district center (according to the law of the PMR)
Rybnitsa(Moldo. Rîbnița, Ukrainian. Ribnitsa) - a city in Transnistria on the left bank of the Dniester River, near a tributary of Rybnitsa, 110 km from and 120 km from. Railroad station. The administrative center of the Rybnitsa region of the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic.
Story
The first information about settlement in the city dates back to the first half of the 15th century. One of the first mentions of Rybnitsa dates back to 1628, when it was marked as a settlement on the map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. There are several versions about the origin of the city's name. According to one of them, it comes from the name of the river of the same name, Sukhaya Rybnitsa, at the mouth of which, at the confluence with the Dniester, the settlement was founded. According to the second - named after the boyar Rydvan, who, having risen to the rank of colonel among the Turks, “remembering the fat pork of his places” - decides to flee to the left bank of the Dniester, under the arm of the Polish king. Soon a wooden fortress is erected and a settlement called Rydvanets arises. This fact is mentioned in the book of the Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi, who visited these parts with an army in 1656-1657.
Local residents raised fish in blocked reservoirs along the Rybnitsa River. One pond was located in the Pushkin area, the second was on Zarechnaya, and the third was in a recreation area. They took turns releasing water, collecting fish and selling it to visiting merchants. That’s how the merchants quietly renamed Rydvanets to Rybnitsa. This settlement was part of the kingdom.
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, this territory was transferred to Russia, and from 1797 until the October Revolution, Rybnitsa was part of the Molokishsky volost of the Baltic district of the Podolsk province. At the end of the 19th century, a railway was built through the city. Since 1893, regular shipping has been established on the Dniester. In 1898, the first sugar factory in the Podolsk province was built with the first electric generating unit in the region.
In 1924, Rybnitsa became an urban-type settlement and a regional center of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1926, 9.4 thousand inhabitants lived in Rybnitsa (38.0% Jews, 33.8% Ukrainians, 16.0% Moldovans). On October 20, 1938, Rybnitsa acquired the status of a city. In 1941-42, the remaining Jewish population of Rybnitsa was brutally tortured by the Romanian and German occupiers. A memorial sign was erected at the site of the execution of 500 Rybnitsa residents.
On December 19, 1962, the city of Rybnitsa was classified as a city of republican subordination of the Moldavian SSR. In 1991, the status was lost.
During the existence of the MSSR, the city operated plants: sugar-alcohol, wine-making, bakery, cement-slate, metallurgical, etc., factories: reinforced concrete structures and building parts, pumping, butter, etc., knitting and linen factory. The population in 1975 was 39.9 thousand inhabitants, and in 1991 - already 62.9 thousand people. By 2005, the population increased to 67.3 thousand people.
Economy
View of Rybnitsa
Rybnitsa has an advantageous transport and geographical location. The city is located on the left bank of the Dniester and is separated from the river by a concrete dam. There is a large reservoir near the city. In the surrounding area there are significant reserves of minerals - raw materials for the production of building materials.
Rybnitsa is a large manufacturing and industrial center. There are 408 enterprises in the city, of which 64 are state-owned, 43 are municipal, 254 are limited liability companies and private firms. Here is located the oldest (1898) sugar factory in Transnistria (although little remains of it, the sugar factory is in complete decline and has not been operating since 2003), a distillery, a metallurgical and cement-slate plant, two all-Union construction sites, a centrifugal pump plant. After the construction of the reservoir and the flooding of the lower part of the city, the center was redeveloped, and the city is now dominated by multi-story buildings. There is a pier and a railway station. A recreation area has been located near the reservoir since 1955.
Rybnitsa from the Rezina side. 2010
The Moldavian Metallurgical Plant was put into operation in 1985, now it produces 1 million tons of steel and 1 million rolled products per year, employing 3,000 people. The plant was awarded Diamond and Gold Stars for product quality. The plant's production volume is about 276 million dollars (52% of the total production volume of the PMR and 65% of exports), its share in the PMR budget is 15.5% (22.2 million dollars).
The production volume of all other enterprises in the city is about 10 million dollars, or together with MMZ - 286 million dollars (54% of PMR's production).
For comparison: - 177 million dollars (33.5%), - 43 million dollars (8%)
Population
The population of the city as of January 1, 2014 was 47,949 residents, in 2010 - 50.1 thousand people.
Ethnic composition of the city (according to the 2004 census):
| People | quantity, people |
% from Total |
% from indicating- shih |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ukrainians | 24898 | 46,41 % | 50,10 % |
| Russians | 11738 | 21,88 % | 23,62 % |
| Moldovans | 11235 | 20,94 % | 22,61 % |
| Poles | 500 | 0,93 % | 1,01 % |
| Belarusians | 328 | 0,61 % | 0,66 % |
| Bulgarians | 220 | 0,41 % | 0,44 % |
| Jews | 166 | 0,31 % | 0,33 % |
| Germans | 106 | 0,20 % | 0,21 % |
| Gagauz | 96 | 0,18 % | 0,19 % |
| other | 571 | 1,06 % | 1,15 % |
| indicated | 49693 | 92,63 % | 100,00 % |
| not specified | 3955 | 7,37 % | |
| Total | 53648 | 100,00 % |
Transport
Bus station
The main type of transport is automobile. There is also a railway.
There was a cargo cable car across the Dniester that connected Rybnitsa with the Moldovan village of Chorna. The road was dismantled in September 2014.
Social sector
In the field of education, there are 12 schools, 1 educational institution of primary and secondary vocational education (GOU SPO “Rybnitsa Polytechnic College”) and 3 higher educational institutions, including: a branch of the Pridnestrovian State University named after. T. G. Shevchenko, branch of the North-Western Correspondence Technical University in St. Petersburg (closed) and the Consultation Center of the Tiraspol branch of the Moscow Academy of Economics and Law.
The development of physical culture and sports is ensured by 4 children's and youth sports schools, 150 sports facilities, including 37 gyms, 2 swimming pools and 92 flat sports facilities.
Three Russian-language city newspapers are published in Rybnitsa - the official "Novosti" (circulation 2,500 copies), independent "Good Day" and "Good Evening" (circulation - 6,500 copies each). The republican newspaper “Gomin” is published here in Ukrainian (circulation - 2,000 copies).
There are 2 hotels in the city: “Tiras” with 250 beds and “Metallurg” with 50 beds, many restaurants and cafes. In the lower part of the city on the banks of the Dniester there is the MMZ sanatorium-preventorium.
Memorial of Military Glory. In the background on the right is St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral
In 1975, the 24-meter-high Military Glory Memorial was built (designed by V. Mednek). Two paired reinforced concrete pylons are lined with white marble; at the foot, the names of the liberators of the city and region are carved on 12 granite slabs (restored in 2010). In the prisoner of war camp, the Nazis killed 2,700 Soviet soldiers, in May-June 1943, about 3,000 Ukrainians from Rybnytsia were evicted near Ochakov, about 3,000 people died of typhus in the Jewish ghetto and more than 4,000 Rybnytsia residents died on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War - such were the losses of the small Transnistrian cities.
The main current attraction of the city is the St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral - the largest in Transnistria and it took about 15 years to build and was opened on November 21, 2006. The bells are placed on the third tier, in the center there is a large “Blagovest” bell weighing 100 pounds, around it there are 10 more bells, the smallest of which weighs only 4 kg. The bells for the cathedral belfry were cast at the Moscow joint-stock company "Litex".
In addition to the Archangel Michael Cathedral itself, which can simultaneously accommodate about 2 thousand parishioners, a large, 3-story parish house will be built on the territory of the temple complex, which will house a library, a dining room, a parish school and the rector’s chambers.
Nearby attractions
Customs post on the bridge over the Dniester between Rybnitsa and Rezina
Kalaur Gorge in Rashkovo
After the victory of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd on the Sinyukha River, Podolia was given to his nephew Fedor Koriatovich. He ordered the construction of the Kalaur castle over the narrow gorge around the bend of the river, on the border of Lithuania and Moldova, which was completely ready by the end of the 14th century. During the marriage of B. Khmelnitsky’s son, Timosh, and the daughter of the Moldavian ruler V. Lupu, Ruksanda, the newlyweds received this castle as a gift from B. Khmelnitsky, but it has not survived to this day. The ancient church of St. will tell us about the Polish presence. Cajetana in Raškov, built in 1749 (Baroque) by the Polish magnate Stanisław Lubomirski (1704-93). The two towers are decorated with pilasters of the Ionic and Tuscan order. Art. Since 1764, Lubomirski became the voivode of Bratslav, his residence was Szargorod, but many palaces belonged to the Lubomirskis throughout Poland (Warsaw, Rzeszow, Przemysl). The treasures of Tatar silver and Swedish coins found here, as well as the ruins of a huge synagogue with a secret staircase in the wall, tell about the former glory of Rashkov in the Middle Ages.
