Taimyr is the largest peninsula of Russia and at the same time the northernmost point of the entire Eurasian continent. This peninsula, with an area of 400 thousand km², is larger in size than any European state. The entire territory of the peninsula is located beyond the Arctic Circle.
The western part of Taimyr is surrounded by the waters of the Kara Sea, the eastern part by the waters of the Laptev Sea. To the north of the peninsula is the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago, with the Putorana Plateau serving as its southern border. The northern tip forms the Chelyuskin Peninsula, ending with the cape of the same name - the northernmost point of the mainland.
- North Siberian Lowland;
- the Byrranga mountain system in the central part;
- flat coast of the Kara Sea.
Previously, Taimyr was administratively considered the territory of a separate Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets Okrug. Since 2007, after administrative reform, it was turned into a district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the largest in Russia.
How to get to Taimyr
Taimyr is a place that cannot be reached by roads or railways. The peninsula is connected to the outside world through two modes of transport: aviation and shipping.
Norilsk Airport is Taimyr's main gate to the outside world. Alykel Airport is connected by regular flights to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and other cities of Russia. You can get directly to the territory of Taimyr from Norilsk airport by flight Norilsk - Dikson, departure from Norilsk only on Wednesdays, ticket prices - from 13,300 RUB, travel time - 1 hour 30 minutes.
The second air gate of Taimyr is the village of Khatanga, the local airport accepts flights from Norilsk and Krasnoyarsk. Flights from the regional capital to Khatanga depart on Mondays and Thursdays, ticket prices start from 15,000 RUB. Travel time is 4 hours 15 minutes.
An alternative to air routes is river transport. Taimyr is connected with Krasnoyarsk by a river route along the Yenisei during the summer navigation period. For river trips, the motor ships “Alexander Matrosov” and “Valery Chkalov” are used. Flights depart every 3-4 days, ticket prices range from 10,000 to 20,000 depending on the cabin class. Port of arrival - Dudinka, travel time - 4 days, the return journey is longer by a day.
Transport
From Dudinka to the river ports of the Yenisei during the summer navigation period (end of June - mid-September), the motor ship Hansuta Yaptune departs along the route Dudinka - Ust-Port - Karaul - Nosok - Baikalovsk - Vorontsovo - Dudinka. Cost - from 2000 to 12000 RUB depending on the port of arrival and cabin class. Cargo over 36 kg is paid separately.
Outside the short period of summer navigation, the main transport on Taimyr is a helicopter. The main air harbors are located in Dudinka and in Norilsk at the Valek landing site. Flights are operated by Norilsk Avia. Most of the villages of Taimyr are connected with Dudinka and Norilsk by weekly flights, ticket prices start from 32,000 RUB. It is also possible to charter a helicopter for tourism purposes, the cost of an hour of helicopter operation is from 300,000 RUB, the route is limited only by the wishes of the customer.
Another way to travel around Taimyr is possible only in winter. In winter, tourists are often dropped off on snowmobiles and all-terrain vehicles. In summer, the use of all-terrain vehicles is prohibited, as they cause irreparable damage to the soil layer of the tundra.
And finally, the last type of transport in Taimyr, more suitable for tourist entertainment, is the traditional dog and reindeer sled (sled) for the indigenous people.
Weather and climate on the peninsula
The climate of the Taimyr Peninsula is arctic in the northern part and subarctic in the southern part. The Arctic zone includes the coast of Taimyr and adjacent islands. There is no frost-free period in this area, and the snow may not melt even during the calendar summer, that is, the climatic winter here lasts from 11.5 to 12 months. At the northernmost point of the continent at Cape Chelyuskin, the average temperature in May is -9.9 °C, June -1.3 °C, July +1.4 °C, and August +0.9 °C, which makes Cape Chelyuskin the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere at this time of year. The polar night on the cape begins in October and lasts until February, the polar day begins in May and lasts until October. Due to the influence of the world ocean, the absolute minimum here is much higher than in areas with a sharply continental climate (Verkhoyansk, Oymyakon). However, winters are still harsh - the average temperature in January and February is below -28 °C, and there are never thaws from November to March. The cape's negative temperature record is -48.8 °C, positive +24 °C.
The climate of Dikson is a little milder, since the village is located southwest of Cape Chelyuskin. The climatic winter here lasts “only” 9 months. From June to September there is a positive average monthly temperature. Snow cover melts in mid-June and sets in mid-September. The average temperature in July and August is +4.8 °C, in February -26 °C. The absolute minimum is -48.1 °C, the positive temperature record is +26.9 °C.
