gravity of the basin. The volume of transportation and cargo turnover of the fleet express the scale of transportation performed by the fleet of a particular basin.
Northern basin. Four large economic regions gravitate towards it: North-Western, Ural, West Siberian and partly East Siberian, where coastal shipping predominates. Transportation is dominated by timber cargo, coal, apatite and ore concentrates, industrial and consumer goods.
The main seaports of the basin: Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, Kandalaksha, Naryan-Mar, Dikson, Tiksi, Pevek, Dudinka.
Baltic basin. It includes the Baltic and North-Western regions directly facing the coast, as well as the Belorussian, Central region, Ural, Volga-Vyatka economic regions, with highly developed industry, agriculture and communications. Foreign trade cargo dominates the maritime cargo turnover of the ports of the Baltic Basin.
The main sea pores of the basin: St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Vyborg, Baltiysk.
Caspian basin . The Caspian Sea is connected by waterways to the Black Sea-Azov and Baltic basins. The Caspian Sea is connected by rivers to the Central, Volga-Vyatka and Ural economic regions. Transportation is carried out mainly in small cabotage (within the basin). The main seaports of the basin: Baku, Krasnovodsk, Makhachkala, Astrakhan.
There are 5 large economic regions of the CIS leading to the shores of the Caspian Sea: North Caucasus; Povolzhsky; Transcaucasian; Kazakhstani; Central Asian. The port of Astrakhan has the disadvantage of freezing; various cargoes are processed here: grain, salt, fish.
Far Eastern basin. The internal region of its gravity covers the vast territory of the Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, the Magadan Region with Chukotka, the Kamchatka and Sakhalin Regions (Far Eastern Economic Region) and adjacent areas of Eastern Siberia (East Siberian Economic Region). In small cabotage, coal, timber, oil, petroleum products, industrial and consumer goods, and fishing products are transported. In large cabotage - concentrates of non-ferrous metals. The main seaports of the basin: Nagaevo (Magadan), Nakhadka, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, Vanino, Vladivostok.
Black Sea-Azov basin . This is the leading basin in the maritime transport system, located in the South-Western part of Russia. Occupies a favorable geographical location. The basin is adjacent to the North Caucasus region, Ukraine, Georgia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Turkey. The coast of this sea basin is an area along which there are numerous recreation centers, which contributes to large passenger traffic. It has ice-free, equipped seaports. Connected with the Atlantic and Indian oceans by the Bosporus (depth - 17 m), Dardanelles (depth - 25) (the Sea of Marmara with the Mediterranean), and then the Strait of Gibraltar, Suez Canal(Red Sea) with the world ocean. On the coast of the basin there are ports: Novorossiysk - the largest in southern Russia; Tuapse; Sochi; Yeisk; Temryuk; Primorsko-Akhtarsk; Rostov-on-Don; Taganrog; Anapa; Gelendzhik.
Seaports occupy a special place in the transport system of Russia. There are 44 seaports in the Russian Federation, the main of which are: St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Novorossiysk, Tuapse, Vostochny, Vanino, Vladivostok, Nakhodka. Loading and unloading operations are performed by about 120 port complexes of various organizations.
As a result of the collapse of the USSR and changes in the nature of foreign trade, a disproportion developed between Russian port capacities and the structure of cargo turnover. Outside Russia there were specialized port complexes for transshipment of grain, coal, and chemical cargo. A significant part of Russian export cargo was exported through the ports of Ukraine and the Baltic countries.
Over the last 10 years, transshipment complexes with a total capacity of more than 27 million tons per year have been put into operation in seaports. The most important was the commissioning of the oil loading port of Primorsk, the first stage of the port of Ust-Luga, a container terminal in the port of St. Petersburg, a complex for processing mineral fertilizers in the port of Vostochny, and new berths in the port of Novorossiysk. Under construction new port Olya on the Caspian Sea. The development of ports is carried out in conjunction with the modernization of port railway stations.
As a result of the expansion of port capacities, as well as government regulatory measures, the share of Russian ports in the transportation of domestic foreign trade goods increased from 62% in 1996 to 75% in 2002. Further modernization of the port industry involves the development of capacities for liquid, chemical and bulk cargo, and significant expansion of container recycling capacity.
The activities of maritime transport in the Russian Federation are carried out on the basis of more than 200 enterprises and organizations, including 10 maritime shipping companies. 10 shipping companies, 44 seaports, and 11 ship repair yards are registered as open joint stock companies. Due to the importance of this industry for the country, the state retains control over the main infrastructure of seaports. For this purpose, since 1993, special state management bodies (seaport administrations) have been created in all seaports, into whose possession berths, breakwaters, approach channels, railway and road facilities of the ports are transferred. All these facilities are the property of the state and will be used by numerous clients. The operation of berths and terminals can be carried out by private companies.