Nature reserve and Trinity Monastery in Saharna
The Saharna Nature Reserve is located on the right bank of the Dniester, 10 km from the city, includes a gorge 5 km long and 170 meters deep, many springs and a forest dominated by oak, hornbeam, and acacia with an area of 670 hectares. The Saharna stream forms 22 waterfalls along its path, the largest of which falls from a height of four meters. The steep slopes are cut by ravines, and in the early morning the gorge is shrouded in fog and, as legend says, a person can disappear in it forever...
Trinity Monastery (1776) is hidden in a gorge and is located, as it were, in a large shell. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Church of the Annunciation was carved into a 15-meter rock, in which hermit monks lived and now the relics of St. Macarius are located there. In the upper courtyard, the summer Trinity Church was built in 1821 - the interior has an impressive dome on a high drum, the interior space opens upward with great energy. And where the Virgin Mary’s foot once set foot, and her imprint remained, a chapel has now been built.
Assumption rock monastery in Tsypovo
Carved into a giant cliff, this is the most significant of the rock complexes, located 20 km south of Rybnitsa on the right bank of the Dniester. The middle part of the monastery was carved in the Middle Ages and had a system of protective passages; a narrow path over the abyss led to small cells, protecting the inhabitants from dashing strangers. The caves were cut down from trees growing nearby, and when the trees were cut down, entry into the caves was possible only by rope ladders, which were raised up in case of danger. At the end of the 18th century, the threat of raids had passed, the approaches were improved, the cells were expanded and a church building was created. “Entirely hidden in the rock, the monastery from the Dniester looks like a white massif of limestone in the middle of the mountain with dark window openings. At different times of the day, it has different appearances: it is unusually picturesque in the morning, when the façade, colored by the sunrise, echoes its counterpart in the river surface from a height of fifty meters. Graphically clearly depicted in the rays of the midday sun, marked by sharp shadows from overhanging blocks of stone. Poetic in the evening, when the mysteriously faded, barely visible on the shadowed mountain, along with it, an unclear reflection, falls into the waters of the Dniester.” (D. Goberman)
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| Memorial to those killed during the Great Patriotic War | View of Rybnitsa (to the Valchenko microdistrict) | Residential buildings |
Honorary citizens
According to the official website. Updated February 8, 2017"- Babarykin, Viktor Nikolaevich
- Kamyshnikov, Pyotr Ivanovich
- Kozlova, Nadezhda Gerasimovna
- Fomin, Anatoly Pavlovich
- Yablonsky, Ivan Antonovich
- Bondarevskaya, Natalya Danilovna
- Broznitsky, Nikolai Ivanovich
- Klischevsky, Zakhar Avdeevich
- Korsak, Mikhail Mikhailovich
- Mamalyga, Ivan Alekseevich
- Marchenko, Nina Petrovna
- Popov, Nikodim Khrisantovich
- Shurpa, Andrey Avksentievich
- Chernenko, Ivan Petrovich
- Chebotar, Efim Karpovich
- Goncharuk, Boris Ivanovich
- Tereshin, Yuri Pavlovich
- Vlasyuk, Efim Alekseevich
- Belitchenko, Anatoly Konstantinovich
- Palagnyuk, Boris Timofeevich
- Gonchar, Vladimir Alexandrovich
- Klementyev, Vasily Alexandrovich
- Platonov, Yuri Mikhailovich
- Serdtsev, Nikolai Ivanovich
- Zheltov, Mikhail Mikhailovich
Twin Cities
Kaushansky and regions of Moldova. In fact, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is an unrecognized state, most of whose declared territory is not controlled by Moldova.
Topographic maps
- Map Sheet L-35-10. Scale: 1: 100,000. State of the area in 1986. 1988 edition
- Map Sheet L-35-11 Slobodka. Scale: 1: 100,000. State of the area in 1984. 1987 edition
Links
- Official website of the Rybnitsa city and district Council of People's Deputies
- Official website of the State Administration of the city of Rybnitsa and Rybnitsa region
- Information and entertainment portal of the city of Rybnitsa
- Rybnitsa. Info - independent news portal
- Website of the Rybnitsa branch of the Pridnestrovian State University. T. G. Shevchenko
- Map of Rybnitsa and surroundings
- Website of the cinema "Enigma" Rybnitsa
In the modern world there are quite a few unrecognized or partially recognized Transnistria. It is a tiny country of uncertain status, located in the south-eastern part of Europe. This article will help you find out which cities belong to Transnistria, and will also tell you a lot of interesting information about them.
Transnistria: a short essay on an unrecognized state
Transnistria (officially abbreviated as PMR) is a narrow strip of land between the Dniester and the territory of Ukraine. De jure these territories belong to Moldova. De facto, there is a self-governing republic here, but not recognized by the world community, which declared its independence in 1990. Today, the situation with the Transnistrian region is classified in European politics as a “frozen conflict.”
The area of modern Transnistria is tiny even compared to miniature Moldova (just over 4,000 sq. km). About 500 thousand people live within the republic (of this number, approximately 70% live in cities). The ethnic structure of the population is dominated by three peoples: Moldovans, Ukrainians and Russians.
The PMR inherited a number of large industrial enterprises from the Soviet economy. Among them are the Moldavian State District Power Plant, metallurgical and textile plants, and a cognac factory. Large cities of Transnistria actively trade with the European Union. True, all products produced in the republic are marked with the Made in Moldova mark.
In conclusion of our short story about Transnistria, some interesting facts about this territorial entity:
- The PMR is the only country in the world whose flag and coat of arms depict the main Soviet attributes (sickle, hammer and five-pointed star);
- in Transnistria there are embassies of two other unrecognized states - Abkhazia and South Ossetia;
- the cities of Transnistria are distinguished by their neatness, well-groomedness and cleanliness, which is often compared with that of Belarus;
- in the Transnistrian city of Bendery, another Ukrainian hetman died here in 1710, presented to the public the first constitution in Europe;
- the two largest cities of the republic (Bendery and Tiraspol) are connected by one of the few intercity trolleybus lines in Europe with a length of 13 kilometers;
- there are offices of the United Russia political party in Transnistria;
- The Transnistrian ruble in 2012-2015 was recognized as the strongest currency in the post-Soviet space.
The story of one war
The collapse of the USSR intensified separatist movements and with renewed vigor ignited a number of conflicts in different parts of the vast empire. One of these hot spots was the left bank of the Dniester.
In the early 1990s, the conflict between the newly created Moldovan authorities and the Transnistrian nomenklatura elite intensified significantly. The Pridnestrovians did not want to be part of Moldova, fearing rapprochement with Romania.
The conflict entered the phase of open military confrontation in the spring of 1992. In March, Moldova decided to restore its power over the rebellious left bank of the Dniester by force. However, units of the 14th Russian Army, as well as guardsmen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, took the side of the Pridnestrovians. Therefore, the Moldovans failed to establish control over Transnistria, and the Dniester River very quickly turned into a front line.
The culmination of this war was the battle for the city of Bendery. In July 1992, armed detachments of Transnistrian troops, supported by Russian tanks, crossed the Dniester and gained a foothold in Bendery. A real massacre began on the streets of the city, claiming the lives of 600 people. After this battle, the parties began to look for ways to peacefully resolve the conflict and finally signed a peace agreement in Moscow.
Overall, about 1,200 people died in the Transnistrian conflict.
Cities of Transnistria
Administratively, the territory of the PMR is divided into 5 districts. There are 8 cities within the unrecognized state (they are listed from north to south):
- Kamenka;
- Rybnitsa;
- Dubossary;
- Grigoriopol;
- capital Tiraspol;
- Bendery;
- Slobodzeya;
- border city of Dnestrovsk.
Transnistria also has a number of disputed territories and territories with dual status. These include several villages (Koshnitsa, Pyryta, Dorotskoye, etc.), the Varnitsa microdistrict in Bendery and the village of Korzhevo in Dubossary.
Almost the capital - the city of Tiraspol
Transnistria, like any other country in the world, has its own capital. This is the city of Tiraspol. Although it is very difficult for a person from the post-Soviet space to imagine a capital with a population of 130 thousand people. Nevertheless, the “metropolitan character” is felt here. The quiet, provincial streets of Tiraspol are distinguished by a certain solidity, and in the massive public buildings one can feel the “spirit of power,” although not recognized by anyone.
The government and parliament of the PMR are located in Tiraspol. In addition, the city is an important historical and cultural center not only of Transnistria, but also of the whole of Moldova.
The name Tiraspol is translated from Greek very simply and clearly - “city on the Dniester”. It is indeed located on the left bank of the largest Eastern European river, just six kilometers from the border with Ukraine. The city was founded in 1792. It was at this time that, by order of Suvorov, the construction of a fortress began here. In 1806, Tiraspol became a district center within the Kherson province, and between the two world wars it managed to become the center of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
Modern Tiraspol is quite pleasant. Its center is clean, tidy, wide sidewalks, neat flower beds and a large number of rare (Soviet) artifacts.
There are few tourist attractions in the capital of the PMR. These include the old fortress (late 18th century), the Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ (2000), and the chic and pompous House of Soviets, built in the 50s. In addition, tourists in Tiraspol love to visit the modern sports complex “Sheriff”, which occupies a huge area of 65 hectares.