The subarctic belt of Taimyr can be divided into 2 zones: western and eastern. In the western zone, the climate is more humid (up to 400 mm of average annual precipitation), winters are milder, the period with positive temperatures lasts longer, but average summer temperatures are lower here.
The eastern sector is characterized by greater continentality: winters here are colder, summers are shorter, but the positive temperature record is higher. It was in this zone that the absolute minimum in Taimyr was recorded at -62 °C.
When is the best time to go to Taimyr
The tourist season in Taimyr is very short. The ideal time to visit the natural sites of the peninsula is July and August, when summer is still lasting. In September, frosts already begin in Taimyr, and winter comes in October and lasts until June. The second half of the calendar autumn (October, November), as well as March and April, are suitable for ethnographic tourism - visiting the sites of local peoples, trips on dog and reindeer sleds, etc.
Population and cities
There is not a single city on an area of 400 thousand km2. The closest city to Taimyr is Norilsk, located several tens of kilometers south of the peninsula. The entire population of Taimyr, which is about 5 thousand people, lives in villages and urban settlements. List of inhabited settlements in Taimyr according to the 2010 census:
- the village of Dikson with a population of 609 people is the northernmost settlement in Russia;
- Karaul village (801 people);
- Vorontsovo village (253 inhabitants);
- Ust-Avam village (513 inhabitants);
- village of Baykalovsk (123 inhabitants);
- Ust-Port village (338 people).
Back in 2010, there was a village called Mungui in Taimyr with 11 inhabitants, but now it is considered abandoned. Many settlements that once existed here are now deserted. Inhabited settlements lost a significant part of their inhabitants. Thus, the population of Dixon over the past 30 years has decreased by almost 10 times.
A little to the south of the peninsula there are quite large settlements through which Taimyr communicates with the outside world. These are the cities of Dudinka (21 thousand inhabitants) and Norilsk (177 thousand inhabitants) and the village of Khatanga (2645 people).
The overwhelming majority of the inhabitants of the peninsula are Nenets, Dolgans and Russians by nationality. The Nenets are the indigenous inhabitants of this area, living here since the 1st millennium AD. The Dolgans are a people of mixed origin that emerged in the 19th-20th centuries in the Taimyr region. The ethnogenesis of the Dolgans is based on the Yakuts, Evens, Evenks and tundra peasants, who united into a single community after moving to this area. Another indigenous people of Taimyr are the Nganasans, whose number is about 700 people. Russians appeared in Taimyr in the 16th-17th centuries as fur hunters and yasak collectors.
Animal and plant life
Almost the entire territory of Taimyr is located in the arctic tundra zone, only in the extreme south there is a small area of forest-tundra. In the area of the Novaya River there is an area with the northernmost forests on the planet.
In the Arctic zone of the peninsula, small shrubs grow (ledum, lingonberry, crowberry). The grass cover is scanty, there are practically no lichens and mosses. This type of vegetation in northern Taimyr brings it closer to the Arctic desert. The mountainous part of Taimyr, located to the south, is characterized by mountain tundra vegetation: mosses and lichens. Of particular value is moss - the main food of reindeer. In the southern part of the peninsula, located in the swamp tundra zone, the vegetation cover is more pronounced: here, in addition to shrubs, mosses and lichens, flowers appear: polar poppy, zharok, foxtail, zharok. There are dwarf willows and birches. In the very south of the peninsula, the natural zone changes to forest-tundra. The forest-tundra is characterized by thickets of stanza and crooked forests.
The fauna of Taimyr is quite diverse; many species of animals and birds are adapted to the harsh climate and sparse vegetation of the peninsula. On the sea coast there is a polar bear - a symbol of the Arctic. The usual inhabitants of Taimyr are various fur-bearing animals: wolverine, sable, ermine, etc. In the summer, Taimyr is the kingdom of birds; partridges, loons, geese, snowy owls and other species of birds nest here. The coastal waters are inhabited by walruses, seals, and beluga whales. The inland reservoirs of Taimyr are full of valuable species of fish, including taimen, whitefish, grayling and other salmon species.
Of particular importance for Taimyr is the tundra reindeer - the basis of life for the indigenous inhabitants of the peninsula. The wild reindeer population in Taimyr is 418 thousand individuals. The reindeer's competitor for food resources is the musk ox. Several thousand years ago, musk oxen lived here and became extinct, but since the 70s, a small population of musk oxen was brought to Taimyr; now the number of these animals on the peninsula reaches 8 thousand individuals.
Ecological situation
On the Taimyr Peninsula itself, due to the extremely small population, there are no hazardous industries, as well as industry in general. However, to the south of the peninsula is Norilsk, a large industrial center and one of the most polluted cities in the world. Emissions from the Norilsk plant and other local factories pollute the atmosphere in the southern part of the peninsula.