Bendery is the most tourist city in Transnistria
Very few cities in Transnistria can boast of constant visits from tourists from near and far abroad. Bendery is one of them. If travelers decide to go to the PMR, then they definitely stop by this city.
The city of Bendery is the second largest and most populous in the republic. And the first in the number of historical and architectural monuments. Many beautiful buildings from the 19th and 20th centuries have been preserved in the city center. But the main tourist attraction in Bendery is the ancient and perfectly preserved Turkish fortress. By the way, part of the citadel is still occupied by an active military unit.
Along with traditional architectural monuments, there are quite a lot of “monuments” of the 1992 war in Bendery. For example, they decided not to restore the walls of the city hall, damaged by shell fragments. Traces of the war can still be seen on its facades today.
Rybnitsa - industrial center of Transnistria
In the north of the unrecognized country, surrounded by the picturesque hills of the Podolsk Upland, lies the city of Rybnitsa. Transnistria owes much of its powerful industrial complex to this city. Rybnitsa provides about half of the revenues to the PMR budget, as well as about 60% of the republic’s exports. There are over 400 different enterprises operating here.
From a tourism point of view, the city is not very remarkable. Among the local attractions are the large-scale Victory Memorial, the Cathedral of the Archangel Michael (the largest in the PMR), as well as a magnificent (in terms of historical value) cemetery. Another highlight of Rybnitsa is the abandoned cable car (for industrial purposes), spectacularly hovering over the Dniester.
Kamenka - the resort pearl of Transnistria
If the title of tourist mecca of the republic rightfully belongs to Bendery, then the city of Kamenka can safely be called the “recreational capital” of the unrecognized state. Transnistria really can boast of a pretty good resort, which has been known since the 1870s. The city of Kamenka is located in the far north of the PMR, at the confluence of the river of the same name into the Dniester. Unique natural and climatic conditions have formed here: a rocky, almost mountainous ridge reliably shelters the city from cold winds, providing the Transnistrian resort with a long summer and a fairly mild winter.
Only 9 thousand people live in Kamenka. The foundation of the local economy is agriculture and resorts. The city has the most famous sanatorium in the republic, “Dniester”, designed for the simultaneous recovery of 450 people. Kamenka is also famous for its aromatic and very tasty grapes and, accordingly, excellent wine.
Dnestrovsk is the energy heart of the republic
The city of Dnestrovsk is located in the extreme south of the PMR, in close proximity to the Ukrainian border. This is where the largest power plant in the republic is located. The electricity generated here is even exported (to Moldova and Ukraine).
By chance, the Moldavian State District Power Plant was built in 1964 on the left bank of the river. If this had not happened, the economic independence of the unrecognized republic would now be in question. Today the city is home to about 10 thousand people. Most of the population of Dnestrovsk works at the local power plant.
Here is a map of Rybnitsa with streets → Transnistria, Moldova. We study a detailed map of Rybnitsa with house numbers and streets. Search in real time, weather today, coordinates
More details about the streets of Rybnitsa on the map
A detailed map of the city of Rybnitsa with street names will be able to show all the routes and roads where the street is located. Industrial and Lazo. Located near.
To view the territory of the entire region in detail, it is enough to change the scale of the online diagram +/-. On the page there is an interactive map of the city of Rybnitsa with addresses and routes of the microdistrict. Move its center to find now Gvardeyskaya and Kirova streets.
The ability to plot a route across the country and calculate the distance using the “Ruler” tool, find out the length of the city and the path to its center, addresses of attractions, transport stops and hospitals (the “Hybrid” scheme type), look at train stations and borders.
You will find all the necessary detailed information about the location of the city's infrastructure - stations and shops, squares and banks, highways and highways.
An accurate satellite map of Ribnitsa with Google search is in its own section. Use Yandex search to show the house number on the folk map of a city in Transnistria (Moldova)/the world, in real time.
Kharitonovna Kilivnik
district center (according to the law of the PMR)
Rybnitsa(Mold. Ribnita, Rybnitsa, Rybnitsa; Ukrainian Ribnitsa) is a city in Transnistria on the left bank of the Dniester River, 130 km from Chisinau and Tiraspol. Railway station. The administrative center of the Rybnitsa region of the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic.
Municipal composition: Ukrainians, Russians, Moldovans, etc. Population - 50.1 thousand people (2010).
Story
The first information about a settlement in the area of the city dates back to the first half of the 15th century. One of the first mentions of Rybnitsa dates back to 1628, when it was marked as a settlement on the map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. There are a number of versions about the origin of the city's name. According to one of them, it came from the name of the river of the same name, Sukhaya Rybnitsa, at the mouth of which, at the confluence with the Dniester, the settlement was founded. According to the second - named after the nobleman Rydvan, who, having risen to the rank of colonel among the Turks, “remembering the fatty pork of his personal places” - decides to flee to the left bank of the Dniester, under the arm of the Polish king. Soon a tree fortress is built and a settlement called Rydvanets arises. This fact is mentioned in the book of the Turkish traveler Evliya Celebi, who visited these parts with an army in 1656-1657.
Local residents raised fish in blocked reservoirs along the Rybnitsa River. One pond was located in the Pushkin area, the second was on Zarechnaya, and the third was in a recreation area. They alternately released water, collected fish and sold it to visiting merchants. That’s how the merchants quietly renamed Rydvanets to Rybnitsa. This settlement was part of the Kingdom of Poland.
In 1793, as a result of the second partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, this territory was transferred to the Russian Federation, and from 1797 until the October Revolution, Rybnitsa was part of the Molokishsky volost of the Baltic district of the Podolsk province. At the end of the 19th century, a railway was built through the city. Since 1893, systematic navigation has been established on the Dniester. In 1898, the first sweet factory in the Podolsk province was built with the first electric generating unit in the region.
In 1924, Rybnitsa became an urban-type settlement and a regional center of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1926, 9.4 thousand inhabitants lived in the city (38.0% were Jews, 33.8% were Ukrainians, 16.0% were Moldovans). In 1938, Rybnitsa acquired the status of a city. In 1941-42, the remaining Jewish population of Rybnitsa was brutally tortured by the Romanian and German occupiers. A memorial sign was erected at the site of the execution of 500 Rybnitsa residents.
During the existence of the MSSR, the city operated plants: sugar-alcohol, wine-making, bakery, cement-slate, metallurgical, etc., factories: reinforced concrete structures and building parts, pumping, butter, etc., knitting and linen factory. The population in 1975 was 39.9 thousand inhabitants, and in 1991 - already 62.9 thousand people. By 2005, the population increased to 67.3 thousand people.
Economy
View of Rybnitsa
Rybnitsa has an advantageous transport and geographical location. The city is located on the left bank of the Dniester and is separated from the river by a concrete dam. There is a huge reservoir near the city. In the surrounding area there are important reserves of suitable minerals - raw materials for the production of building materials.
Rybnitsa is a huge manufacturing and industrial center. There are 408 companies operating in the city, of which 64 are urban, 43 are urban, 254 are limited liability companies and private firms. Here is located the oldest (1898) sugar factory in Transnistria and Moldova (although not much remains of it, the sugar factory is in complete decline and has not been operating since 2003), a distillery, a metallurgical and cement-slate plant, two all-Union construction projects, a centrifugal plant pumps As a result of the construction of the reservoir and the flooding of the lower part of the city, the center was redeveloped, and at the moment the city is dominated by high-rise buildings. There is a pier and a railway station. A recreation area has been located near the reservoir since 1955.
Rybnitsa from the Rezina side. 2010
The Moldavian Metallurgical Plant was put into operation in 1985, currently it produces 1 million tons of steel and 1 million rolled products per year, employing 3,000 people. The plant was awarded Diamond and Gold Stars for product quality. The plant's production volume is about 276 million dollars (52% of the total production volume of the PMR and 65% of exports), its share in the PMR budget is 15.5% (22.2 million dollars).
The production volume of all other companies in the city is about 10 million dollars, or together with MMZ - 286 million dollars (54% of PMR's production).
For comparison: Tiraspol - 177 million dollars (33.5%), Bendery - 43 million dollars (8%)
Transport
Bus station
The main type of transport is automatic. The railway is still in operation.
Social sector
In the field of education there are 12 schools, 2 vocational schools and 3 higher educational institutions, including: a branch of the Transnistrian City University named after. T. G. Shevchenko, branch of the North-Western Correspondence Technical University in St. Petersburg and Consultation Center of the Tiraspol branch of the Moscow Academy of Economics and Law.
Restaurant "Khortitsa"
The development of physical culture and sports is ensured by 4 children's and youth sports schools, 150 sports facilities, including 37 gyms, 2 swimming pools and 92 flat sports facilities.
There are 3 Russian-language city newspapers published in Rybnitsa - the official “Novosti” (circulation 2,500 copies), the sovereign “Good Day” and “Good Evening” (circulation - 6,500 copies each). The republican newspaper “Gomin” is published here in Ukrainian (circulation - 2,000 copies).