Another environmental problem threatening Taimyr is the discovery of new oil and gas fields on the peninsula. At the moment, Taimyr is considered one of the most promising areas for future oil and gas production. Taking into account the fact that the polar tundra is practically not restored due to anthropogenic impact, in the future this could threaten serious environmental damage for Taimyr.
To protect the fragile ecosystem of Taimyr, the Taimyr Nature Reserve, the largest in Russia, was created on the territory of the peninsula in 1979. It is designed to preserve the unique nature of the Siberian tundra with its diversity of animals and plants.
Sights of Taimyr and tourism
The severity of the climate and the sparsely populated area did not allow man to create examples of human culture in Taimyr that would be of great interest to tourists. So all the sights of Taimyr are of natural origin. To preserve the unique nature of the north, the main attractions of Taimyr have the status of protected areas. In total, there are 3 nature reserves in Taimyr: Taimyrsky, Big Arctic and Purinsky reserves. Local reserves are managed by the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Taimyr Nature Reserves”.
The Taimyr Nature Reserve was created in 1979. Currently consists of four clusters:
- “Main tundra territory”;
- "Arctic";
- forest area "Ary-Mas";
- tract "Lukunskoe".
Also under the jurisdiction of the Taimyr Nature Reserve is the complex reserve “Bikada”, designed to protect the musk ox population. Since 1995, the reserve received biosphere status from UNESCO.
The second important reserve of Taimyr is the Great Arctic Reserve, which includes seven zones:
- “Dikson-Sibiryakovsky” section with Sibiryakov Island and the continental sector in the Medusa Bay area;
- “Pyasinsky section” - the delta of the Pyasina River, the coast of the Pyasinsky Bay and adjacent islands;
- "Middendorf Bay";
- “Lower Taimyr” - the lower reaches of the Taimyr River, the coast of the Taimyr Bay and Tolya Bay;
- “Chelyuskin Peninsula” is the world’s only example of continental Arctic deserts;
- "The Nordenskiöld Archipelago", consisting of almost a hundred islands;
- "Islands of the Kara Sea".
The Purinsky Nature Reserve is located in the western part of the peninsula and has a zoological focus. The Purinsky Nature Reserve is home to 1 species of mammal (polar bear) and 8 species of rare birds included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Another reserve included in the system of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Taimyr Nature Reserves” is the Putorana Nature Reserve, located on the territory of the Putorana Plateau.
Visits to all Taimyr nature reserves are strictly regulated and can only be done with permission. One of the areas of activity of the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Taimyr Nature Reserves” is ecological and ethnographic tourism. Among the most attractive protected areas are the following natural sites:
- Byrranga Mountains - the world's northernmost continental mountain system with the highest peak "Glacier" (1146 m) and 96 glaciers;
- Lake Taimyr is the second largest lake in Siberia, second only to Lake Baikal;
- Lake Levinson-Lessing, which has a tectonic origin with depths of more than 100 meters;
- Pronchishcheva Lake and Maria Pronchishcheva Bay - an Arctic zone with a walrus rookery, a nesting area for seabirds and a polar bear habitat;
- Chelyuskin Peninsula - a territory of Arctic deserts with the extreme point of Eurasia, Cape Chelyuskin;
- the Lukunskoye and Ary-Mas tracts are the northernmost forests of the planet with thickets of Daurian larch;
- the delta of the Pyasina River and the Pyasina Bay, home to the largest colony of moulting white-fronted and other species of geese,
- Medusa Bay is another example of the Arctic desert.
Travel to tourist sites is carried out using boats, all-terrain vehicles or helicopters. Main types of tourism: photo hunting, bird watching, watching the northern lights, historical and ethnographic tourism.
History of Taimyr
Despite the severity of the climate, Taimyr was inhabited by people already 45 thousand years ago during the interglacial period, as evidenced by the findings of scientists, but after the start of the ice age they died out or were forced to leave the peninsula. During the period IV-V millennium BC. e. During warming, man appeared again in Taimyr - following the woolly mammoth retreating to the north, Mesolithic hunters came here. 3-4 thousand years ago, Mesolithic hunters were replaced by representatives of the Neolithic culture, who knew how to make perfect stone tools. A little later, the Stone Age in Taimyr gave way to the Bronze Age, as evidenced by the bronze foundry found here (1150 BC), the northernmost found on the planet. It is believed that these tribes had a common origin with the modern Yukaghir. At the end of the first millennium AD, Samoyed tribes moved to Taimyr and assimilated the local residents. It is to this linguistic group that the modern indigenous inhabitants of Taimyr - the Nenets and Nganasans - belong.
Russian colonization of Taimyr was carried out from Mangazeya, a Pomeranian city located beyond the Arctic Circle at the confluence of the Taz and Mangazeika rivers (now the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug). The Pomors entered Taimyr in the 20s of the 17th century and imposed tribute on the local Nganasan tribes. 1631 is considered the date of Taimyr’s “voluntary” entry into Russia, but the Nganasans’ resistance to the Russian colonialists continued for at least another century. Research conducted in the 20th century showed that the Pomors managed to go around Taimyr and get into the Laptev Sea back in 1618. In the 17th century, another expedition was undertaken with the goal of circumnavigating the peninsula. An expedition of 60 people sailed from Turukhansk, but none of them managed to return.
The exploration of Taimyr continued in the 18th century during several sea voyages along the northern route, which received the general name of the Great Northern Expedition. In 1736, V. Pronchishchev reached the eastern coast of Taimyr, in 1739-1741. Kh. Laptev compiled the first description of the peninsula, and in 1742 Semyon Chelyuskin discovered the northernmost point of Eurasia - Cape Chelyuskin, which was named in honor of the discoverer.
In the 19th century, the study of the northern sea route was continued by the Swedish navigator A. Nordenskiöld. In 1875, he discovered an island and bay in the western part of the peninsula, which were named in honor of Dixon, the sponsor of the expedition. Later, the settlement of Dikson was founded on the island and in the continental part of Taimyr, which became the main port of Taimyr.
The 20th century went down in the history of Taimyr as the time of industrial development of the peninsula. The entire territory of Taimyr became part of the Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets Okrug. A little south of the peninsula, Norilsk with its mining and metallurgical plant was founded. New settlements are appearing on Taimyr, and the number of inhabitants of the peninsula is reaching its highest level in history. With the collapse of the USSR, the number fell, many settlements fell into disrepair and became empty.
Tourism to Taimyr is quite an expensive pleasure, which is also associated with administrative difficulties. It is very difficult to organize an independent trip here due to the nature reserve regime of most natural sites. Therefore, it is better to contact travel companies that organize official tours to Taimyr. “Wild” tourism is almost never found in Taimyr.
Unauthorized hunting, fishing, mushroom and berry picking are strictly prohibited on the territory of protected areas due to the threat of causing irreparable damage to the Taimyr biosphere. If a permit is obtained, fishing and hunting are permitted, but not for all species. If the regime is violated, fishermen and hunters bear administrative responsibility.
During any trips to Taimyr, you need to take care of your personal safety: you need to have a spare set of dry clothes and shoes, have dry fuel for the fire, etc. Clothing should be comfortable and, most importantly, warm, since it often snows in Taimyr in the summer.
The tourist season on the peninsula, as a rule, is associated with the most dangerous local predators, which are not polar bears or polar wolves, but insects. Midges, mosquitoes and other vermin in the summer can turn a trip to Taimyr into a small branch of hell, so you must definitely acquire powerful repellents. Having a mosquito mask won't hurt either.
Conclusion
A trip to Taimyr is not only a visit to the unique natural sites of Taimyr, but also a chance to get acquainted with the culture and customs of local peoples who have lived in harmony with the harsh climate for centuries. The Taimyr Museum of Local Lore has been opened in Dudinka, introducing visitors to the local aboriginal peoples. Well, the easiest way to get acquainted with the customs of the Nenets, Nganasans and Dolgans is in the village of Ust-Avam and the village of Karaul, most of the population of which are representatives of the small peoples of the north.
The Taimyr Peninsula is a unique region of wild, virtually unaffected nature of the circumpolar north. The huge peninsula with an abundance of natural attractions for the vast majority of Russians still remains a “blank spot” on the map of the Russian Federation.
Guard- the administrative center of the rural settlement of Karaul. The approximate date of its foundation is 1616. The name first appeared on a geographical map in 1884; its origin has two versions. According to the first, the name is associated with the appearance of a tribute winter hut on Cape Karaulny with the aim of protecting the northern borders of the Russian state from the invasion of foreign sailors. According to the second version, the ancestors of the indigenous inhabitants of Taimyr, being excellent hunters, waited on this cape for deer that were crossing the Yenisei. One way or another, the name is associated with the words “guard”, “guard”, “guard”, “keep watch”. And this is eloquent evidence of the importance attached to this ancient settlement of people in the Far North.