There are 2 hotels in the city: “Tiras” with 250 beds and “Metallurg” with 50 beds, a huge number of restaurants and cafes. In the lower part of the city on the banks of the Dniester there is the MMZ sanatorium-preventorium.
Memorial of Military Glory. In the background on the right is St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral
In 1975, the 24-meter-high Military Glory Memorial was built. (project creator V. Mednek). 2 paired reinforced concrete pylons are lined with white marble; at the foot, the names of the liberators of the city and region are carved on 12 granite slabs (restored in 2010). In the prisoner of war camp, the Nazis killed 2,700 Russian soldiers, in May-June 1943, about 3,000 Ukrainian Rybnitsa residents were evicted near Ochakov, about 3,000 people died of typhus in the Jewish ghetto and 3,650 Rybnitsa residents died on the fronts of the Second World War - such are the losses of the not-so-huge Transnistrian city .
St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral
The main current attraction of the city is the St. Michael the Archangel Cathedral - the largest in Transnistria and Moldova, it took about 15 years to build and was opened on November 21, 2006. The bells are placed on the 3rd tier, in the center there is a huge “Blagovest” bell weighing 100 pounds, around it there are 10 more bells, the smallest of which weighs only 4 kg. The bells for the cathedral belfry were cast at the Capital Joint Stock Company "Litex".
In addition to the Archangel Michael Cathedral itself, which can accommodate about 2 thousand parishioners at one time, a huge, 3-story parish house will be built on the site of the temple complex, which will house a library, a dining room, a parish school and the rector’s chambers.
Nearby attractions
Customs post on the bridge over the Dniester between Rybnitsa and Rezina
Kalaur Gorge in Rashkovo
After the victory of the Lithuanian prince Olgerd on the Sinyukha River, Podolia was given to his nephew Fedor Koriatovich. He ordered to build the Kalaur castle over the narrow gorge around the bend of the river, on the border of Lithuania and Moldova, which was almost completely ready by the end of the 14th century. During the marriage of B. Khmelnitsky’s son, Timosh, and the daughter of the Moldavian ruler V. Lupu, Ruksanda, the newlyweds received this castle as a gift from B. Khmellnitsky, but, unfortunately, it has not survived to this day. The ancient church of St. will tell us about the Polish presence. Cajetana in Raškov, built in 1749 (Baroque) by the Polish magnate Stanisław Lubomirski (1704-93). The two towers are decorated with pilasters of the Ionic and Tuscan order. Art. In 1764, Lyubomirsky became the voivode of Bratslav, his residence was Shargorod, but a huge number of palaces belonged to the Lyubomirskys throughout Poland (Warsaw, Rzeszow, Przemysl). The treasures of Tatar silver and Swedish coins found here, as well as the ruins of a huge synagogue with a secret staircase in the wall, speak about the former glory of Rashkov in the Middle Ages.
Nature reserve and Trinity Monastery in Saharna
The Saharna Nature Reserve is located on the right bank of the Dniester, 10 km from the city, includes a gorge 5 km long and 170 meters deep, a huge number of springs and a forest with a predominance of oak, hornbeam, and acacia with an area of 670 hectares. The Saharna stream forms 22 waterfalls along its path, the largest of which falls from a four-meter height. The steep slopes are cut by ravines, and early in the morning the gorge is shrouded in fog and, as legend says, a person can disappear in it forever... Trinity Monastery (1776) is hidden in the gorge and is located as if in a huge shell. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Annunciation Church was carved into a 15-meter mountain, in which hermit monks lived and at the moment the relics of St. Macarius are located there. In the upper courtyard, the summer Trinity Church was built in 1821 - the interior has an impressive dome on a high drum, the interior is opened upward with enormous energy. And where the Virgin Mary’s foot once set foot and her imprint remained, a chapel has now been built.
Assumption rock monastery in Tsypovo
Carved into a very large cliff, this is the most significant of the rock complexes, located 20 km south of Rybnitsa on the right bank of the Dniester. The middle part of the monastery was carved in the Middle Ages and had a system of protective passages; a narrow path over the abyss led to the not very large cells, protecting the inhabitants from dashing strangers. The caves were cut down from trees growing nearby, and when the trees were cut down, entry into the caves was possible only by rope ladders, which were raised up in case of danger. At the end of the 18th century, the threat of raids had passed, the approaches were improved, the cells were expanded and a church building was created. “Entirely hidden in the mountain, the monastery from the Dniester looks like a whitewashed limestone massif between the mountains with dark window openings. At different times of the day it has a variety of colors: it is unusually picturesque in the morning, when the façade, colored by the sunrise, echoes its counterpart in the river surface from a height of fifty meters. Graphically correctly drawn in the rays of the midday sun, marked by sharp shadows from overhanging blocks of stone. Poetic in the evening, when the mysteriously faded, faintly visible on the shadowed mountain, along with it, an unclear reflection, falls into the waters of the Dniester.” (D. Goberman)
Personalities
- Rybnitsa Rebbe Chaim Zanvl ( Abramovich), Hasidic tzaddik, rabbi of Rybnitsa
- Meir Argov (Grabovsky), Israeli politician, one of the 37 signers of the country's Declaration of Independence
- Pavel Zaltsman, film painter, painter, writer; Between 1917 and 1925 he lived intermittently in Rybnitsa
- Yitzhak Yitzhaki (Lishovsky), Israeli socialist politician, Knesset member
- Valeriy Kabak, Doctor of Balti City University named after. Alec Russo
- Alexander Marcus, Moldovan mathematician
- Israel Feldman, Moldovan mathematician
- Semyon Shvartsburd, Russian mathematician-teacher, creator of specialized physics and mathematics schools
- Victor Komlyakov, Moldavian chess player, grandmaster (1995). Member of the Moldavian national team, participant in 6 Olympiads.
Twin Cities
Notes
- ^ This settlement is located in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. In accordance with the administrative-territorial division of Moldova, most of the area controlled by the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is part of Moldova as an autonomous territorial entity, the other part is part of Moldova as the municipality of Bendery. The declared territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, controlled by Moldova, is located on the territory of the Dubossary, Caushan and Novoanensky regions of Moldova. Literally, the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is an unrecognized state, most of the declared territory of which is not controlled by Moldova.
Topographic cartographic materials
- L-35-10 Rybnitsa. Scale: 1: 100,000. Condition of the area in 1986. Edition 1988.
- Sheet cartographic materials L-35-11 Slobodka. Scale: 1: 100,000. Condition of the area in 1984. Edition 1987.
- Official website of the State Administration of the city of Rybnitsa and Rybnitsa region
- Unofficial city website
- Website of the Rybnitsa branch of the Transnistrian City University named after. T. G. Shevchenko
- map of Rybnitsa and surroundings
- photo of Rybnitsa
- Photo album of Rybnitsa
| Cities of Moldova | ||
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| Balti | Bendery 1 | Bessarabka | Biruinets | Brichani | Bykovets | Vadul lui Voda | Vatra | Vulcanesti | Gindesti | Glodeni | Grigoriopol 1 | Dnestrovsk 1 | Donduseni | Drochia | Dubossary 1 | Durlesti | Edinet | Cahul | Cainara | Calarasi | Kamenka 1 | Cantemir | Causeni | Chisinau | Codru | Comrat | Costesti | Red 1 | Cricova | Criuleni | Cornesti | Kupcin | Leova | Lipcani | Marculesti | Lighthouse 1 | Nisporeni | Novotiraspolsky 1 | New Aneny | Ocnita | Orhei | Otach | Rubber | Riscani | Rybnitsa 1 | Slobodzeya 1 | Magpie | Straseni | Singera | Singerei | Taraclia | Telenesti | Tiraspol 1 | Ungheni | Falesti | Floresti | Frunze | Hincesti | Ceadir-Lunga | Cimislia | Soldanesti | Stefan Voda | Ialoveni | Yargara | ||
| 1 settlement is controlled by the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic. | ||
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Bold cities are highlighted in font
Categories:
- Settlements in alphabetical order
- Rybnitsa district
- Cities on the Dniester
- Cities of Moldova
- Cities of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
- Settlements without postal code
- Wikipedia: Articles without links to sources since February 2012
- Wikipedia: Articles without footnotes
Sausage
Rybnitsa
Sausage
Rybnitsa
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Every year on July 8, our country celebrates the All-Russian Day of Family, Love and Fidelity. It is symbolic that it was first celebrated in 2008, which was declared the year of the family. This holiday is in Russia
Description:
Every year on July 8, our country celebrates the All-Russian Day of Family, Love and Fidelity. It is symbolic that it was first celebrated in 2008, which was declared the year of the family. This holiday in Russia was established on the initiative of deputies of the State Duma. It is interesting that the initiative to celebrate Family Day is supported by all traditional religious organizations in Russia - after all, the idea of celebrating Family Day, love and fidelity has no denominational boundaries. Every religion has examples of family fidelity and love. The idea of the holiday arose several years ago among residents of the city of Murom (Vladimir region), where the relics of the holy spouses Peter and Fevronia, patrons of Christian marriage, are buried, whose memory is celebrated on July 8. Medal “For Love and Fidelity” The lives of Peter and Fevronia embody the traits that traditional Russian religions have always associated with the ideal of marriage, namely: piety, mutual love and fidelity, performing acts of mercy and caring for the various needs of their fellow citizens. But the family is also a very important social unit, which is protected by law. Article 38 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation clearly states that: 1. Motherhood and childhood, the family are under the protection of the state. 2. Caring for children and raising them is an equal right and responsibility of parents. 3. Able-bodied children who have reached the age of 18 must take care of disabled parents. The new family holiday already has a commemorative medal “For Love and Fidelity,” which is awarded on July 8, and a very gentle symbol - the daisy, because this wild flower has been considered a symbol of love in Rus' since ancient times. This warm holiday is welcome in any home... And every year the Day of Family, Love and Fidelity is becoming more and more popular in our country. In many cities, local authorities and public organizations hold various festive and special events - congratulatory concerts, various exhibitions, honoring large families, spouses who have lived together for more than 25 years, charity events, etc. By the way, young people have a belief that a marriage concluded today will be long and happy. It has also become traditional to hold an awareness-raising campaign “Give Me Life!” in Russian cities and regions dedicated to this holiday, which is aimed at reducing the number of abortions in Russia and preserving family values. All events are widely covered in the media. And, of course, today’s date is a wonderful occasion to get together with the whole family and show special care for your family and friends. After all, this warm holiday is welcome in any home, which is why it is so easy for him to walk - having left the church calendar, he is ready to knock on every door.