First a tribute winter hut, then a camp for Russian merchants and industrialists, Karaul eventually becomes a rural settlement for people leading a sedentary lifestyle. F. Nansen, the famous Norwegian Arctic explorer, in his book “To the Land of the Future” gives a description of the village of Karaul at the beginning of the 19th century: “This place is an important fish trading point on the Yenisei and belongs to a rich merchant from Krasnoyarsk. He has a large, well-equipped house and a warehouse for goods.”
During the years of Soviet power, Karaul became a village, now it is a large modern village. The territory of Karaul reaches 1255 hectares, the area is hilly and ridged, swampy; There are numerous lakes and small shallow rivers. The main river is the Yenisei, the main transport artery not only of the settlement, but of the entire Taimyr municipal region.
In 1930, the first collective farm “New Life” was formed in Karaul, headed by the Nenets Vassa Lampai. V. Petrov became the first chairman of the executive committee of the regional Council of People's Deputies. The school in Karaul appeared in 1931, 14 children studied there, and in 1934 the Native House opened in Karaul.
In 1944, the publication of the newspaper “Leninsky Put” began in the village, a radio center was equipped, and a permanent power supply appeared for schools, boarding schools, hospitals, and clubs. Surgical and dental offices begin operating at the outpatient clinic.
Today, in addition to representatives of the indigenous peoples of Taimyr (Nenets, Dolgan, Nganasan and Enets), Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians, Chuvashs, Germans, Lithuanians, Azerbaijanis, Tatars, Bashkirs and Kazakhs live in Karaul.
In the village there is the administration of the rural settlement, the village Council of Deputies, and the administration of the village of Karaul. All administrative structures of the settlement are concentrated here.
Ust-Port. The village is geographically located in a very convenient location. It is located between Dudinka (110 km to the capital of the municipal district) and Karaul (70 km to the capital of the settlement).
During open water navigation, passengers and cargo are delivered to the village by self-propelled ferry and municipal vessel "Khansuta Yaptune", and in winter - along the ice road by heavy trucks in the northern version. Depending on the weather, flights of Mi-8 helicopters and An-3 aircraft are operated.
Ust-Port is one of the oldest settlements in the village of Karaul, formed in 1916 as the base of a future port in the lower reaches of the Yenisei. In 1917, two barracks, a residential building, a carpentry workshop and a forge were built here. Construction of the port ceased in 1921, but the village continued to develop. In 1930, the first school appeared (its only classroom accommodated 11 students), and a year later, on February 13, construction of the cannery was completed. By the end of the year, the plant staff produced almost 400 thousand cans of canned food of various names and varieties, including elite and gourmet foods. During these years, training of fishermen, reindeer herders, and mechanics was organized on the basis of the machine-fishing station. In 1937, a medical center was opened.
By the end of 1939, Ust-Port was a working village with a “city-forming”, as they would say today, industrial enterprise - a fish factory. In the pre-war and war years (1940-1943), thousands of Baltic citizens - Latvians, Estonians, Lithuanians, Finns, and then Volga Germans and Kalmyks - were exiled to Taimyr. Many of them, after rehabilitation at the end of the fifties, remained in Ust-Port and made a great contribution to the development of production, education, medicine and culture of the village.
Already in the 50s, there was a secondary school, a local hospital, a pharmacy and a canteen. A wide sidewalk divided the village into two halves - the coastal and upper halves. Several two-story houses appeared, with wooden paths leading to almost every house. The working day of the village began with the factory whistle; By evening, many people were coming out of the gates of the fish factory.
Kazantsevo. 45 kilometers from Ust-Port, downstream of the Yenisei, on its steep bank, stands the small, once beautiful, well-groomed and cozy village of Kazantsevo.
Low wooden houses in two rows are visible from afar. The families of fishermen A.S. live in them. Togi, G.T. Lyrmina, A.N. and E.N. Yadne, A.A. Kayarina and others - a total of nine families.
Medical care for the population is provided by a district hospital paramedic assigned to the village, who, if necessary, is called to patients by radio. Kazantsevo is only 32 kilometers away from the center of the rural settlement, so help, as a rule, arrives immediately.
Almost all residents of the village work in the fishing farm “Big Bear” by E. Sabelfeld. In winter and summer they hunt for fish, partridges and hares. The export and sale of products is carried out by the farm manager himself. He also provides fishermen-hunters with everything necessary for fishing, runs a small store where he delivers goods necessary for the residents of the village.
Kazantsev children study at the Ust-Portovskaya secondary school and live in a school boarding school.
Sock. Almost on the seventieth parallel, on the bank of the Ushakov channel, which flows into the Yenisei, stands the village of Nosok. It is difficult to name the exact date of the establishment of the village. Back in the 17th century, the first Russian merchants began to appear in these places. In those days, as throughout the entire North of Russia, they conducted barter trade with nomads. This can be judged by the ancient household utensils that have survived to this day. Many Nenets still use cast iron and copper boilers, once purchased from Russian merchants. Cast brass and copper pendants and chains are still used as decoration on women's hats; Buttons made of the same metals decorate the handbags of Nenets women. Gradually, in the place where the modern village stands, Russian settlers began to build temporary houses from driftwood.
Once upon a time there was the central estate of the collective farm, and later of the Zarya Taimyr state farm. River vessels enter the channel during summer navigation. In the lower reaches of the Yenisei it is one of the largest settlements in the region.
Reindeer herders, hunters and fishermen of the village lead a nomadic lifestyle. Their children live in the boarding school of the village secondary school, which is located in three buildings.
The rural House of Culture hosts meetings, evenings, intellectual competitions and entertainment programs. There is a tennis room for teenagers, and a billiards room for adults.
A bakery operates uninterruptedly in Nosk, providing residents of the village and tundra dwellers with fresh bread. Five stores have in their assortment all the necessary products and goods. The demand of tundra dwellers is also taken into account.
Hinkie. The Khinki trading post, like Deryabino and Yaro-Tanama, is based on the nomadic route. There was a store, a bakery and a fish receiving station here. Tundra dwellers had the opportunity to buy bread, tea, sugar, other necessary products and manufactured goods, learned news, and received mail. Fishermen handed over their catches. In the summer there were many tents around the wooden buildings.
Pelyadka. 25 kilometers from the village is the fishing point Pelyadka, where the large family of the famous fisherman-hunter Yegor Mikhailovich Yamkin lives. In the Noskovskaya tundra, the Yamkin family is known for trying to preserve the traditions, customs and culture of their people. Years pass, one generation gives way to another, but the Yamkin family still lives at the Pelyadka fishing point, preserving the language and traditions of their people.
Baikalovsk. About 120 people live in the village of Baikalovsk. The main type of employment is hunting and fishing.
The village began to be built up in 1935; previously, this deserted and deserted place was enlivened only by two fishermen’s huts and a few tents. However, Baikalovsk soon became the central estate of the “New Life” collective farm. Fishing was considered the main branch of the economy; later the number of domestic reindeer increased - at the expense of the personal herds of wealthy Nenets. The first representatives of the Soviet government had to make a lot of efforts to strengthen the collective farm system. Later, a party cell of the collective farm was organized, the members of which were well-known people in the area. For the successes achieved in the development of agriculture, the collective farm “New Life” was awarded with challenge red banners, diplomas and certificates of the regional and Central committees of the party and the Soviet government.
Mungui. Today, 32 people live in the village of Mungui - hunters and fishermen, their children and retired parents. And in 1938, the village of Mungui was the center of the “New Life” collective farm, which was successful at that time. Its chairman was delegated to the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition in Moscow for his success in agricultural production. During these years, Mungui was a lively village: its lands were famous for the abundance of fur-bearing animals, wild deer, game, and rivers and lakes for fish. For a long time, noble reindeer herders, successful fishermen, fishermen and hunters lived in Mungui and the surrounding tundra. The Munguians were among the first to create a collective farm and willingly sent young people to study, creating the first sprouts of a national intelligentsia.
Vorontsovo. The northernmost village of the rural settlement Karaul is located on a high bank at the entrance to the Yenisei Bay. The first fishing hut on the site of the current village was built by the merchant Vorobiev. In the summer, he brought goods from Dudinka on a barge and sent them down the Yenisei. All summer, Vorobyov prepared fish and meat, bought furs stored from the winter from local residents, and in the fall, towline laborers dragged his barge to Dudinka. Local residents called their “benefactor” Raven, which is why the village that grew up on this place began to be called Vorontsovo.
Children of fishermen study in junior high school, there is a House of Culture and a library, a bakery and a hospital in the village. Two commercial and municipal stores provide residents with all the necessary goods.
In the past, the Nenets, Enets, Nganasans and several Dolgan clans lived in the Vorontsov tundra. In 1931, the entire indigenous population was united into one Dolgan-Nenets nomadic council. A group of Enets later joined the Nenets collective farm “New Life” of the Malokheta nomadic council on the territory of the Munguy tundra.
At the beginning of 1936, the Nganasans and part of the Enets (Samatu) migrated to the Avam tundra and became members of the Nganasan collective farm “Pura”. The process of collectivization in the Avam tundra was difficult and was accompanied by a fierce class struggle. The rich dealt harshly with farm laborers who went over to the side of Soviet power.