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According to the United Nations, on July 11, 1987, the world's population was approximately 5 billion people - this day was conventionally called Five Billion Day. In two
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According to the United Nations, on July 11, 1987, the world's population was approximately 5 billion people - this day was conventionally called Five Billion Day. Two years later, in 1989, the UN established an international holiday - World Population Day, which is celebrated annually on July 11. The rapid growth of the world's population became a matter of serious concern to the United Nations in the 1960s. The world population more than doubled between 1960 and 1999, passing the 6 billion mark in October 1999. Although the growth rate has declined - from 2 percent to 1.3 percent between 1969 and 1999 - absolute growth now amounts to almost 77 million people per year, with 95 percent of this growth occurring in developing countries. On the 20th anniversary of Five Billion Day - July 11, 2007 - the world population was approximately 6.7 billion. According to United Nations forecasts, in 2050 there will be between 7.9 and 10.9 billion people living on Earth, and most likely 9.3 billion, depending to some extent on the effectiveness of family planning programs.
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There are events in Russian history that burn like gold on the tablets of its military glory. And one of them is the Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942–February 2, 1943), which became the Cannes of the 20th century. Gigantic
Description:
There are events in Russian history that burn like gold on the tablets of its military glory. And one of them is the Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942–February 2, 1943), which became the Cannes of the 20th century.
The WWII battle, gigantic in scale, unfolded in the second half of 1942 on the banks of the Volga. At certain stages, more than 2 million people, about 30 thousand guns, more than 2 thousand aircraft and the same number of tanks took part in it on both sides.
During the Battle of Stalingrad, the Wehrmacht lost a quarter of its forces concentrated on the Eastern Front. Its losses in killed, missing and wounded amounted to about one and a half million soldiers and officers.
Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad on the map
Stages of the Battle of Stalingrad, its prerequisites
Based on the nature of the fighting, the Battle of Stalingrad is briefly divided into two periods. These are defensive operations (July 17 - November 18, 1942) and offensive operations (November 19, 1942 - February 2, 1943).
After the failure of Plan Barbarossa and the defeat near Moscow, the Nazis were preparing for a new offensive on the Eastern Front. On April 5, Hitler issued a directive outlining the goal of the 1942 summer campaign. This is the mastery of the oil-bearing regions of the Caucasus and access to the Volga in the Stalingrad region. On June 28, the Wehrmacht launched a decisive offensive, taking Donbass, Rostov, Voronezh...
Stalingrad was a major communications hub connecting the central regions of the country with the Caucasus and Central Asia. And the Volga is an important transport artery for the delivery of Caucasian oil. The capture of Stalingrad could have catastrophic consequences for the USSR. The 6th Army under the command of General F. Paulus was active in this direction.
Battle of Stalingrad abstract Panorama of the Battle of Stalingrad
Photo of the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad - fighting on the outskirts
To protect the city, the Soviet command formed the Stalingrad Front, led by Marshal S.K. Timoshenko. The Battle of Stalingrad began briefly on July 17, when, in the bend of the Don, units of the 62nd Army engaged the vanguard of the 6th Army of the Wehrmacht. Defensive battles on the approaches to Stalingrad lasted 57 days and nights. On July 28, People's Commissar of Defense J.V. Stalin issued order No. 227, better known as “Not a step back!”
By the start of the decisive offensive, the German command had noticeably strengthened Paulus's 6th Army. The superiority in tanks was twofold, in aircraft - almost fourfold. And at the end of July, the 4th Tank Army was transferred here from the Caucasian direction. And, nevertheless, the advance of the Nazis towards the Volga could not be called rapid. In a month, under the desperate blows of the Soviet troops, they managed to cover only 60 kilometers. To strengthen the southwestern approaches to Stalingrad, the South-Eastern Front was created under the command of General A. I. Eremenko. Meanwhile, the Nazis began active operations in the Caucasus direction. But thanks to the dedication of Soviet soldiers, the German advance deep into the Caucasus was stopped.
Significance of the Battle of Stalingrad
Photo: Battle of Stalingrad - fighting for every piece of Russian land!
Battle of Stalingrad: every house is a fortress
August 19 became the black date of the Battle of Stalingrad - the tank group of Paulus’s army broke through to the Volga. Moreover, cutting off the 62nd Army defending the city from the north from the main forces of the front. Attempts to destroy the 8-kilometer corridor formed by enemy troops were unsuccessful. Although Soviet soldiers showed examples of amazing heroism. 33 soldiers of the 87th Infantry Division, defending the heights in the Malye Rossoshki area, became an invincible stronghold on the path of superior enemy forces. During the day, they desperately repulsed the attacks of 70 tanks and a battalion of Nazis, leaving 150 killed soldiers and 27 damaged vehicles on the battlefield.
On August 23, Stalingrad was subjected to severe bombing by German aircraft. Several hundred planes attacked industrial and residential areas, turning them into ruins. And the German command continued to build up forces in the Stalingrad direction. By the end of September, Army Group B already had more than 80 divisions.
The 66th and 24th armies were sent from the reserve of the Supreme High Command to help Stalingrad. On September 13, two powerful groups, supported by 350 tanks, began the assault on the central part of the city. A struggle for the city, unprecedented in courage and intensity, began - the most terrible stage of the Battle of Stalingrad.
For every building, for every inch of land, the fighters fought to the death, staining them with blood. General Rodimtsev called the battle in the building the most difficult battle. After all, there are no familiar concepts of flanks or rear here; an enemy can lurk around every corner. The city was continuously shelled and bombed, the earth was burning, the Volga was burning. From oil tanks pierced by shells, oil rushed in fiery streams into dugouts and trenches. An example of the selfless valor of Soviet soldiers was the almost two-month defense of Pavlov’s house. Having knocked out the enemy from a four-story building on Penzenskaya Street, a group of scouts led by Sergeant Ya. F. Pavlov turned the house into an impregnable fortress.
The enemy sent another 200 thousand trained reinforcements, 90 artillery divisions, 40 sapper battalions to storm the city... Hitler hysterically demanded to take the Volga “citadel” at any cost.
The commander of the Paulus Army battalion, G. Weltz, subsequently wrote that he remembered this as a bad dream. “In the morning, five German battalions go on the attack and almost no one returns. The next morning everything happens again..."
The approaches to Stalingrad were indeed littered with the corpses of soldiers and the remains of burnt tanks. It’s not for nothing that the Germans called the road to the city “the road of death.”
Battle of Stalingrad years Battle of Stalingrad date Battle of Stalingrad photo
Battle of Stalingrad. Photos of killed Germans (far right - killed by a Russian sniper)
Battle of Stalingrad – “Thunderstorm” and “Thunder” against “Uranus”
The Soviet command developed the Uranus plan to defeat the Nazis at Stalingrad. It consisted of cutting off the enemy strike group from the main forces with powerful flank attacks and, encircling, destroying it. Army Group B, led by Field Marshal Bock, included 1011.5 thousand soldiers and officers, more than 10 thousand guns, 1200 aircraft, etc. The three Soviet fronts defending the city included 1,103 thousand personnel, 15,501 guns, and 1,350 aircraft. That is, the advantage of the Soviet side was insignificant. Therefore, a decisive victory could only be achieved through military art.