Tuhard. The village of Tukhard appeared on the map of the rural settlement of Karaul relatively recently - in connection with the construction of the Messoyakha-Dudinka-Norilsk gas pipeline. However, even before the gas workers arrived, this place did not look deserted. It was called Kisly Mys. One fine day, the tundra silence was broken by the roar of heavy vehicles. Soon a tent city grew up next to the tents, and the tundra dwellers had to migrate to another place. This is how a transshipment base for Norilskgazprom arose on the shores of Bolshaya Kheta. Later, a settlement appeared here and was given the name “Tukhard” (translated from Nenets - a place where fire and fuel are produced; literally “tu” - fire, “kharad” - house, village).
Active construction of the village took place in the 70s. Many Nenets moved to live in comfortable houses. Norilskgazprom shift workers come to Tukhard from Norilsk, Dudinka, and other regions of Russia to service the gas processing complex.
One of the first construction projects in the village was a runway for receiving small aircraft of all types. It meets the needs of the village and Gazprom for air transportation.
In Tukhard there is a local hospital that successfully copes with the tasks of providing medical care not only to the village, but also to tundra nomads. A bakery and two stores supply Tukhard residents with food and manufactured goods, the post office offers communication services not only with the regional center, but also with the “mainland”. The club gathers residents for festive events, and on weekdays those interested watch videos there. The library is very popular among reindeer herders.
In 1978, the executive committee of the regional council made a decision to divide the Oktyabrsky state farm in the Ust-Yenisei region into reindeer herding and fishing farms. This is how the Tukhard reindeer herding state farm was formed.
In 1979, the tugboat Fedor Bondar opened navigation on the Bolshaya Kheta River. He delivered drilling rigs to gas producers, as well as equipment for the Tukhard state farm. Since then, diesel fuel and food have been delivered to Tukhard by boats and barges during the summer season. In winter, road transport of the OJSC Norilskgazprom enterprise is used.
In 1979, TV screens lit up in villagers’ homes: specialists from the Norilsk Radio and Television Transmission Center installed the “Ekran” installation. For more than three decades, gas workers and the indigenous residents of Tukhard have been living and working side by side, jointly solving the pressing problems of the village, sharing everyday difficulties and joys.
On May 25, 2002, the village of Tukhard, which was previously subordinate to the administration of Dudinka, was transferred to the rural settlement of Karaul.
The Taimyr Peninsula is the northernmost peninsula of Asia, located between the Yenisei Bay of the Kara Sea and the Khatanga Bay of the Laptev Sea, within the Taimyr National District (Krasnoyarsk Territory). Its extreme ledge in the north is Cape Chelyuskin; the southern border of Taimyr is the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau. Its length is about 1000 kilometers, width more than 500 kilometers. The area of the peninsula is about 400 thousand km2. The coast of Taimyr is very indented.
The Taimyr Peninsula is located far beyond the Arctic Circle, on the glaciated edge of the Great Siberian River. Taimyr is unique in many respects; it stuns the human imagination with its scale - almost 1000 km in latitude and the same in longitude!
The history of the development of Taimyr is fascinatingly interesting. Discoverers and conquerors of the North... How many legendary, sometimes tragic events are associated with these stingy, laconic words! The first Russian pioneers appeared in Taimyr at the beginning of the 17th century.
Daredevils came here for “soft junk” - furs. In 1667, a modest settlement of Dudinka arose in the northern Yenisei - now the capital of the vast Taimyr National District.
And the Great Northern Expedition of the 18th century!... The glorious names of Vasily Pronchishchev, the Laptev brothers, Semyon Chelyuskin, Fyodor Minin and many others are associated with it.
A hundred years later, the great naturalist A.F. walked through the Taimyr land. Middendorf. Later, other famous Arctic explorers visited the sea shores of Taimyr: A. Nordenskiöld, E. Toll, F. Nansen.
In 1918, another legendary polar explorer, R. Amundsen, wintered off the northern shores of Taimyr.
The great Russian explorer, the legend Nikifor Begichev, admires his exploits. Many significant events in Taimyr are associated with this fearless man. He discovered unknown islands in the Khatanga Bay, which were later named after him, actively participated in Arctic expeditions, saved them more than once, selflessly searched for and found tragically dead polar explorers. And he himself was buried in Taimyr land.
At the beginning of the 30s. polar explorers G.A. Ushakov and N.N. Urvantsev first set foot on Severnaya Zemlya and described it in detail.