On November 19, units of the Southwestern and Don Fronts, and on November 20, the Stalingrad Front, brought down tons of fiery metal on Bok’s locations from both sides. After breaking through the enemy defenses, the troops began to develop an offensive in operational depth. The meeting of the Soviet fronts took place on the fifth day of the offensive, November 23, in the Kalach, Sovetsky area.
Not wanting to accept defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad, the Nazi command made an attempt to release the encircled army of Paulus. But the operations “Winter Thunderstorm” and “Thunderbolt”, initiated by them in mid-December, ended in failure. Now the conditions were created for the complete defeat of the encircled troops.
The operation to eliminate them received the code name “Ring”. Of the 330 thousand who were surrounded by the Nazis, no more than 250 thousand remained by January 1943. But the group was not going to capitulate. It was armed with more than 4,000 guns, 300 tanks, and 100 aircraft. Paulus later wrote in his memoirs: “On the one hand there were unconditional orders to hold on, promises of help, references to the general situation. On the other hand, there are internal humane motives - to stop the fight, caused by the disastrous state of the soldiers."
On January 10, 1943, Soviet troops began Operation Ring. The Battle of Stalingrad has entered its final phase. Pressed against the Volga and cut into two parts, the enemy group was forced to surrender.
Significance of the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad (column of German prisoners)
Beginning of the Battle of Stalingrad
Battle of Stalingrad. Captured F. Paulus (he hoped that he would be exchanged, and only at the end of the war did he learn that they had offered to exchange him for Stalin’s son, Yakov Dzhugashvili). Stalin then said: “I am not changing a soldier for a field marshal!”
The Battle of Stalingrad in brief
Battle of Stalingrad, photo of captured F. Paulus
Significance of the Battle of Stalingrad
The victory in the Battle of Stalingrad was of enormous international and military-political significance for the USSR. It marked a radical turning point during the Second World War. After Stalingrad, the period of expulsion of German occupiers from the territory of the USSR began. Having become a triumph of Soviet military art, the Battle of Stalingrad briefly strengthened the camp of the anti-Hitler coalition and caused discord in the countries of the fascist bloc.
Some Western historians, trying to belittle the significance of the Battle of Stalingrad, put it on a par with the Battle of Tunisia (1943), El Alamein (1942), etc. But they were refuted by Hitler himself, who declared on February 1, 1943 at his headquarters: “ The possibility of ending the war in the East through an offensive no longer exists..."
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In Transnistria, for 20 years, a peacekeeping operation unique in its effectiveness has been carried out, the main achievement of which is that no blood is shed on the banks of the Dniester, no explosions are heard, and peaceful
Description:
For 20 years, a peacekeeping operation unique in its effectiveness has been carried out in Transnistria, the main achievement of which is that no blood is shed on the banks of the Dniester, no explosions occur, and peaceful labor of citizens is ensured. Thanks to the peacekeeping processes in Transnistria, the parties (Moldova and Transnistria) have the opportunity to look for mutually acceptable ways to resolve the conflict caused by the disintegration processes of the late 80s and early 90s of the last century, which led to the collapse of
great country - the USSR, and, as a result, to the denunciation by the new, post-Soviet, Moldovan leadership of the Law of the USSR “On the formation of the Union Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic”, which was adopted at the VII session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 2, 1940.
The current situation is characterized, first of all, by the fact that the ongoing peacekeeping operation is perceived by Pridnestrovian citizens, like the majority of citizens of the Republic of Moldova, only on the positive side.
During the peacekeeping operation, until January 1, 2012, when the Moldovan side, taking advantage of an accident that resulted in the death of a Moldovan citizen at one of the peacekeeping posts, organized lengthy customized anti-peacekeeping demonstrations of “indignant” residents, practically no cases of protest among the population were recorded in relation to the Joint Peacekeeping Forces and in general to peacekeeping processes in the region.
Respectful and friendly attitude on the part of the military personnel of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces towards the population living in the conflict area is the basis for maintaining peace and stability throughout the region.
At the same time, it should be noted that, in accordance with the basic documents regulating the settlement of the armed conflict, the competence of the peacekeeping operation does not include issues of political negotiations between Pridnestrovie and Moldova.
It is precisely these international legal grounds that for the past 20 years have not allowed the peacekeeping mission to be diverted away from its true purpose and burdened with unusual tasks outside the framework of the current mandate.
It should also be noted that the long-term experience of the peacekeeping operation indisputably testifies to the presence of the indisputable authority of the Russian Federation as a leading, guiding and connecting factor within the framework of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces, which are the main guarantor of the preservation of peace and stability.
In this context, attention should be paid to a number of aspects characterizing the military-political component of the peacekeeping processes taking place in the Northern Black Sea region.
Firstly, the joint peacekeeping operation in the region is based on an international legal act (Agreement “On the principles of the peaceful resolution of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova” dated July 21, 1992 with the participation of the parties to the conflict). It is the only fully applied guarantee of peace and security in the region and, above all, a reliable guarantee of preventing the emergence of conditions for the resumption of armed conflict.
Secondly, in the absence of an established and generally recognized security space between the Republic of Moldova and the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, with the exception of the Security Zone, it is the peacekeeping operation under the guarantee of the Russian Federation that is the core basis of the relationship between the parties to the conflict in this issue, and in the system of regional stability as a whole .
For reference: The Security Zone has a length of 225 km and a width of 12-20 km, divided into 3 sections: Northern, Central and Southern (the largest are the Northern and Southern sections, length 85 and 80 km, respectively), and an area with a high security regime - the city of Bendery. The Security Zone covers mainly the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (~ 60% of the area), which includes most of the cities and regions of the Republic. At the same time, it occupies only a very small part of the territory of Moldova (~ 5% of the area).
The peacekeeping operation under the auspices of the Russian Federation and the mechanisms of this operation are the most important element in the relations between Moldova and Transnistria, since it was in this format that peaceful political dialogue on an equal basis was first ensured.
Thirdly, the success and effectiveness of the peacekeeping mission is ensured by both the positive perception and tolerant attitude of the population on the banks of the Dniester towards the operation, and in Transnistria it is considered as the main guarantee of the physical safety of citizens.
And there are very good reasons for this that cannot be ignored. The geopolitical changes that occurred at the end of the 20th century led to the disappearance of a number of states from the map of the Eurasian continent and to the emergence of new entities. One of these newly formed states is the Republic of Moldova. However, the recognition of this state from a legal point of view is so controversial that one can only guess about the reasons why it took place. The fact is that at the time of declaring its independence, Moldova “de facto” destroyed all legal grounds for the creation of its independent state and no longer existed within the declared borders, that is, within the borders of the former Moldavian SSR.
With the adoption by the Moldovan Parliament on August 27, 1991 of Law No. 691 “On the Declaration of Independence”, which declared the USSR Law “On the Formation of the Union Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic” to have no legal force, from the point of view of law, the possibility of “de jure” recognition was generally excluded » these same declared borders for the proclaimed new Moldovan state, since the MSSR was formed at the expense of the territories of Bessarabia and part of the territories of the MASSR within Ukraine, which had never previously belonged to either Bessarabia, Moldova, or Romania.
How did this become possible? There is an explanation for this. Even before the collapse of the USSR, the socio-political situation in Moldova sharply worsened, and the adoption in 1989–1991 by the Supreme Soviet of the MSSR of a number of discriminatory laws led to massive violations of fundamental human rights in relation to the so-called “non-titular”, that is, ethnically not Moldavian, or even more correctly – non-Romanian population, including the Transnistrian one.
The confrontation became so acute that the only way to protect the population from violence and destruction was the formation of the independent Transnistrian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic on September 2, 1990. The legal basis for the proclamation of the new state was, first of all, the fact that at different historical times the territory of the modern Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic had the status of an autonomous state entity.
However, the international community ignored this extremely important circumstance, giving preference to the principle of the territorial integrity of the Republic of Moldova, which, paradoxically, at the time of its recognition had already announced the deprivation of legal force of the legal act establishing this very “integrity”. However, the right of the people of Transnistria to self-determination was not taken into account at all by international institutions.
Such decisions, devoid of justification from the standpoint of international law, led to tragic consequences, since the nationalist forces that came to power in Moldova, under the pretext of restoring the territorial integrity of the state, launched large-scale military operations in 1992 with the aim of the so-called “establishment of constitutional order in Moldova”, aimed at destroying the legally declared statehood of Transnistria.
Moreover, as the confrontation escalated, the Moldovan side used the most brutal repressive measures against the civilian population, as stated by the international tribunal held in Moscow in 1994 following the results of the Moldovan-Transnistrian war. The introduction of armed formations of Moldova into a number of regions of Transnistria was accompanied by mass violence against the civilian population, terror, robbery, looting, kidnapping, hostage-taking and other methods of forceful expulsion of the “non-titular” population.
Despite the fact that armed clashes resulted in the death, injury and suffering of many thousands of people, and the positions of the parties became increasingly irreconcilable, the international community, unfortunately, did not provide much-needed prompt assistance to practically stop the bloodshed.