Source http://www.tallom.ru/taimir/ex4.html
The Byrranga mountain range stretches across the peninsula. It is formed by a system of parallel or en-echelon chains and vast undulating plateaus. The Byrranga Mountains stretch for 1100 km and are over 200 km wide. The valleys of the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers divide the Byrranga mountains into 3 parts - western, middle and eastern with heights of 250-320 m, 400-600 m and 600-1000 m (the highest height is 1146 m). They are composed of rocks of Precambrian and Paleozoic age, among which traps (igneous rocks folded in the form of steps) play an important role.
The climate in the mountains is cold, sharply continental (average January temperatures -30°C, -33°C, July 2°C, 10°C). Spring begins in June, and in August average daily temperatures drop below 0°C. Precipitation ranges from 120 to 400 mm per year. In the east there are glaciers (with a total area of over 50 km2). The mountains are covered with vegetation typical of the rocky arctic tundra; Mosses and lichens predominate.
Lake Taimyr is connected to the Taimyr River. Before flowing into the lake it is called Upper Taimyr (length 567 km), and upon leaving it - Lower Taimyr (187 km). Lake Taimyr is the world's northernmost real large lake. It is located far beyond the Arctic Circle, at the foot of the Byrranga Mountains. The northernmost point of the lake is located at 76 degrees north latitude. The lake is covered with ice most of the year (from late September to June). The water temperature in August rises to +8°C, in winter - slightly above zero.
There are many islands near the coast of the peninsula. These islands are partly low, partly high, round in shape, steep, rocky, some of them have small glaciers. The coastal capes are partly low-lying and partly rocky. The shores of the peninsula itself are also steep in places, falling steeply into the sea that washes them, in places they are low and sloping, although not far from these low shores there are mountains consisting of horizontally lying layers of sedimentary rocks.
To the east of Cape Chelyuskin, a mountainous country adjoins the seashore, then a lowland extends for a considerable distance, and then again a mountainous country appears with low-lying and gently sloping shores between it and the sea. The sea near the coast of the peninsula is generally shallow; in some places there are extensive shallows. The sea is accessible to navigation almost every summer in July and August, although there are small ice fields and significant hummocks and stamuki (single ice blocks).
There is no doubt that the area of the peninsula was once the seabed. Middendorf found sea shells near the Lower Taimyr River that currently live in the Arctic Ocean. The northernmost part of the peninsula is covered with snow almost all year round. Summer here lasts no longer than 6 weeks, and even during this time there are snowstorms. The peninsula is covered with tundra, with the exception of the southern part. The first studies of the Taimyr Peninsula, or rather its coastline, were carried out in the 40s of the 18th century by Russian scientists: Sterlegov, Laptev, Pronchishchev, Chekin and Chelyuskin, in the 40s of the 19th century by academician Middendorf, and the shores of the peninsula and the surrounding sea were explored by Nordenskiöld in 1878 and Nansen in 1893.
Source: http://geography.kz/slovar/tajmyr/
The Taimyr State Nature Reserve was created on February 23, 1979 by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. Due to organizational difficulties, it began to really function in 1985.
The Taimyr Nature Reserve has a cluster nature and consists of 4 sections - the Main tundra territory in the Khatanga and Dikson regions of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug, the Ary-Mas, Lukunsky and Arctic sections and a protective zone in the Khatanga region of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug. The reserve's areas cover more than 4 degrees of latitude and represent forest-tundra zones, subzones of southern, typical and arctic plain tundras, as well as mountain tundras of the Byrranga Mountains and the marine area of the Laptev Sea bays.
The main purpose of organizing the reserve was to preserve and study natural lowland and mountain tundra ecosystems in the Main Tundra Territory and the world's northernmost forests in the Ary-Mas and Lukunsky areas. Particular attention was also paid to the protection of the Russian endemic red-breasted goose and the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.
In 1995, by decision of the UNESCO MAB, the Taimyr Nature Reserve received biosphere status. There is a partnership agreement with NP "Schleswig-Holstein Vattenmeer" (Germany, the Netherlands). Directly near the western border of the reserve there is a wetland of international importance "Gorbita River Delta", the lower reaches of the river. Upper Taimyr is included in the promising list of the Ramsar Convention.
The reserve has a Museum of Ethnography and Nature, where collections of cultural and everyday life objects of the indigenous peoples of Taimyr are collected, various exhibitions on the nature of the reserve are held, there is a paleontological collection, and videos are shown. The museum provides classes for schoolchildren.
Over the course of a year, the museum is visited by up to a thousand people - local residents, specialists who come to work in the reserve, tourists. Along the boundaries of the reserve there are 2 tourist routes, “Birranga Mountains” and “In the Footsteps of N.N. Urvantsev,” which, due to the very high cost of transport, are visited almost exclusively by foreign tourists.
ingwardust.narod.ru,