The main efforts in this direction were undertaken until December 31, 1991 only by the leadership of the USSR, and then by the Russian Federation, which adhered to an impartial, balanced position. It was Russia that condemned the use of repression against the population, attempts to resolve political differences by force, and massive and gross violations of human rights. This position, starting from March 3, 1992, from the moment the full-scale armed aggression of Moldova began in Transnistria, was formulated in a number of statements by the President, Government and Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, which contained an urgent call to stop the bloodshed and resolve the conflict through negotiations.
The fighting in Transnistria took place from December 1991 to August 1992 in the area of the cities of Bendery and Dubossary, and only the active military-political intervention of the Russian Federation helped stop the development of the armed conflict.
It was on the initiative of the President of the Russian Federation B.N. Yeltsin. Contacts with the leadership of the conflicting parties were intensified. Seeking an early and complete ceasefire and settlement of the armed conflict by peaceful means, reaffirming their commitment to the principles of the UN Charter and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Presidents of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova, in the presence of the President of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, signed the “Agreement on principles of peaceful resolution of the armed conflict in the Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova.”
In the context of the implementation of the principles and provisions enshrined in this 1992 Agreement, from the moment it was signed by the conflicting parties, all necessary measures were taken to achieve a complete ceasefire and prevent any armed actions against each other. This fundamental norm of the Agreement is strictly observed to this day.
This Agreement made it possible to introduce disengaging troops into the zone of armed conflict between the warring parties along their lines of contact and to form a peacekeeping mechanism consisting of a political body - the Joint Control Commission, the Joint Military Command and the Joint Peacekeeping Forces.
According to the 1992 ceasefire agreement, the conflicting parties withdrew units of their Armed Forces and other formations, military equipment and weapons to places of permanent deployment within seven days. The separation of the combat component of the conflict carried out in this way pursued the goal of creating a Security Zone between the warring parties, into which the created Joint Peacekeeping Forces were introduced.
Control over the implementation of these measures and ensuring the security regime in this zone was entrusted to the Joint Control Commission, formed on July 27, 1992 from representatives of the conflicting parties and the Russian Federation, as the only guarantor and mediator between them at that time, recognized by both Tiraspol and Chisinau. It was to this commission that the military contingents created on a voluntary basis were transferred, representing the parties involved in the implementation of this Agreement.
The Joint Control Commission included representatives of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria. The seat of the Joint Control Commission was determined to be the city of Bendery. The political unrecognition of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic left its mark on the development of the negotiation process. The behavior of the Moldovan delegation and the personnel “leapfrog” in it required an individual approach when selecting members of the delegation of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. And this approach was found in the adoption of a clear formula that ensures the stability of the delegation, a high level of representation and competence of its members.
Having determined that the strategy of the delegation’s activities should be to preserve peace and strengthen the statehood of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, President I.N. Smirnov in all other matters gave complete freedom of activity to both the delegation itself and the Co-Chairman of the Joint Control Commission from Pridnestrovie. This made the work much easier, but also imposed great responsibility.
Speaking about the level of representation, it should be noted that all members of the Pridnestrovian delegation who worked in the Joint Control Commission during these years occupied responsible positions in government bodies:
— V.M. Rylyakov – Chairman of the Committee of the Supreme Council of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic on Defense and Security;
- IN AND. Nesterenko – Deputy Head of the Republican Defense Directorate of the PMR; — N.S. Matveev (Goncharenko) – first deputy head of the Republican Department of Internal Affairs of the PMR;
- IN AND. Kharchenko – first deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Bendery City Council;
— A.G. Porozhan - deputy and then chairman of the Dubossary City and District Council of People's Deputies;
— O.A. Gudymo – First Deputy Minister of State Security of the PMR;
— V.L. Bodnar - first Deputy Chairman of the Supreme Council of the PMR, and then Chairman of the Committee on Security and Defense;
— Yu.S. Matveev - Deputy Minister of Defense of the PMR;
— F.A. Dobrov - Chairman of the Bendery City Council of People's Deputies;
— P.M. Tsymay – Deputy Chairman of the Government of the PMR;
— J.I.A. Manakov is the Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs of the PMR.
By participating in the Joint Control Commission, people gained serious experience, which had a positive effect on their work. So, A.G. Porozhan was a member of the Joint Control Commission from the first day of its work, O.A. Gudymo - since December 1992, V.L. Bodnar – permanent Co-Chairman from November 1992 to April 19, 2005, Yu.S. Matveev, who replaced S.G. Khazheev, as commander of the PMR Peacekeeping Forces, for many years also served as a member of the Joint Control Commission.
The activities of the main management body of the peacekeeping operation were multifaceted and extremely complex. First of all, the city of Bendery, due to the particular complexity of the situation, was declared an area with a high security regime, maintaining a curfew from 22.00 to 6.00 hours from March 28, 1992, introduced by Decree of the President of the PMR dated March 28, 1992 No. 77-a, which for July 1992 was perhaps the only possibility of maintaining stability and relative security.
At the same time, it should be noted that the Control Commission, constantly in contact with the population and local authorities, has done a great job not only to preserve and strengthen peace, but also to create the most favorable living conditions for people. This includes the restoration of bridges and crossings, the removal of peacekeeping posts on roads inside the Security Zone, and much more.
Immediately after the start of the activities of the Joint Control Commission, work began to eliminate the consequences of the last war. Of particular importance in this regard were the efforts made by participants in the peacekeeping process to search for persons missing in action during hostilities. Understanding the exceptional importance of such events, the Joint Control Commission approved the Temporary Regulations “On the Joint Operational and Investigative Group for the Search for Missing Persons during an Armed Conflict” (Appendix No. 1 to Protocol No. 98 of October 13, 1993), and the head of the created group from Transnistria, assistant prosecutor of the city of Bendery Georgieva Aigul Begenchevna was approved.
Under the direct supervision and personal participation of Georgieva A.B. For 15 years, the Joint Operational Investigation Group (JOSG) under the Joint Control Commission (JCC) carried out operational search activities and investigative actions in order to identify persons who disappeared during the armed conflict, detect and identify unidentified corpses.
A total of 301 exhumations were carried out during this period, according to statements from citizens; 103 people were wanted, five of them were found alive; 58 were identified and reburied. Currently, according to statements from citizens, 40 missing people remain wanted. To date, 170 people have been identified as being wanted. This work continues and will certainly continue until the last missing person is identified.
Another area of work of the Joint Control Commission to fulfill the requirements of the 1992 Agreement from the very first days of its formation was to promote the fight against crime within the area with a high security regime. For this purpose, in the city of Bendery, on the basis of the city police departments, a Joint Operational Investigation Group was created, which at various times included up to one hundred employees from each side.
Unfortunately, it should be noted that due to the fact that Moldova and Transnistria have different legislative frameworks, effective interaction has not worked out. In fact, over the 20 years of its existence, the OSG has not shown itself in any way.
When the overall situation in the city was stabilized to an acceptable level, the curfew regime was abolished by the decision of the Joint Control Commission (Protocol No. 392 of December 13, 2000) from December 14, 2000. Moreover, just six months later by Protocol No. 407 of the Joint Control Commission on May 15, 2001, restrictions related to the implementation of the curfew at external posts in the city of Bender were lifted.
The complete lifting of the curfew in the city of Bendery and the clearing of reinforced concrete blocks from the roadway at all peacekeeping posts was a significant step. These events were carried out on the initiative of the Pridnestrovian delegation and were a powerful factor in psychological stability in society.
The peacekeeping operation to stop hostilities, establish and maintain peace took into account the specifics of the situation in the region, the peculiarities of local conditions and the mentality of the population. Based on these features, the Agreement of July 21, 1992 laid down the trilateral format of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces, which provided for, with the dominant role of the Russian military contingent, the inclusion of military contingents from Transnistria and Moldova in the peacekeeping operation.
Thus, in order to end the armed conflict between the warring parties, the withdrawal of their armed forces, military equipment and heavy weapons from the combat area to the security zone determined by the Joint Control Commission, military contingents of the Peacekeeping Forces from the Russian Federation, the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria were introduced. This decision was unique, but as the further development of the situation on the Dniester showed, it was the only correct and historically justified one.
The composition of the military contingents of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces initially introduced into the conflict zone was as follows:
From the Russian Federation: six motorized rifle battalions, a helicopter squadron and a mobile group with a total strength of 3,100 people.
From the Republic of Moldova: three infantry battalions, a total of 1200 people.
From Transnistria: three motorized rifle battalions, a total of 1,200 people, with one of the battalions being in reserve.
Subsequently, in accordance with the directive of the Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation dated October 26, 1995 No. 312/1/343, starting from June 8, 1996, the implementation of peacekeeping functions in the “Transnistrian region of the Republic of Moldova” was entrusted to the Operational Group of Russian troops in Transnistria.
When discussing the issue of deploying peacekeeping units, the Pridnestrovian delegation proposed placing only “neutral”, i.e. Russian, units in the Security Zone, and Moldovan and Pridnestrovian units outside it. However, as a result of discussions and consultations, it was decided to deploy military contingents of the Peacekeeping Forces of all three parties in the Security Zone. A formula was also adopted according to which military units of the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria are deployed in the territories under their control, and Russian peacekeepers are stationed in the cities of Bendery and Dubossary. The Russian reserve battalion was introduced into the city of Rybnitsa. To ensure the work of the OKC and visual control over the Security Zone, a helicopter squadron consisting of six MI-8 and four MI-24 helicopters was included in the Russian military contingent.
The military contingent of all three sides was equipped with automatic small arms. In addition, 120 units were transferred to the battalions of Russian units, 76 to Moldavian, and 25 to Transnistrian units of armored vehicles of various modifications with appropriate weapons.
On July 29, 1992, the Regulations on the basic principles of the creation and activities of groups of military observers and military contingents were approved, the content of which contributed to ending the war. The regulations determined the tasks, rights and responsibilities of military personnel; it also stipulated that the military contingents of the peacekeeping forces of the parties were formed on a voluntary basis from among persons who did not participate in operations during the war. The Joint Control Commission also approved the Status and Regulations of its work, which provided for the mechanism of activity, powers, rights, and responsibilities of the members of the Joint Control Commission and the commission itself. It was established that any decisions, conclusions and recommendations of the Joint Control Commission were made by consensus. Even then, it was determined that “through its activities, the Control Commission is designed to stimulate political dialogue between the parties to the conflict in order to speed up its resolution by peaceful, political means.”
Guided by Article 1 of the Agreement of July 21, 1992, the Joint Control Commission defined a Security Zone between the parties to the conflict. It was decided that the Security Zone itself would be the territory extending along the line of contact between the parties to the conflict, to the depth established by the decision of the Joint Control Commission. Thus, the Security Zone stretched on both sides of the Dniester River: it began with Kamensky and ended with the Slobodzeya district of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic and the corresponding regions of the Republic of Moldova. The width of this territory ranged from 10 to 20 km. The entire territory of the Bendery City Council with its adjacent settlements on the right bank of the Dniester was also considered a Security Zone. The entire Zone was divided into three sections: northern – from the city of Dubossary to the Kamensky district inclusive; southern (Bendery) - the city of Bendery, part of the Slobodzeya and Kaushansky districts; central (Dubossary) – Dubossary, Grigoriopol, Kriulyansky, Novoanensky districts. This configuration of the Security Zone was not dictated by urgent necessity, because in the northern sector during the military stage of the conflict there were not only no military actions, but also no military confrontation. Therefore, the inclusion of this area in the Security Zone had the sole purpose of preventing a possible relapse into war.
To ensure command of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces, on July 30, 1992, by decision of the Joint Control Commission, the Joint Military Command (JMC) was created. The first senior military commanders were approved: from the Russian Federation - Colonel General E.A. Vorobiev; from the Republic of Moldova - Colonel N.M. Petrika; from Transnistria - Colonel S. G. Khazheev.
The same decision determined the measures and procedure for the entry into the Security Zone of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces and the withdrawal from it of military formations of the conflicting parties. It was planned to withdraw artillery, tanks, other armored vehicles and heavy weapons under the control of peacekeepers by August 7, 1992. Then it was necessary to withdraw the military units of the armed forces of the parties to places of permanent deployment; disarm and disband all militia formations that are not part of the armed forces and not registered by military commissariats; from the withdrawn troops, create units for mine clearance and liquidation of fortifications. It was also planned to withdraw units of the 14th Russian Army, which had previously been involved in stabilizing the situation, to permanent deployment points.
Continuing to carry out organizational activities, the Joint Control Commission began to form a rapid response group and the main control mechanism - a joint group of military observers, which included 10 peacekeepers from each of the three sides. The candidacies of specific military personnel were approved by decision of the Joint Control Commission.
The most time-consuming and difficult task in this situation was organizing the work of peacekeeping posts. Regarding their activities, it was decided:
a) along the perimeter of the Security Zone, with the exception of the northern (Rybnitsa) section, establish stationary joint bilateral posts using military contingents of the Russian Federation and the Transnistrian region on the left bank of the Dniester River, and military contingents of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Moldova on the right bank;
b) on bridges and crossings, organize stationary tripartite checkpoints, which should serve on both sides of the bridges (crossings);
c) inside the Security Zone to control the disengagement of troops and to prevent the possible penetration of extremist groups and formations not controlled by the parties, create mobile posts of military contingents of the parties.
The order of the Joint Military Command dated August 2, 1992 provided for the establishment of 76 posts. In fact, 26 bilateral posts, 14 trilateral checkpoints and 9 mobile posts began to operate. The work of the posts was supposed to speed up the separation of military units of the conflicting parties and their withdrawal to designated areas and deployment points, with the simultaneous transfer of service at posts and outposts to the Peacekeeping Forces.
It is precisely this kind of construction of the Joint Peacekeeping Forces, when all decisions on any issues within their competence and on all events occurring in their area of responsibility are made exclusively on the basis of consensus, with the unconditional consent of the three parties to the peacekeeping process, that has objectively played and continues to playing a positive role in peacekeeping activities in the region gives the ongoing peacekeeping operation a truly unique character.
In order to improve the peacekeeping process on the Dniester, on March 20, 1998 in the city of Odessa, through the mediation of the guarantor countries of Russia and Ukraine, the leadership of the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria concluded the “Agreement on confidence-building measures and the development of contacts between the Republic of Moldova and Transnistria,” in which, among others, agreed to implement the following measures:
— within a two-month period, reduce the number of military personnel of the Republic of Moldova and the Transnistrian region in the Security Zone, approximately to 500 military personnel on each side, with standard military equipment and weapons.
— reduce the number of stationary checkpoints and joint MS posts, replacing them with mobile patrols.
— send Ukrainian peacekeepers (currently observers) to the Security Zone. Military observers from Ukraine were approved (minutes of the JCC meeting No. 316 of November 17, 1998) and included in the CMC in the amount of 10 people and 4 vehicles.
Thus, the formation of the military component in the peacekeeping process was successfully completed.
The international community could not help but admit the obvious - the established format of the peacekeeping operation worked and, unlike many other formats, it worked successfully. Its effectiveness made it possible to put on the agenda the issue of some easing of the security regime in the region.
Description:
In accordance with Article 65 of the Constitution of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, in recognition of the significant contribution of the Russian Federation in supporting peace and security throughout the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, as well as the complex
Description:
In accordance with Article 65 of the Constitution of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, in recognition of the significant contribution of the Russian Federation to supporting peace and security throughout the territory of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, as well as the complex and honorable mission of the peacekeeping forces of the Russian Federation in stopping the aggression of the Republic of Moldova against Pridnestrovie, I decree:
1. Establish a memorable day in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic - the Day of the entry of peacekeeping forces of the Russian Federation into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic - and celebrate it on July 29.
2. Introduce into the Decree of the President of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic of June 13, 2001 No. 300 “On the establishment of professional holidays and memorable days in the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic” (CAMP 01-27.32) as amended by the decrees of the President of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic of August 3, 2001 of the year No. 390 (SAZ 01-32), dated November 16, 2001 No. 617 (SAZ 01-47), dated November 30, 2001 No. 637 (SAZ 01-49), April 24, 2002 No. 290 (SAZ 02-17) , dated June 18, 2002 No. 384 (SAZ 02-25), dated September 17, 2002 No. 562 (SAZ 02-38), dated July 14, 2003 No. 293 (SAZ 03-29), dated December 16, 2003 No. 587 (SAZ 03-51), dated January 27, 2004 No. 31 (SAZ 04-5), dated July 7, 2004 No. 344 (SAZ 04-28), dated January 14, 2005 No. 18 (SAZ 05-3), dated July 25, 2005 No. 378 (SAZ 05-31), dated February 22, 2006 No. 80 (SAZ 06-9), dated March 22, 2007 No. 238 (SAZ 07-13), dated March 24, 2008 No. 175 (SAZ 08-12), dated October 29, 2008 No. 698 (SAZ 08-43), dated April 8, 2010 No. 239 (SAZ 10-14), dated December 6, 2010 No. 993 (SAZ 10-49), dated January 24 2011 No. 44 (SAZ 11-4), dated April 6, 2011 No. 218 (SAZ 11-14), dated October 20, 2011 No. 813 (SAZ 11-42), dated November 18, 2011 No. 895 (SAZ 11- 46), the following addition:
add Appendix No. 1-1 to the Decree with a new paragraph 5-1 as follows:
“5-1. The day of entry of peacekeeping forces of the Russian Federation into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic is July 29.”
3. This Decree comes into force 7 (seven) days after the day of its official publication.
THE PRESIDENT
TRANSDNISTRIAN MOLDAVAN REPUBLIC I. SMIRNOV
November 24, 2011 No. 911
Tiraspol
SAZ (28.11.2011) No. 11-47
On the day of the entry of peacekeeping forces of the Russian Federation into the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic
