The park is located in the north-east of Moscow, is open to visitors around the clock and in recent years has hosted a variety of pleasant informal holidays on its territory, such as the Historical Bike Ride or the St. Valentine's Day Parade. Patrick. The name of the park refers to the times when princely falconry grounds were located here, and subsequently the surrounding area of ​​Moscow was named after the park.

In the 14th-15th centuries there were dense forests here, through which the road to the village of Stromyn passed through the nearby village of Cherkizovo, and then it went to Suzdal. Stromynka Street still serves as a reminder of it. According to legend, in 1328, during Khan Tokhtamysh’s campaign against Moscow, Dmitry Donskoy went along this road to gather troops. In the 17th century, falconry came into fashion. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich located his hunting grounds here, but his son, Peter the Great, had the most fun in these places.

After the death of his father, Peter the Great went with his mother to live in the village of Preobrazhenskoye near Moscow, where he spent his entire childhood. Even after his accession to the throne, Peter felt affection for this part of Moscow and often visited the nearby German Settlement, and held feasts and festivities in the hunting grounds.

The park owes part of its name to the residents of the German settlement. For example, the May clearing was cut through on the orders of Peter in order to celebrate the arrival of spring together with foreign friends, who had a tradition of celebrating May 1 with a feast and dancing. The original name of the clearing was May Alley, and the current name was fixed only in 1940. Throughout the 19th century, Sokolniki was a favorite place for celebrations of the Moscow nobility, and subsequently the area began to be built up with luxurious dachas. In 1863, at the end of the Maisky clearing, the wooden church of Tikhon of Zadonsk was built.

In 1878, Sokolnichya and Deer Groves were purchased by the city, and a public park was established in them for festivities, and in 1883, a wooden rotunda was erected in the center of the park, where music was played on holidays. Later, an open stage was built here, on which not only serious concerts were given for a reasonable fee, but sometimes entire operas by Russian classics were staged. In 1896, a dam was built in Deer Grove and ponds were formed. The area became picturesque. There was boating on the ponds, and a restaurant was doing a brisk business nearby.

Restoring the park after desolation civil war was started only in the 1930s. On May 16, 1931, the Moscow City Council declared Sokolniki a city park of culture and recreation. Cleaning up the area began and green spaces were restored. A fountain was built at the main entrance, and an orchestral stage, exhibitions, and a restaurant were installed in the large circle. They built attractions that were popular at that time: “airloop”, “silomer-hammer”, “sliding flight”, “laugh room”, “vertical wheel”, shooting gallery, “swing-boats”, “Immelman”. During the Great Patriotic War, three rifle divisions and one tank division were formed in the park. Due to the approach of the front to Moscow, the park was closed on October 1, 1941. However, already in the summer of 1942, the Green Theater, the Dance Veranda, and the Symphonic Stage resumed their work; in 1943, a summer cinema was opened in the theater building on Krug.

In 1957, the Great Rose Garden was opened for the VI World Youth Festival. In 1959, two exhibition pavilions with glass walls 15 m high were built, in which on July 25, 1959, in the presence of Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon, the American National Exhibition “US Industrial Products” opened, remembered for the kitchen debates about the merits of opposing economic systems: capitalism and socialism. In the 1990s the park was considered very dangerous place, and local residents avoided going there in the evenings. Nowadays, old traditions have been revived in the park, a retro orchestra plays, and one of the old Soviet stages has been preserved.

History of falconry

There was a falconer's yard with a falconry, a falconer's grove and a falconer's settlement. Residents had more benefits and privileges than representatives of other settlements. And the memory of them remained in Moscow toponymy - Sokolnichi streets, Sokolnicheskaya Zastava square, Sokolnichesky Val street, Sokolnichesky lane.

At the beginning of the 18th century, Sokolniki became one of the countryside holiday destinations for Muscovites. At the same time, thanks to Peter I, the Maysky clearing appeared. He didn’t like hunting, but he was attracted to the Falcon Grove. Therefore, he ordered the May Alley to be cut through it. There the young king arranged feasts for his friends from the Kukui settlement - foreign masters and artisans. And on the day of the ancient German spring holiday (May 1), tables were set on May Alley, wines, snacks and all sorts of food were placed. People called such festivities “German tables.” Over time, May Day in Sokolniki became the most crowded holiday in Moscow.

Moscow is making big preparations for the festivities on May 1st. In Sokolniki, pre-decorated tents are pitched and cavalcades are organized... How many people, how much carefree, riotous gaiety, noise, din, music, songs, dances, etc.; how many rich Turkish and Chinese tents with laid tables for a luxurious meal and magnificent orchestras and simple twig huts, barely covered with rags on top with the only decorations - a smoking samovar and a simple shepherd's horn for the accompaniment of singing and dancing worshipers of Bacchus... No, I admit, I I never imagined seeing such a magnificent, varied and picturesque festivities that I finally attended yesterday in Sokolniki!

This tradition took root, and at the beginning of the 20th century, workers’ May Days were held under the guise of spring and labor holidays.

In the second half of the 19th century, Sokolniki became a fashionable dacha destination. And in 1931, a cultural and recreation park opened here. A one-day rest house was also set up on the premises.

The park had concert stages, a restaurant, a dance veranda, libraries and reading rooms, exhibitions, attractions, a theater and a cinema, a swimming pool, an ice rink, tennis courts, ping-pong tables, a fitness center, a chess and checkers club and a rose garden. Sports festivals and sports competitions were held in Sokolniki. And in 1959, an exhibition center opened in the park, where the first international exhibition in Russian history dedicated to US industrial products was held. Nikita Khrushchev and Richard Nixon were present at the opening.

The layout of Sokolniki is simple: radial alleys fan out from the center - the Circle. They are called radial clearings, and only one of them is called the Maysky clearing, since it was cut through by decree of Peter I. Moreover, trees of the same species are planted on each clearing. The pond systems - Putyaevsky and Olenyi, Zolotoy Pond - were built on the basis of old reservoirs. In the middle part of the park, between the Big Circle and the Transverse Clearing, lies the “Wolf Valley” - a picturesque area with a winding Wolf Path. Historians have not been able to establish the exact author of the park planning project, but it is assumed that it was the provincial forester gardener F.V. Fintelman.

Sokolniki Park recently underwent reconstruction. Now there is an “Olympic Park” and a quarter of museums. There is an outdoor swimming pool, a running club, a lilac garden, a rose garden, an ornithium, a bicycle museum, a calligraphy museum, an innovation park, a dance veranda, an ice skating rink, a 200-meter long tubing hill and much more.

They say that......during the War of 1812, in order to establish the shortest route from the city to Losiny Ostrov, the 4th Luchevoy Clearing was built. Here, in the thicket of Sokolnichya Grove, Muscovites hid from the Napoleonic invaders. And after the fire, most of Sokolnichya and other groves were cut down to restore wooden houses in Moscow. But soon the groves grew again.
...on the site of Sokolniki there was a forest lakeside Volchya Zagub. They named him that in memory of the hero Finist, since he knew how to transform into a Fiery Wolf and a Vigilant Falcon. He fell in love with a girl, but her parents did not allow them to see each other. Then the hero began to fly to her in the guise of a falcon. But the envious sisters installed knives in the window through which he flew. The wounded falcon flew into Wolf's Lost. And his beloved went after him. She searched for Finist for a long time, and in the place where the girl was grieving, Moon-lake, Sadness-lake and Leaffall-lake appeared. And Wolf’s Lost has since been called Sokolniki.
...Peter I did not like falconry, but succumbed to his mother’s persuasion and went with the boyars to Sokolniki. There he ordered the release of the hounds so that the boyars themselves could manage the pack of dogs. Confusion began: the dogs rushed at the horses’ feet, and they took off, throwing off the riders. And although many of the boyars received only slight bruises, when the next day Peter suggested going hunting, everyone said they were sick. Peter was pleased.
...during the planning of Sokolniki, the Tsar put his palm on the table and said: “It will be like this!” That’s what they did, only they added two more clearings to bring their number to the sacred seven.

Sokolniki in photographs from different years:

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Sokolniki Park and the history of the Sokolniki district.

“Sokolniki” is not just the name of a part of the territory of Moscow, a vast area in the north-east of the capital. For many Muscovites, Sokolniki is still a favorite vacation spot. The territory of Sokolniki Park is almost four times larger than London's Hyde Park.

In the XIV-XV centuries. on the site of the current Sokolniki Park there was a dense virgin forest. The Stromyn road ran through the forest from Moscow through Cherkizovo to the village of Stromyn, which lay 60 km to the east, and to the city of Suzdal. According to legend, along this road in 1382, when Khan Tokhtamysh was approaching Moscow, Dimitri Donskoy went north to gather troops.

In the 15th century, the territory of Moscow Sokolniki was the site of the Grand Duke's falconry. Here there was a falconer's yard with a falconry, a falconer's grove and, apparently, the falconers' settlement itself, which later, in the 17th century, was known under two names - as the village of Zimnikova (Sokolnikova). This village is shown on a map of Moscow in the mid-17th century, compiled by historians and geographers who lived at that time.

In Russia, falconry became especially widespread in the 17th century during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich. Under him, it was brought to unprecedented luxury, becoming perhaps the first among the royal hunts. It was under Alexei Mikhailovich that falcon yards in Moscow were almost re-created, and one of them was in the area of ​​modern Sokolniki. Tradition has preserved the story of Alexei Mikhailovich's favorite falcon, Shirya, who, rushing at his victim, did not calculate the blow and crashed to death on the ground. The names in Sokolniki of Shiryaev Field, Shiryaevsky streets and passages remind us of him. Dog hunting for elk was also carried out here. The memory of this hunt lives on in the name of the forest that continues Sokolniki to the north: Losino-Pogonny Island. Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich’s passion for falconry is evidenced by the special lengthy decree he published in 1668 on this subject entitled: “The Book of the Verb Uryadnik: New Code and Organization of the Falconer’s Path.”

At the end of the 17th century, the entire area south of the Stromynskaya road was cleared of forest and turned into a huge Sokolnichye field, along which the Rybinka River flowed from north-west to south-east, flowing into the Yauza River above the modern Rubtsov Bridge.

After the death of Alexei Mikhailovich, although falconry was preserved for some time at the royal court, little by little it fell into decline. The poor health of Tsar Fyodor and the weakness of Tsar Ivan Alekseevich did not allow them to engage in this fun, and Peter I did not deign to pay attention to it. He preferred to train soldiers rather than falcons, and did not like hunting. But among the queens Anna Ioanovna and Elizaveta Petrovna, hunting was a great success, and already in the 18th century, in the area of ​​​​the falconers' settlement, there was a settlement of royal rangers who helped illustrious persons in rifle hunting. Therefore, the names of the nearest streets are not at all accidental: Okhotnichya, Olenya, Yegerskaya.

And yet, Peter I visited the centuries-old pines of the Sokolnicheskaya Grove more than once. By his order, a May Alley was cut through the grove - Maysky Clearing. As Moscow expert I.K. found out. Myachin, the young king arranged feasts here for his friends from the Kukui settlement - foreign masters and artisans (mostly Germans): on the day of the spring holiday on May 1 and on Sundays every summer, special tables were set on May Alley, wines, snacks, and all kinds of food were placed. This is why Sokolnicheskaya Grove was called “German tables” for a long time. Subsequently, Sokolniki became a place for traditional festivities of the Moscow nobility and people.

During the Patriotic War of 1812, in order to establish the shortest road from the city towards Losiny Island, another clearing was laid - the 4th beam. Here, in the thicket of Sokolnichya Grove, many residents took refuge from the Napoleonic invaders. After their expulsion, a significant part of the grove was cut down to restore burnt wooden houses in Moscow.

The reference book “Moscow”, published in 1848, contains the following information: “Sokolnicheskaya Grove, which is behind the Sokolnicheskaya outpost, with the newly established Sokolnicheskaya Park.” At the beginning of the second half of the 19th century, the grove already had basically its own characteristic layout: all seven Radial clearings (except for the Sand Alley) went from the “Circle” and were closed by a transverse clearing. The guidebook of 1855 said that “in Sokolniki there is a wonderful park with roads and paths.” On Sundays and holidays, the vast Sokolniki area is filled with people, but “the best festivities of the whole summer” remained the festivities on May 1st.

During the coronation of Emperor Alexander I, a large variety of festivities, various entertainments, and food for the people were organized on Sokolnichye Field. This holiday, which was attended by a huge number of people, lasted three days, and the sovereign himself attended it.
In 1879, the city bought Sokolnichya and the neighboring Deer Grove from the state treasury for 300 thousand rubles. A major role in this was played by one of the representatives of a wealthy merchant family and a family of major Moscow philanthropists, Moscow Golova S.M. Tretyakov is the brother of P.M. Tretyakov, founder of the Tretyakov Gallery. Sokolniki Park can also be considered a symbolic gift to the beloved city from the Tretyakovs.

Sokolniki has appeared on the pages of literary works more than once. Moscow writers of everyday life gave them a place of honor. For them, Sokolniki is not a place for noble duels, as in “War and Peace” by L.N. Tolstoy, but nostalgic memories associated with some sentimentality. Publicist N. Skavronsky writes “The Sokolnitsa Idyll” - the tragedy of the incomprehensible love of a poor forty-year-old man for the “pretty girl” Lisa. One can say more: Sokolniki was a place where literary works were written. Here in 1830 P.Ya. Chaadaev writes the third letter from the so-called. "Philosophical Letters", which brought the author wide fame.

Sokolniki was one of the favorite places of the artist A.K. Savrasova. He often admonished his friends to go here - “there the nightingales sing, the bird cherry blossoms.” The artist dedicated several works to Sokolniki. Sketch and painting " Losiny Island in Sokolniki" (1869) are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery. Centuries-old forest and untouched nature inspire the romantic painter. In the Irkutsk Art Museum there is another landscape with a view of Sokolniki (1882) - more lyrical, depicting a small swamp and lonely towering birches. In 1880, the painting “Autumn Day. Sokolniki" (1879) I.I. Levitan, an outstanding master of Russian landscape.

The beauty of Sokolniki delighted Muscovites. On May Day festivities, both commoners and noble people came here, sporting epaulettes and expensive embroidery on their uniforms. It had its own attractions - the Maiskaya clearing or “Wolf Valley”. Burkina's dacha with its illuminated garden and orchestra was especially famous.
Workers preferred to come to Sokolniki with their samovar and drink tea with their families on the green grass. Later, open-air teahouses appeared here.
In 1880, one of the first horse-drawn lines was installed in Sokolniki, which was replaced by a tram at the beginning of the 20th century.

In old Sokolniki there was a sports club that had its own football stadium, and even international meetings were held here. The Golden Anchor restaurant beckoned with gypsy tunes, and in the Tivoli variety theater, organized in 1912, “music literally reigned,” as journalists of the time wrote. Frequent guests of Tivoli were artists from the Moscow Art Theater and the Maly Theater.

F.I. Chaliapin performed for the first time in Sokolniki in the Arcadia garden at the end of 1890. Outstanding Russian landscape painter I.I. Shishkin (1832-1898) spent whole days with sketchbooks in Sokolniki. Lived in Sokolniki N.G. Rubinstein has been a central figure in musical Moscow since the 1860s. P.I. often visited Sokolniki. Chaikovsky.

On August 7, 1912, S.S.’s first piano concerto was performed for the first time. Prokofiev. “This was his first performance and, in general, my first performance with an orchestra as a pianist,” said S.S. Prokofiev. It happened on Sokolnichesky Circle. Composer and conductor S.N. played a significant role in the musical life of Moscow. Vasilenko (1872 - 1956). The musician headed the Moscow Concert and Organization Bureau and led mass concerts in Sokolniki.

Famous writer N.S. Leskov rented a dacha near the park. Interesting episodes from the biography of the poet V.V. are associated with Sokolnichesky Park. Mayakovsky. In 1920 he rented a dacha here. The Czechoslovak writer Julius Fucik (1905 - 1943) visited and loved the park. His friends said: “Fuchik loves Sokolniki, knows beautiful corners there, knows where you can sit, talk, where you can, sitting under a fragrant linden tree in a comfortable chair, quietly read or just think.”

On May 16, 1931, the Presidium of the City Executive Committee and the Moscow City Council adopted a resolution “On the organization of a cultural recreation center on the territory of Sokolnicheskaya Grove,” and “the entire Sokolnicheskaya Grove was declared a City Park.”

During the years of the revolution and civil war, the park territory fell into disrepair. And only after the decision was made to recreate the park, large-scale work began on cleaning the territory, ponds, strengthening their banks, and putting green spaces in order. Measures were also envisaged for “the establishment of a Water Station, sports grounds, an open stage, cinema, orchestras, service enterprises...”. Particular attention was paid to the staging of mass cultural work.

And soon the park appeared before visitors in a new guise. On the alleys of the Big and Small Circle, on the straight, arrow-like clearings of the Radial, there were then wooden buildings concert hall“Circle”, restaurant “Sokolniki”, cafes, buffets, veranda of dances, concert stages, libraries-reading rooms, exhibitions. The Pioneer and Schoolchild Town, the Green and Summer Drama Theatres, sports grounds and the Shiryaevo Pole stadium were opened. Separately, on the Maysky Prosek pond, in a beautiful log building with a veranda, which was the Olen restaurant before the revolution, there was a One-Day Rest House. The famous Moscow CDKA stadium was located in the central part of the park.

Sokolniki Park was visited by hundreds of thousands of Muscovites and guests of the capital. Young people were attracted by such attractions of that time as “The Hammer Hammer”, “Swing Boats”, “The Fun Room”, “The Flea”, “The Dead Loop”, “Chain Carousel”, “Sliding Flight”, “Immelman”, as well as board game areas, shooting ranges, bicycle station. Rental pedal cars and a toy library were opened in the Children's Town.

Middle-aged and elderly people willingly visited the pavilion for renting hammocks and sun loungers, and the chess and checkers base. Those wishing to relax on the water were attracted by the boat station on the Maisky Prosek pond.

During the Great Patriotic War, on October 1, 1941, due to the approach of the front to Moscow, the Moscow Department of Cultural and Educational Enterprises declared Sokolniki Park closed. But even during this harsh time, enterprises located on the territory of the park and producing products for the front worked intensively, environmental protection activities and foresters on duty continued uninterruptedly. During the war, three rifle and one tank divisions were formed in the park. But as soon as the enemy was repulsed from the walls of the capital, the park resumed its work again. Already in the summer of 1942, the Symphonic Stage, the Veranda of Dance, and the Green Theater opened. During the war years, the following performers performed on the park's stages: Lydia Ruslanova, Ilya Nabatov, Mikhail Garkavi, Grigory Yaron, Vladimir Bunchikov and Vladimir Nechaev and others.

In 1943, after renovation, the Summer Drama Theater opened its season, and the Sokolniki summer cinema opened in the theater on Krug.

Despite wartime, in 1943, an opportunity was found to establish a uterine garden, which for a long time provided not only Sokolniki Park with new varieties of elite trees and shrubs, but also other cities of the country: Minsk, Chisinau, Kyiv.
In 1944, the park largely regained its pre-war activity.
In the post-war years, the park continued its development. It has become one of the largest among other parks in the country.

In addition to cultural events, sports festivals and sports days, competitions in various types sports for the championship of the city and country.
Today Sokolniki - a unique complex of park, natural and national culture, a monument of landscape art - is, as before, the property of Moscow.

The nature of Sokolniki is rich. The park covers almost 600 hectares. More than half of them are green spaces. Linden, maple, elm, birch, ash, oak, spruce, pine, larch, rowan, and hawthorn grow here. The age of some oaks and larches is 100-120 years. The layout of the park is still very convenient for visitors: an alley from the main entrance leads to the Sokolniki Circle. Eight alleys fan out from it, intersected by the Transverse Clearing. In this case, nine sectors are formed in which various pavilions and stages are located. Trees of the same species are planted in each clearing. On the first and third - birches, on the fourth - maples, on the second - elms, on the fifth - ash trees, on the sixth - elms and elms, on the Maisky clearing - larches.

Sokolniki has always been famous for its abundance of flowers and its rose gardens. The number of roses in the Big and Small Rose Gardens in different years reached 30 thousand bushes, more than 100 varieties. In 2002, the Large Rose Garden was restored, and in 2005, the Small Rose Garden was opened. The Lilac Garden, which was founded in the fifties of the 20th century by the youth of the capital, is also being put in order.

In recent years, the park has noticeably grown and been updated. Sokolniki is still one of the most favorite vacation spots for Muscovites today. The jets of the fountain in the center of the park shimmer in the sun with cheerful colors. Concert stages, a library - reading room, four amusement towns, a billiard hall, a dance veranda, a sports alley with rental of roller skates, bicycles, scooters and other sports equipment, a swimming pool, a go-kart track, and numerous cafes are available to visitors. On the third Luchevoy clearing there are tennis courts, table tennis, and after a major overhaul a sports and recreation complex began to operate. On the fourth Luchevoy clearing there is a chess and checkers club. In winter, the park has an ice skating rink and ski slopes with ski and skate rental centers.

In the spring of 2004, the Children's Creativity House, which had been under reconstruction for several years, was opened. Park theatrical events, including sports, music and entertainment programs, literary evenings, concerts of professional and amateur artists, brass and symphony orchestras have become very popular among the capital's public.

Muscovites are especially fond of the dance programs “Retro Plus”, the charity radio disco “Retro”, the evening dating and meeting club “Melodies of Our Court”, charity concerts of classical romance in Galina Preobrazhenskaya’s salon, as well as youth disco shows.

In 1959, pavilions of the international exhibition center were built in the park, where the first American Exhibition . Now it is a Cultural and Exhibition Center, on the territory of which over fifty Moscow, Russian and international exhibitions are held annually.

Once upon a time, in the 16th-17th centuries, Russian tsars Ivan the Terrible and Alexei Mikhailovich hunted in the Sokolniki forests; Later, Peter I sailed along the Yauza in a boat. In the first third of the 18th century. here there existed Sokolnichiy Dvor and Sokolnicheskaya Sloboda, inhabited mainly by rifle rangers. The area itself was listed as

run by the Chief Jägermeister's office. The Sokolnicheskaya Grove stood nearby for a long time - in 1879 the city authorities bought it, radiant clearings were cut into it and dachas were built. According to contemporaries, Burkina's dacha was especially famous, with its illuminated garden and orchestra. The center of the resulting park was called Sokolniki Circle - here in 1881, on the occasion of the coronation of Emperor Alexander III, an elegant pavilion was built. Many famous Russian artists often depicted him on their canvases (for example, A. Savrasov and I. Levitan). Throughout the 19th century, a network of streets and alleys in the area was formed. So, about the Sokolniki field, where from the end of the 18th century. military maneuvers were carried out, they are reminiscent of four Polevye lanes, and two Rybinsk streets of the Rybinka River. By the end of the 19th century. Twelve Sokolniki streets appeared - the courtyards of ordinary people, enterprises and hospitals were located here. The center of the area became the then Sokolnicheskoye Highway, paved with cobblestones and illuminated by kerosene lanterns. The symbol of the area was the elegant tower (1881-1884), adjacent to the local police and fire station. In 1882, the Bakhrushin factory owners donated 420 thousand rubles for the construction of a hospital, which was opened in 1887 (now called Ostroumovskaya); Of the 238 hospital beds, 228 were free. A little earlier, in 1876, at the expense of the tycoon von Derviz, the St. Children's Hospital was built. Vladimir (now Rusakovskaya); under her, the openwork Trinity Church was erected (architect A. Popov). In 1909-13. The Church of the Resurrection of Christ was erected.

At the end of the 19th century. beginning of the 20th century The main city transport was the horse tram, which existed until 1911. The first tram line was launched in 1899. In 1924, four trams ran eastbound. The route of one of them, No. 20 (Sokolnicheskaya Zastava - Bogorodskoye), was laid in 1913. The oldest tram park in Moscow is located in Sokolniki. Back in 1905, Sokolniki tram workshops existed, after expansion and reconstruction they were called the Sokolniki Carriage Repair Plant (SVARZ). In the 1930s, the production of domestic carriages was launched. In 1924, the first buses, mostly foreign-made, appeared in Moscow. In 1931, trolleybuses produced by SVARZ began to appear in Moscow.

Born in November 1931 Moscow Metro. The first mine was founded on Rusakovskaya Street. In September 1931, Metrostroy was created, design and geological surveys began. October 15, 1934 On the section Sokolniki - Komsomolskaya Square, traffic lights were lit for the first time. By 1937, Izmailovo was already connected to the center of the capital. The Izmailovsky radius metro was completed in 1944, at the same time the Stalinskaya (Semyonovskaya) station opened.

Young people from all over the country came to the construction site, and housing problems began to arise. The first town of Metrostroy grew up in Losi, but it soon became crowded and construction began in Cherkizovo, on Mazutny Proezd, on Poteshnaya and Lugovaya streets. It was barracks-type housing. Gradually the town was rebuilt and the barracks were replaced by more modern buildings. Playgrounds and squares appeared. Today's Metrotown bears little resemblance to the metro builders' village of those years.

Now Eastern administrative District Moscow city is the most equipped with stations capital metro. Four of the twelve lines of the Moscow Metro, and the total number of metro stations is 15. The last of them, Novokosino station, was inaugurated on August 30, 2012.

The eastern edge of the capital experienced a real “sports explosion” in the 30s and 40s. In Sokolniki there are the Sokolniki football club, created back in 1896, the Sokolniki Sports Club (1905), the Sokolniki Ski Club, Muscovites “ran cross-country” in the park, and in winter the park turned into an ice skating rink. A new, well-equipped Stalinets (Lokomotiv) stadium appeared in Cherkizovo, which belonged to the Lokomotiv DSO. In 1932, a stadium appeared in Blagush, which belonged to the Krylya Sovetov DSO (in 1946, on the initiative of the Salyut plant, it was built new stadium"Wings of Soviets"). IN

In the same year, the Almaz stadium appeared in Bogorodskoye. In the pre-war years, construction of a sports giant with stands for 200 thousand spectators began in Izmailovo. He was given the name I.V. Stalin. The Izmailovskaya metro station was already under construction here (“ Izmailovsky Park", "Partisan"). During the Second World War, the construction of the stadium had to be mothballed; it was completed after the war and only with 25 thousand seats.

In the 1960-1970s, the sports facilities in Sokolniki were also updated. A large complex of the Spartak sports and recreation center has developed here: the Sokolniki Sports Palace and the Central Training and Sports Combine; indoor track and field arena named after brothers Seraphim and Georgy Znamensky.

The rebirth of the stadium on the estate of I.V. Stalin took place on the eve of the 1980 Olympics. The stadium has been modernized. In 1975-1976, the State Central Order of Lenin Institute of Physical Culture, Russian State University physical culture, sports, youth and tourism) – “the forge of the country’s sports personnel.” Next to it, in the shortest possible time and with the participation of teachers and students of the institute, the Izmailovo Sports Palace (Universal Sports and Entertainment Complex "Izmailovo") is being built. In order to receive the Olympians with dignity, a large hotel"Izmailovo".

The Eastern Administrative District is part of the city's centuries-old history. The closest border of the modern district, adjacent to the center, was determined in the middle of the 18th century. In 1742, Preobrazhenskaya and Semenovskaya settlements entered the city’s borders. In 1879, the village of Bogorodskoye was included in the suburban area of ​​the city. In 1897, when it was decided to build the Circular Railway, the villages of Cherkizovo and Blagusha were included in the number of Moscow suburbs. In 1917, Cherkizovo, Blagusha and Bogorodskoye officially became part of Moscow. Izmailovo was included within the city in 1935, and in 1939. – the village of Koloshino (part of Golyanovo).

In connection with the construction of the Moscow Ring Road in 1960, the city’s borders include a number of settlements - the city of Perovo, the villages of Veshnyaki, Ivanovskoye, Golyanovo, the village of Novogireevo, the villages of Chernitsyno and Vladychnya. In 1985-1987, the capital included settlements behind the Ring Road are the villages of Vostochny, Ukhtomsky, and Metrogorodok. In the 90s, Novokosino, Bolshoye and Maloye Kozhukhovo joined Moscow; in 2000-2003, Zhulebino became a new Moscow territory.

4. Brief history of the Sokolniki district of Moscow

The history of the Sokolniki district is an integral part of the history of the city and the district. Some aspects of the history of the area have already been covered in the previous chapter. As already noted, Sokolniki is closely connected with the history of statehood, the formation Russian army and fleet, the development of trade routes, the first industrial production, which inevitably affected the development of the region.

At the Petrovsky factory for making sails for ships, mostly retired sailors who lived nearby, in Matrosskaya Sloboda, worked. The memory of this is kept in their name by Matrosskaya Tishina Street, Matrossky Bridge and Bolshoi Matrossky Lane.

In 1785, in the empty dilapidated stone and wooden building, the Catherine Almshouse was tripled, designed to replace 82 parish charitable institutions.

In 1787, the architect Selikhov began to add two more two-story buildings to the two factory buildings. On the western corner there was built a temple in the name of the Resurrection of Christ, consecrated in 1790 by Metropolitan Plato. In 1826 O.I. Beauvais carried out a major overhaul of the western and northern buildings, as well as the church. In 1871, another chapel was built in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine in memory of the founder of the almshouse, Empress Catherine II.

In 1818, an orphanage for 100 children of chief officers was opened at the almshouse. Now this building houses the Moscow State University of Instrument Engineering and Informatics (MGUPI).

In 1798, a Home for the Mentally Ill was founded at the Catherine Almshouse. In 1808, the building was renovated. The hospital was named the Moscow Dollar House, which in 1830 was transformed into the Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital, which became the first psychiatric hospital in Moscow.

In 1877-1878, two two-story outbuildings were built adjacent to the main building. The buildings were heated with water. There was a working barracks for service personnel at the hospital. The famous soothsayer Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha spent 44 years in this hospital. The administration used Koreishi's stay to obtain additional funds; for this purpose, a fee of 20 kopecks was charged from each visitor to Koreishi, and from 1839 special tickets were introduced. In 1889, a one-story building with five chambers appeared in the end part of the left wing, and third floors were added to the main building. In the same year, the wife of Moscow City Mayor Alexander Vladimirovich Alekseev donated a plot of land with a house located opposite the hospital. The so-called Alekseevsky branch was opened here. Today, the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital has retained its original purpose and is known as the City Psychiatric Hospital No. 3 named after V.A. Gilyarovsky.

In 1731-1732, on the territory of Sokolniki there was the so-called Kompaneisky Val, “kompaneytsy” (farmers selling wine) which was the predecessor of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val. The Kamer-Kollezhsky Wall covered the areas lying behind the Zemlyanoy Wall and was an earthen rampart over 37 kilometers long with a moat and outposts.

It was built in 1742 by the Chamber Collegium (hence the name), which was in charge of state revenues, to control the import of goods to Moscow. Until 1754 it was the customs border of Moscow. In the 2nd half of the 18th century, the outposts were equipped with barriers, and retired soldiers checked the “roads” (documents for the right of passage). Since 1806, Kamer-Kollezhsky Val became the official police border of Moscow, and in 1864 - the border between the city, which was governed by the City Duma, and the Moscow district, which was governed by the zemstvo. In 1852, the outposts were liquidated, the rampart itself was gradually torn down in the 2nd half of the 19th century, and streets appeared in its place. Nowadays, the memory of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Val in Sokolniki is preserved in the names: Sokolnicheskaya Zastava Square and Sokolnichesky and Oleniy Vals streets. The emergence of the Kamer-Kollezhsky Wall actually divided Sokolniki into two parts; Sokolnichya Field was recognized as part of Moscow, and Sokolnichya Grove turned out to be a Moscow region.

In the middle of the 19th century, in order to conduct proper deforestation, Sokolnichya Grove was laid out in a modern way - with the construction of clearings running in radii (rays) from the center. With the opening in 1851 of the St. Petersburg-Moscow (now Oktyabrskaya) railway, and in the 60s of the 19th century - Yaroslavskaya (Northern) and Ryazanskaya (Kazanskaya), - Sokolnicheskoye Highway, as well as the Krasnoprudnaya street closest to the stations, began to be intensively built up. In the last decade of the 19th century, Rybinsk streets appeared on the map of Moscow, and the Rybinka River was enclosed in a pipe. The area south of what is now Rusakovskaya Street was also built up. By 1898, neighborhoods had formed here, and twelve Sokolniki streets appeared. Today, only five of them remain, but they retain their historical name, although they have been renamed.

Once upon a time, on the right bank of the Yauza, in the area of ​​modern Gastello, Bakuninskaya and Bolshaya Pochtovaya streets, there was the vast village of Rubtsovo.

Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov built his own country palace near it, on the banks of the Yauza River, and planted a large garden with it. In this garden, double roses were bred for the first time in Russia. The Tsar also built a church here in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos, in memory of the reflection of the Poles who entered Moscow on October 1, 1615. This church was built from 1619 to 1626, and after its construction the village of Rubtsovo was renamed Pokrovskoye.

The daughter of Peter I, Elizaveta Petrovna, built an elegant wooden palace here in 1742 according to the design of the architect M.G. Zemtsov, and when the building burned down, the architect V.V. Rastrelli erected a stone palace in its place in 1753. With alterations from the mid-19th century, it has survived to this day (red buildings near the Moscow-Ryazan railway line).

At the same time, the palace garden was restored and re-landscaped. On the Rybinka River, a tributary of the Yauza River, flowing north of the estate, ponds, dams, bridges were formed, and a Russian swing was built in the courtyard.

In July 1869, Empress Maria Alexandrovna notified Metropolitan Innocent of Moscow and Kolomna of her desire to establish a diocesan community of sisters of mercy in Moscow, using for this purpose the former royal Pokrovsky Palace and the ancient Cathedral of the Intercession of the Holy Virgin, located at the end of Pokrovskaya Street, near the Pokrovsky Bridge. The execution of the Highest will was entrusted to Abbess Mitrofaniya. The official date of foundation of the Moscow diocesan monastery of mercy was April 21, 1870, when the Highest command of the emperor was followed

Alexander II for its establishment. The community received its original name “Vladychne-Pokrovskaya” on the Feast of the Intercession, in whose honor the main church of the monastery and the Vladychny Monastery in the city of Serpukhov, to which the community was assigned, was named. The community charter was approved by the Holy Governing Synod on December 22, 1871. On June 24, 1872, the Emperor approved the “Regulations on the rights and benefits of the Pskov Ioanno-Ilyinskaya and Moscow Vladychne-Pokrovskaya communities of sisters of mercy.”

The next day, June 25, 1872, the house church of the Resurrection of Christ was consecrated in the main building of the community of sisters of mercy - the thoroughly rebuilt Intercession Palace. The consecration was performed by Metropolitan Innocent in the concelebration of the second vicar Bishop of Mozhaisk Ignatius and the clergy of the monasteries of the churches and the Moscow diocese. This celebration was attended by the Chief Prosecutor of the Holy Synod, Count D.A. Tolstoy, Moscow Governor General Prince V.A. Dolgorukov. Father Vladimir Skorokhodov addressed the assembled distinguished guests with a gathering of worshipers and numerous clergy, as the senior priest of the Vladychne-Pokrovsky community of sisters of mercy.

The events of the seventies of the 19th century caused the name of the monastery to be changed from Vladychne-Pokrovskaya to the Intercession Community of Sisters of Mercy, which survived until the events of 1917.

With the advent of the 20th century, buildings belonging to this island of mercy began to be actively built around the Intercession Palace. To the right of the palace, in line with it, a two-story building was erected. On December 27, 1913, in the presence of Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna and Metropolitan Macarius, the new hospital of the Intercession community was solemnly consecrated in memory of the 300th anniversary of the reigning House of Romanov with the house church of St. Mikhail Malein. Equipped with the latest science and technology, it was intended for surgical and therapeutic patients.

During the First World War there was a military hospital here, where the community sisters worked. Now this is the only building of the former Pokrovskaya community that has retained its medical purpose - the 1st gynecological hospital is located here. And today Rubtsovs-ko-Dvortsovaya Street reminds us of the village of Rubtsov and the Pokrovsky Palace.

In 1775, Catherine II founded a strait house “for the impudent,” which was first located behind the Sukharev Tower and under the jurisdiction of the Order of Public Charity, and then was transferred to Sokolniki, Moscow Correctional Prison. In 1808 it received a separate building, and in 1834 it received special management. In 1850, the “Joy of All Who Sorrow” Church was built at the prison, located in the second building, to the north of the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital. In 1870, the Strait House was renamed the Moscow Correctional Prison, and a new building for prisoners with possible amenities was built in its courtyard.

At the end of the 19th century, this prison was built for 300 men and 150 women, and the women's department was located half a mile from the men's. The purpose of the Correctional Prison was to give prisoners (swindlers, thieves, petty criminals) the opportunity to learn a trade - they received orders, and the money remained in the prison administration until their release. The prison had workshops: a box shop, a tailor shop, a shoe shop and a laundry shop. For 200 years, this building continues to serve law and order. Today, pre-trial detention center No. 1 “Matrosskaya Tishina” is located here.

The emergence of the first church in Sokolniki is associated with the growth of the dacha population in Sokolnichiya Grove. In November 1861, wealthy summer residents, including honorary citizens D.S. Lepyoshkin and I.A. Lyamin, petitioned Metropolitan Philaret to build a church at their expense. The construction of the Church of Tikhon of Zadonsk began in 1862, and on July 14, 1863, the church was consecrated by Metropolitan Philaret.

The church was wooden, on a stone foundation. It had the shape of a regular octagon, topped with a beautiful white dome, which was adjoined on four sides by porticoes with a triangular pediment at the end. The walls were made of vertically placed logs, tightly plastered and painted on both sides. The inside of the church was spacious and bright. The painted dome was supported by eight wooden columns. By 1875, the church buildings had fallen into disrepair and were in danger of collapsing. Its repair, according to experts, was impractical. Therefore, they decided to dismantle the old church and build a new one in its place, and in such a way that the throne remained inviolable. The new project was developed by the architect I. Semenov.

In 1876, construction of the new Tikhonovskaya Church was completed. This time, on the old foundation, the logs were laid horizontally, the walls were not sheathed, but were painted with oil paint. The roof was covered with iron. The octagon ended with a blind tent, the height of which was equal to its base. The tent was decorated with kokoshniks arranged in rows. Round medallions with images of saints were inscribed into the kokoshniks of the first row. The tent was crowned with a small onion bench on an octagonal drum with a simple four-pointed cross above it. There were three entrances to the church with porches and ceilings, which were supported by carved columns. In general, the new temple was made in the “Russian style” and looked majestic and elegant. In May 1890, the second chapel of the Tikhonov Church was built, consecrated in honor of the holy blessed princess Olga. And at the beginning of the 20th century they wanted to rebuild the temple in stone, but it was not possible to carry out their plans.

One of the first engineering structures in Moscow was the water supply system. But it provided water to the central part of the city, and many Muscovites took water from wells, springs or water poles. One of these water columns was located in front of the building of the Catherine Almshouse, into which water flowed from the Preobrazhensky key well, called the Holy Well and which had existed since time immemorial.

This “Holy Well” was located on the other side of Stromynka, near the Yauza and belonged to the Order of Public Charity. The City Duma bought this well in 1868, and in 1872 they built the Preobrazhenskaya water pumping station near it. The memory of this well is preserved in its name by modern Kolodeznaya Street.

Sewage also plays an important role in normal human life. It so happened that Moscow (and not only Moscow), which at that time did not have any sewerage system, entrusted all the worries about waste disposal to numerous convoys of otkhodniks, the so-called “golden workers”.

Only in September 1893 did the construction of sewer networks begin according to the design of engineer V.D. Kastalsky.

The Moscow sewer system began operating on July 30, 1898. On this day, the main pumping station began pumping wastewater to the Lublin irrigation fields - the first stage of the Moscow system was put into operation, covering households inside the Garden Ring, and 13 years later the construction of the second stage was completed. The main pumping station was located at the Novospassky Bridge, and several smaller ones were scattered throughout Moscow. This included placing the Sokolnicheskaya sewage pumping station on Pokrovskaya-Dvortsovaya Street, next to the St. Vladimir Children’s Hospital, a little closer to the Yauza.

In 1873, kerosene lighting appeared in the central part of Sokolniki, and in 1875 it was possible to arrive in Sokolniki by horse-drawn railway.

In the 70s of the 19th century, through the efforts of the merchant Frol Yakovlevich Ermakov, the first charitable establishment arose in the area of ​​modern Korolenko Street. F.Ya. Ermakov rebuilds the building of the worsted wool factory and opens the Alexander branch of the Ermakov almshouse in Sokolniki for 520 people, at which a church was built. Upper Temple Life-Giving Trinity consecrated on August 22, 1876. The lower temple of Florus and Laurus was consecrated on August 18, 1877. In 1885 he built the Mariinsky branch of the Ermakov almshouse behind the Trekhgornaya Zastava for 480 people with a church. The Church of Philaret the Merciful and the almshouse were consecrated on November 24, 1889, and the chapel of the Assumption was consecrated on June 28, 1893

Righteous Anna. The street on which the first branch of the Ermakovskaya almshouse was located was rightly called Ermakovskaya. And only in 1925 it received its modern name - Korolenko Street.

An invaluable contribution to the unification of Sokolniki, divided after the emergence of the Kamer-Collezhsky Wall, was made by the younger brother of Pavel Mikhailovich Tretyakov, Sergei Mikhailovich. In 1875, he bought Sokolnichya Grove from the treasury for the city.

One of the buildings that can be called the “calling card” of modern Sokolniki is certainly the fire tower. The tower was equipped with a signal bell, as well as a signaling mast, flags and lanterns.

The fire station in Sokolniki was built with public money. From 1881 to 1884, construction was carried out on a police and fire department building with an elegant tower and a bypass gallery supported by openwork brackets designed by the architect Maxim Karlovich Geppener.

The Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki won national love and fame not only due to its architecture, but also due to the fact that during the period of persecution of the Church, it preserved many Orthodox Shrines under its arches. The initiator of the construction was the Moscow archpriest of the Church in the name of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow” at the Bakhrushinsky Hospital - John Kedrov. Therefore, the people sometimes called the temple the Cedar Church. This is the only church in Moscow with an altar facing the Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulcher. The foundation stone of the temple took place on June 29, 1909 and was performed by Metropolitan Vladimir of Moscow. It was built according to the design of the architect Pavel Aleksandrovich Tolstoy in the “Russian Art Nouveau” style. The composition of the church, raised on the basement, is based on the constructive scheme of a four-pillar cross-domed church. Its central part is crowned by a slender tent-shaped octagon, along the diagonal of which there are 4 small domes. The wide sleeves of the planned cross of the temple are completed with large scalloped zakomaras, and the lowered corner cells are completed with domes on cylindrical drums. The nine-domed completion of the building emphasizes the expressive dynamics of the volumes growing upward, giving the silhouette of this large, monumental structure the exquisite fragility so characteristic of Art Nouveau. In front of the entrances to the church - from the north, east and west - there are ceremonial porches with gable ends (the western porch currently houses a bell tower). The creation of the image of the temple, oriented towards examples of ancient Russian architecture, is facilitated by keel-shaped kokoshniks at the bases of the chapters, arched perspective portals decorating the entrances and high slit-like windows.

The temple was consecrated on December 22, 1913 in the name of the main Christian holiday, “The Resurrection of Christ.” The left side chapel - January 4, 1915 in the name of the supreme apostles Peter and Paul, the right side - October 18, 1915 in honor of the icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow.” On September 9, 1916, an underground chapel was consecrated, built in prayerful memory of the deceased elder A.K. Vedeneev, buried in the church near the left choir. Now in the basement there is a chapel of the Nativity of Christ. Here the sacrament of Holy Baptism is performed. The nine-domed, two-story temple has the shape of a cross, its area is 960 sq.m. The height of the main dome is 34m, the side aisles are 22m. The carved iconostases in all the chapels of the temple were made of cypress according to the architect's design. Subsequently, artistically carved oak icon cases were made for the icons, and majestic chandeliers were made in the Byzantine style. The first choir was composed of blind people. It was one of the last Moscow churches built in pre-revolutionary Russia.

In the 1920s, revered shrines from Moscow churches that were closing and collapsing were transferred to the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki.

The initiator of the creation of the school named after the poet A.S. Pushkin in Sokolniki was the eldest son of Alexander Sergeevich - Lieutenant General of the Cavalry Alexander Alexandrovich Pushkin. The poet's son, Alexander Aleksandrovich, and the poet's grandson, also Alexander Aleksandrovich, were appointed trustees of the men's school, and Pushkin's youngest daughter, Natalya Aleksandrovna, and granddaughter, Vera Aleksandrovna, were appointed trustees of the women's school. Already in September 1901, the primary girls' school began its activities. Today, in this beautiful red brick building, which is a historical and cultural monument, the Pushkin branch of gymnasium No. 1530 “Lomonosov School” is located and the A.S. Museum operates. Pushkin.

In October 1882, the brothers Peter, Alexander and Vasily Alexandrovich Bakhrushin addressed the City Mayor with a letter in which they expressed a desire to donate 450 thousand rubles for the construction of a hospital.

In 1885-1886, on Sokolnichye Field, according to the design of the architect Boris Viktorovich Freidenberg, a hospital was built for those suffering from incurable diseases. Here in 1887 a hospital church was built in the name of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow.” The temple was located in the main building on the second floor above the entrance and had three domes. At the same time, a second church was built, illuminated on September 6, 1887 in the name of St. Panteleimon the healer. The streets that emerged near the hospital area were named Bolshaya and Malaya Bakhrushinskie. In 1922, they were renamed in honor of the general practitioner, professor Alexey Aleksandrovich Ostroumov - into Ostroumovskie, which have retained these names to this day. In 1892, a two-story building for incurable patients with 150 beds was built at the Bakhrushin hospital, and later it was expanded to 200 beds. A little to the side they set up a chapel and a room for autopsy of the bodies of the dead. In 1903, according to the design of the architect Illarion Aleksandrovich Ivanov-Shits, a maternity hospital was built at the hospital.

In 1911, with the money of Alexander Alekseevich Bakhrushin and his nephew Nikolai Vasilyevich, a light therapy clinic was set up, and a year later an X-ray room. Widow of Vasily Alekseevich, B.F. Bakhrushin, at the same time donated a large sum for the construction of an outpatient clinic for incoming patients, built later, in 1913, according to the design of Alexander Ivanovich Roop. Today the Bakhrushinskaya Hospital is known as City Clinical Hospital No. 33 named after. A.A. Ostroumova.

Less than ten years after the opening of the Bakhrushinsky hospital, another charitable institution was opened opposite it on the other side of Stromynka. On May 30, 1891, the foundation stone for the extensive House of Charity with a church attached to it, built on Sokolnichye Field, took place, with donations from honorary citizen N.I. Combat. Construction began on the Almshouse named after the brothers Nikolai, Peter, Alexei, and Alexander Boev, designed by the architect Alexander Lavrentievich Ober. In the center of the Boyevskaya almshouse there was a church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, consecrated in May 1894, and its two side chapels, St. Elizabeth and St. Peter, consecrated on June 26 and July 3. Two years later, the benefactor himself was buried in the main church. At the entrance to the building, a mosaic “1893” is laid out on the floor - this is the year the almshouse was built.

Next to the House of Charity, two-story buildings of free apartments for 60 poor families and city primary schools were built. Now in the building of the Boyevskaya almshouse there is the Moscow City Scientific and Practical Center for the Fight against Tuberculosis of the Moscow Health Department. Other buildings of this institution have been built on and converted into ordinary apartments and offices. Since then, the nearby streets have been named Boevsky in honor of Russian patrons of the arts.

The first city children's hospital was built in 1876 near Yauza at the expense of the railway magnate and philanthropist Pavel Grigoryevich von Derviz. The hospital was designed by architecture professor R.A., invited from St. Petersburg. Goedicke and Director of the Prince of Oldenburg Children's Hospital K.A. Rauhfuss.

On July 15, 1876, the solemn consecration and opening of the hospital took place, which received the name of the Saint of Rus', Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir. In the middle of a shady birch park there were twenty pavilions and buildings. There were 8 rooms for patients, the rest of the buildings were service buildings. The three main buildings were made of stone - for the outpatient clinic, therapeutic and surgical patients, and also for measles patients. Scarlet fever, diphtheria, smallpox and other departments were located in separate wooden pavilions. The outpatient building had a diagnostic ward for doubtful and unclear cases. The main two-story red brick building for medical and surgical patients was designed with many separate exits (in case of infection, it was possible to divide it into five independent parts), with alternating large pavilions and small wards, connected by spacious recreational halls and walking verandas. The heating in all three main buildings was water, ventilation and sewerage were made of pottery pipes. The device was complemented by iron beds and linen, a kitchen with steam cooking, a laundry with huge water tanks, with machines for disinfecting, washing and rolling clothes, and a pharmacy.

The hospital was recognized not only as the best children's hospital in Russia, but also one of the best in Europe. It was recognized as exemplary at the Paris World Exhibition in 1878, at the All-Russian Exhibition in 1882, and was awarded a gold medal at the World Exhibition in Brussels as the best children's hospital in Europe. Subsequently, during the construction of many children's hospitals in Russia and Europe, the principles of the construction of St. Vladimir's Hospital were used. The hospital opened to receive small patients on August 1, 1876.

St. Vladimir's Hospital became the first children's hospital in Moscow, run by the city government and based on the principles of public access and free of charge.

In 1881-1883, on the territory of the hospital, with a donation from P.G. von Derviz, the openwork Trinity Church was erected according to the design of academician of architecture A.P. Popova. Outwardly, it resembled small parish churches of the 17th century. The outside walls of the temple were decorated with colored tiles; the inside was decorated with Italian marble and mahogany from Switzerland. Its interior decoration was also luxurious. An underground tomb was built under the temple for the founder of the hospital, philanthropist Pavel Grigorievich von Derviz. The temple was consecrated on June 1, 1883.

In Soviet times, the hospital was renamed Children's Hospital No. 2 named after I.V. Rusakova, and only in 1992 was its historical name returned. Today, employees of the St. Vladimir Children's Hospital of the Moscow Department of Health.

In memory of the Holy Coronation of Their Imperial Majesties, it was planned to create not just an almshouse, but “a refuge for those in need of care, charity and self-care,” that is, persons who are not subject to admission to a hospital for the treatment of acute diseases, but need medical assistance. On March 10, 1898, the northwestern part of the former Borisovsky property was allocated for the construction of this charitable institution. The foundation of the Coronation Shelter took place on August 18, 1898 on Ermakovskaya Street. The architect was Alexander Lavrentievich Ober. On September 14, 1898, A.L. died in Berlin. Ober, and further design work was entrusted to the architect Alexander Felitsianovich Meisner. In September 1899, the masonry of the Coronation Asylum buildings was completed and interior finishing work began.

The modern medical building No. 1 was built in March 1900. For the hospital, two buildings were built identical in plan and decorative finishing - one for adults, the other for children.

The drafting of the layout of the territory around the already built medical buildings of the Coronation Asylum was entrusted to engineer S.S. Shestakov.

In 1901, the construction of the building for the doctor's and caretaker's apartments was completed. A two-story stone residential building was attached to the one-story wooden house, which stood above a stone basement, rebuilt after a fire in 1894. There is a balcony on the southern façade of the constructed building, at the level of the second floor. The metal grille of the balcony, as well as the awnings over the front and back porches, were made according to the drawings of A.F. Meissner. Heating and ventilation were installed in the house according to the design of engineer A.P. Kazantseva. Probably, at the same time, two small log buildings were built, cruciform in plan, intended for a barn, a stable, and cellars with glaciers.

In 1900, the boundaries of the site (side and rear) were secured by installing a fence made of wire mesh, and in 1901, a metal fence with gates and wickets was installed along Ermakovskaya Street, made according to the drawings of A.F. Meissner. In 1900, under the supervision of engineer S.S. Shestakov, and from April 1901, under the leadership of his assistant, engineer Egorov, they landscaped the territory: they laid access roads, as well as asphalt paths around the buildings. To level the levels of the sections, a section of Ermakovskaya Street for 67 linear fathoms was lowered and paved. Convenient pedestrian paths were laid on both sides of the street and linden trees were planted along them.

On May 13, 1901, in the presence of Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich and Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna, the consecration of the Coronation Asylum took place. The Coronation Asylum was officially opened on 14 May 1901.

A charity house named after I.D. was built next to the Coronation Shelter. Baev Sr. The Baevs invited the famous architect Ivan Sergeevich Kuznetsov to participate in the construction. In October 1902, construction work was completed. House of Charity named after. I.D. Baev Sr. was opened on November 2, 1902. The administration of the Coronation Asylum was left to manage the house of charity. Both shelters had a common director, caretaker, housekeeper and housekeeper. The common office and kitchen were located in the House named after Baev. On November 21 of the same year, it was consecrated and already on November 26, people began to receive those in need.

Now these buildings house the City Clinical Hospital No. 14 named after. V. G. Korolenko and the State Scientific Center for Dermatovenereology of the Federal Agency for High-Tech Medical Care.

On December 9, 1907, the consecration of the temple at the Coronation Asylum took place. The complete consecration of the temple at the Refuge in the name of the Most Holy Theotokos Hodegetria with the establishment of a permanent throne took place on January 31, 1910. At this event, the construction phase of the complex of buildings of the Refuge in memory of the Holy Coronation of Their Imperial Majesties and the House of Charity named after I.D. was completed. Baev Sr.

In 1899-1905, construction of a new hospital was carried out on Sokolnichye Field according to the design of architect A.I. Roop, called the Sokolniki Hospital. It was designed specifically for infectious patients. Taking into account the specifics of treatment, a complex of separate small brick buildings was erected. Sokolniki Hospital was opened in 1906, and now it is known as Tuberculosis Clinical Hospital No. 7.

A hospital church was built in 1903 at the corner of Matrosskaya Tishina and Babaevskaya streets. It was consecrated on January 25, 1904 in the name of the icon of the Mother of God “Quench my sorrows.” The church was not distinguished by any special refinements in architectural design, since it was intended for funeral services for the dead. The buildings of the temple and the anatomical theater were united under one roof.

In 1908-1909, the Department of Pathological Anatomy of the Medical Faculty of the Higher Women's Courses was organized at the Sokolniki Infectious Diseases Hospital.

Since 1911, the Bakhrushinskaya Hospital, the Coronation Asylum and the Bayev House of Charity, and the Preobrazhenskaya Hospital became the clinical bases of the Higher Women's Courses.

In 1913, the first sanatorium for tuberculosis patients named after N.D. was opened in Sokolniki. Chetverikova.

In 1913, the Moscow section of the fight against tuberculosis of the Russian Society for the Protection of Public Health opened a sanatorium for the poorest consumptive patients in the area of ​​Pogonno-Losiny Island. It was built according to the plan of A.N. Aleksina

In 1897, the Sokolniki branch of the City Workhouse appeared, which had workshops: blacksmithing, shoemaking, carpentry, box-making, and basket-making.

The workhouse was created for the purpose of providing income to those who came voluntarily and to force professional beggars and loiterers to work. For minors and teenagers there was a special department in which they studied both skills and general education subjects. In 1913, the teenagers were transferred to an institution called the shelter named after Dr. Fyodor Petrovich Gaaz. In the children's department of the orphanage, street children under the age of 10 were raised. There were also nurseries for the children of workers from the House of Diligence and the Workhouse.

On June 12, 1915, a temple was founded at the Sokolniki branch of the City Workhouse and the House of Diligence. The temple with a capacity was built by the architect N.V. Shevyakov in Russian-

Byzantine style. On January 15, 1917, the temple in the name of the Nativity of John the Baptist was solemnly consecrated.

On the current 3rd Sokolnicheskaya Street there is a building that once housed the House of Free Apartments named after E.K. Rakhmanova. The house was a 2-story stone building, which included a reception room with a choir, 20 residential rooms (15 of them in two rooms from the front and 5 in one room each), a common kitchen with a chimney stove and other service premises. The area of ​​the two-room apartment was about 4 1/2 square meters. soot (20.5 sq. meters).

Now this house is completely unrecognizable, its rich decoration and spiers have disappeared after the building was built on two floors. Nowadays a design office is located here.

In the area of ​​modern Rybinsk streets. “Empty” lands that once belonged to the Moscow Governor-General Count F.V. They began to sell off to Rostopchin, and after his death to the landowner Mitkov. At first, most of them were bought by the official A.K. Jacob, but in 1897-1900 he resold them to other owners. The land between the connecting railway line of the Kazan Road and 1st Rybinskaya Street was acquired for the construction of warehouses by one of the owners of the Tula metallurgical rolling mills, the Moscow merchant Lev Vasilyevich Gauthier-Dufayer. The main northern part of the block between 1st and 2nd Rybinskaya streets was acquired in 1897-1900 by a hereditary honorary citizen, state councilor, mechanical engineer of the SI. Lyamin.

Lyamin leased the southern part of the acquired plot to the joint-stock company “Russian Wood Vulcanization Partnership B.I. von Wangel and Co., which built a one-story stone building on rented land “for housing and a warehouse of goods.” in 1901 on 2nd Rybinskaya Street SI. Lyamin organized a lumber and meat warehouse. In 1902, he leased the enterprise to Mikhail Vladimirovich Chelnokov, who moved here the production of building materials “Partnership V.K. Shaposhnikov and M.V. Chelnokov". Since March 18, 1904, the Trading House “V.K. Shaposhnikov, M.V. Chelnokov and Co.” maintain a “factory for mechanical processing of wood” in Lyamin’s house. Architect Nikolai Dmitrievich Strukov erected the main buildings of the plant. Entrepreneurs began to develop the territories leased from Gauthier on the other side of 1st Rybinskaya Street. In 1913, the “Factory for mechanical processing of wood of the Partnership “V.K. Shaposhnikov, M.V. Chelnokov and Co. was transformed into an independent joint-stock company, Moscow Partnership for Shares in Construction and Home Ownership. Before the revolution, the plant became known as the Trading House “Rybinsky, Badurin, Leimbach, Tarabukin and Co.” On June 28, 1918, the plant was nationalized and received a new name “State Mechanical Woodworking Plant No. 2”.

During Soviet times, the Moscow Pasta Factory No. 1 was located here, now known as OJSC Extra M.

Not far from the pasta factory in June 1911, a new beer factory was founded on Sokolnicheskoe Highway. It was built by a joint-stock company headed by the son of the founder of the Zhigulevsky brewery in Samara, L.A. Wakano and I.A. Richter. On April 28 and 29, 1912, the first batch of beer from the Sokolniki Brewery went on sale. After some time, the Sokolniki Brewery was converted for the needs of the pharmaceutical industry and for a long time bore the name “Salicylic Plant”.

In 1906, the F. Shvabe company acquired a plot of land in Sokolniki, on Stromynka. Two years later, a five-story building was built, equipped with the latest technology, at the address: Moscow, Stromynsky Lane, Building 1. The factory used an electric drive, electric arc lighting, water supply, gas pipeline with its own gas generator. The business opened on October 1, 1908, and in 1909 another one-story addition was added to the large building to house a forge, mechanical hammer, and other equipment. The factory became one of the largest in Europe.

In 1912, the Trading House “F. Shvabe" was transformed into the "Joint Stock Company F. Shvabe." In the same 1912, the company acquired the remaining free land on Stromynka and began construction of the second building of the factory, which was completed by May 1916. It housed: part of the workshops, a technical department, chemical and physical laboratories, accounting and a hospital for factory workers. One of the store’s branches and a showroom were also moved here from Kuznetsky Most.

Before the war, a military engineer, staff captain Vasily Ivanovich Chetyrkin, came to the enterprise from St. Petersburg. He places an order with the company for the production of his invention - a sight for shooting at airplanes, called “Captain Chetyrkin’s rangefinder.” On August 31, 1917, the charter of the new joint-stock company “Geophysics” was approved. The company produced surgical, geodetic, physical, optical, chemical instruments, disinfection equipment, and orthopedic devices. The name “Geophysics” has been preserved to this day in the name of the enterprise JSC “NPP “Geophysics”.

At the beginning of the 19th century, here, nearby, on the banks of the Rybinka River, there was a dacha of the statesman, commander-in-chief of Moscow in 1812-1814, Count Fyodor Vasilyevich Rostopchin, which he bought from Count Bruce. Later Mitkov bought this dacha.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the depths of the grove, small plots of land were given for development to tenants on the so-called “Chinshevo right”, which made it possible, upon regular payment of rent, to transfer plots to children, grandchildren, etc.

Some streets were named after the owners - Ivanovskaya (now Malenkovskaya), Mitkovskaya (now Shumkina).

In the second half of the 19th century, Sokolniki became a fashionable dacha place and, as they wrote then, it “could be called a small town.” Of the Sokolniki dachas, the Burkina dacha was especially famous,

Rich citizens visited fashionable restaurants, and gardens began to appear for summer entertainment. Brown's garden also appeared in Sokolniki, which tried to compete with the famous Hermitage garden.

In the summer of 1873, composer A.P. vacationed here. Borodin. Later, in the 1910s, artist N.A. Kasatkin. The historian N.M. lived at the dacha of the Moscow Governor-General in Sokolniki until the French entered Moscow. Karamzin.

Everyone knows that Sokolniki was perhaps the most favorite place for walks and recreation for Muscovites in the 19th century. The beauty of Sokolniki was sung by artists A.K. Savrasov, I.I. Levitan, who became famous after his first painting, which was called "Autumn Day. Sokolniki."

Falcon hunting

Few people know that Sokolniki was famous not only for falconry, but also for other types of this leisure activity. For example, during the reign of Anna Ioanovna, falconry was almost universally replaced by rifle hunting for large and small animals. Therefore, in the neighborhood of Sokolnicheskaya Grove and Sokolnicheskaya Sloboda, a settlement of royal rangers appeared - assistants in rifle hunting. Some services of the Chief Jägermeister were also located here. To the north of the Jaeger settlement in Sokolnicheskaya Grove there was the so-called “Menagerie”, or, in modern language, a hunting farm, which included two kennels and a “winter yard for American deer”. Apparently, it was because of these American deer from the time of Anna Ioannovna that Olenya Grove and Olenye Ponds got their names, although historians and toponymy experts argue about the origin of these names - whether they appeared because of American deer or because of Olenye a stream that flowed nearby. They say that Anna Ioannovna herself went on rifle hunts in Sokolniki and enjoyed spending time in the Menagerie.

1st Luchevoy clearing

The 1st Radial Clearing was by no means the first to appear on the territory of Sokolniki Park. However, in the 1840s, when the layout of the Sokolnicheskaya Grove was being streamlined, the alley was named that way, since when numbering the clearings laid from left to right, it was the first in a row. The clearing, which visitors to Sokolniki Park often call Berezovaya Alley, was laid in 1840 and was named the First Sokolnichesky Radial Clearing, which it bore until 1927. The 1st Radial Clearing crosses the Mitkovsky and Poperechny passages and ends not far from the Yaroslavl direction tracks Moscow railway. The length of the clearing is 1.4 km.

Once upon a time, on the 1st Luchevoy Clearing there were wooden houses, the numbering of which began from the Sokolniki Circle passage. Now this alley is free of residential buildings, and the main attraction of the clearing is the Great Rose Garden located here, which was created in 1953 by the efforts of park workers. Not far from the rose garden there are two stages - “Central” and “Beryozki”, which park lovers enjoy visiting.

Hurricane

One hundred and ten years ago, in 1904, Sokolnicheskaya Grove and the surrounding areas were badly damaged by a hurricane that swept over the Moscow region and touched the outskirts of Moscow. According to different versions, the natural disaster occurred either on June 26 or on the 29th. Eyewitnesses said that it quickly became dark, a strong gusty wind began to blow, which turned into a hurricane and began to approach Moscow, breaking and uprooting trees. The next day, the newspaper “Moscow Life” wrote: “The hurricane particularly struck in Sokolniki, Lefortovo, behind the Pokrovskaya outpost, as well as in Lublin and Pererva. Centuries-old trees were uprooted and iron sheets were torn from roofs; telegraph and telephone poles were torn down.” According to surviving historical sources, it is known that in the forest area through which the tornado passed, there was a huge clearing of broken and torn out trees 200-300 m wide. In Sokolnicheskaya Grove, dachas and the famous Labyrinth were damaged.

"Rare hatches" in Sokolniki

Today in the "Historical Notes" section the topic is "Rare hatches"! In 1890, the territory of the modern Sokolniki Park was included within the boundaries of the city of Moscow. The process of improvement of Sokolnicheskaya Grove and adjacent areas with residential buildings has begun. At that time, large-scale festive events were held in Sokolnicheskaya Grove. More than 20 thousand people were simultaneously present at the festivities held in Moscow in honor of the coronation of Alexander III. Places with such a concentration of people required the provision of engineering communications, which was done. Currently, the park passes through a large number of various engineering and technical communications, and Sokolniki guests are unlikely to know that they are walking through rare manholes. For example, in the park, not far from the fountain, there is one of the oldest sewer manholes in Moscow. The hatch cover is worn out from time to time, however, it performs its function successfully. This cover was probably placed before the revolution - at the end of the 19th or early 20th century. At first glance, the hatch looks quite simple. The surface of the lid has a protruding cross; oak boards were inserted between it and the side of the hatch. This was done to prevent horses and cart wheels from getting stuck and making a lot of noise. Not far from this rare cast-iron hatch there is another one, similar, but installed already in Soviet times, in the late 1920s - early 1930s. In the center of this lid there is a well-preserved mark - the letters “GK”. This cover appeared during the period when the modern Sokolniki Park was established by decree of the Moscow City Council.

Princess Elizaveta Petrovna in exile in Sokolniki

In the old Pokrovsky Palace of Mikhail Fedorovich, the first tsar of the Romanov dynasty, located on the territory of the modern Sokolniki microdistrict, Elizaveta Petrovna, the daughter of Peter I, exiled to Moscow by Empress Anna Ioannovna in 1830, lived for quite a long time. Elizaveta Petrovna did not get bored and organized hunting and hunting in the Sokolnicheskaya Grove festivities. Being by nature the owner of a cheerful character, the Princess herself took part in festive round dances, dressing in a colored satin sundress and kokoshnik, or in a brocade kika with pearl beads. Based on surviving records, in 1756 the May festivities were so crowded that there was no opportunity for walking; more than a thousand carriages arrived.

Main entrance to Sokolniki Park

So, a new story is dedicated to our Main Entrance. The central entrance to the park is an interesting place and in the past very important for Moscow. Here in 1742, on a fairly large area for those times, one of the twelve Moscow outposts, Sokolnicheskaya, was located. This happened due to the fact that the new plan for Moscow with Kamer-Kollezhsky Val included that part of modern Sokolniki where the residential area is located, and the territory of the modern park remained outside the plan. They usually left through Sokolnicheskaya Zastava towards Yaroslavl. There was a barrier at the outpost, passport control was carried out, and duties were collected from merchants who were carrying goods for sale. Today, no traces of the outpost remain, and the central entrance to the park has been rebuilt many times. However, not far from the entrance there is a tram stop, in memory of the old outpost with a guardhouse, which is called “Sokolnicheskaya Outpost Square”.

The area of ​​the district is 1028.46 hectares, and a significant part of it falls on the territory of the Sokolniki Culture and Recreation Park, which, in turn, is part of the state national natural park"Elk Island" There are 34 streets in the area, along which 6 bus, 3 trolleybus and 4 tram routes are laid; Sokol metro station operates

"There are 209 residential buildings in the area; the population of the area is 57.6 thousand people. There are many industrial enterprises here - among them: the Burevestnik shoe factory, the Sokolniki car repair plant SVARZ, the Tsyurupa flour mill, the tram depot named after. Rusakova, etc. There are many well-known scientific organizations - for example, the Moscow Helicopter Plant named after Mil, NPO "Geophysics", Central Research Institute of Tuberculosis, Central Research Institute of Skin and Venereal Diseases. There are 9 schools and gymnasiums, 17 pre-school children's institutions, 13 hospitals in the area and clinics, 4 libraries, the Roman Viktyuk Theater, the children's puppet theater "Firebird", one of the most beautiful hotels in Moscow "Holiday Inn Sokolniki" with 1046 beds. Residents and guests of the area have 35 food and 32 department store stores, two large shopping complex, 23 catering establishments and 26 consumer service enterprises.

Sokolniki. What secrets does this place hold? How is it connected with the famous holy fool Ivan Koreysha? How did Matrosskaya Tishina Street get its name? And where did the first metro car in the capital come from? The TV channel prepared a special report.

The walls of the Catherine's Dollar House, or, more simply put, the insane asylum in Sokolniki, have seen a lot. But this has not happened here until now. Tsar Nicholas I himself decided to visit one of the patients.

Entering the chamber, the king saw a strange man lying on the floor. Nikolai approached the patient and respectfully asked why he was lying down and not getting up. In the presence of the Russian autocrat, this was, at a minimum, indecent.

And I heard in response: “And you, no matter how great and formidable, will also lie down and not get up.” The further conversation took place face to face. A small retinue noted: the sovereign left the madhouse in the gloomiest mood.

The greatest seer was called by the contemporaries of the man whom Nicholas the First visited that day. All 44 years that Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha spent in a mental hospital, his name thundered throughout Moscow. “To Ivan Yakovlevich in Sokolniki,” Muscovites shouted to the cab drivers.

And they, without asking unnecessary questions, took the riders to the Ekaterininskaya Dollar House, the first psychiatric hospital in Russia, located in the most beautiful suburb of Moscow - in Sokolnicheskaya Grove, in a place given by God, as Ivan Yakovlevich himself said. So who was this amazing man? And what could he say to the sovereign in the spring of 1854?

Sokolniki is one of the favorite areas of Muscovites and the oldest park in the capital. Its history is so closely intertwined with legends and traditions that it is almost impossible to figure out where the truth is and where it is fiction.

“There is a legend about the famous Scythian “wheel of fate”, or “wheel of fortune”, which is buried here, in the wilds of Sokolniki Park. Treasure hunters searched for it more than once in the 19th and 20th centuries, and today such attempts are being made, but so far they have not been successful And it is quite possible that the attractive power of Sokolniki Park is explained precisely by this wheel, that it is it that attracts people here and gives them that positive charge that every person takes from here,” says guide Alexander Sirotkin.

Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha. Photo: Wikimedia.

Of course, this version is not confirmed by any historical facts. However, if you look at the plan of the park, it is easy to find a circle with eight rays, and this is exactly what the Scythian magic wheel looked like.

“I believe in the magic of your own park precisely because when you start doing something here, the park helps you with it. In general, if you look at any map, the first thing that comes to mind is that it’s the sun. That is ", there is a center, and rays extend from it. And this radial structure of the park, the clearings of the park - this is already a historical structure, this is what is protected by the city, and the Moscow Heritage Committee monitors this very carefully. No one will ever violate this radial structure," says Director of Sokolniki Park Andrey Lapshin.

Sokolnichya school

Each alley of the old park is unique in itself. Here are pine trees, there are oaks and elms, and between them are ponds, a rose garden, attractions and sports grounds, fountains and dance floors. It is today. And many centuries ago, both the park and its surroundings were simply a dense forest, in which Russian princes, and then tsars, indulged in their favorite hobby - falconry.

“The falconers settled here during the time of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. And this building behind me is located exactly on the site of the Tsar’s falcon yard. And it is no coincidence that the memory of that time is preserved in the name of this street - Sokolnicheskaya Slobodka,” explains the director of the excursion bureau, Lilya Guseva.

Like people, birds obeyed a strict hierarchy.

“With the gyrfalcon, this was considered the royal bird, the nobility hunted with this bird, that is, the king, the prince, and with smaller ones, like hobby hobbies, it was the ladies who hunted; the common people already hunted with the hawk,” says the head of the Sokolniki falconry school. Oleg Suvorov-Larionov.

The service in the department of falconry was considered courtly, and, therefore, very honorable and difficult, because it is not easy to tame a wild bird. The princely feathered hunters were decorated with gold and precious stones and fed from the royal table. For every sick or lost bird, the falconer faced cruel punishment, because the head of the royal falcon was valued many times more than the head of the falconer himself.

“The tsar knew his bird by sight, roughly speaking, he knew it by name, and gave instructions on how to feed the bird and how to treat it,” says Oleg Suvorov-Larionov.

Today the old park is reviving ancient traditions. A falconry school opened here a few years ago.

“I like to study here because they are so beautiful and devoted,” says falconer school student Ilya Palekhov.

“Before, he didn’t even allow me to touch. He didn’t allow me to stroke him, but now I’m very glad that he trusts me, he loves me, he recognizes me when I come,” says falconer school student Elena Vinogradova.

"Birds, like people, they all have their own characters, the key must be selected for each bird. One is calmer, another is a babble, talks incessantly, the third is gloomy, another is like a stargazer, another is epileptic. Like with people, the same thing, They are no different, only we don’t have wings, but they do,” says Suvorov-Larionov.

In Rus', falconry became fashionable under Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich, the second sovereign of the Romanov dynasty.

“In modern terms, he was a fan of falconry. He was a great master. He wrote a book that can still be seen in museums - “The Superintendent of the Falconry Route.” He had his own favorite falcon, Shirai. Much has been preserved about this falcon interesting legend. The falcon soared into the sky, rushed at its prey and crashed on the ground. The king was sad. He retired to his chambers for three days, and for three days no one governed our country. And then, when he left his royal chambers, he ordered the place where his beloved falcon Shiryai crashed to be called Shiryaev Field,” says Lilya Guseva.

Sailor's silence

The son of Alexei Mikhailovich, Peter the Great, had a different attitude towards hunting. The great reformer did not particularly favor Moscow at all, but he loved the places of his childhood and never forgot them. Here, on the banks of the Yauza, he built a linen factory that made sails.

Mostly retired sailors worked there. A small hospital appeared nearby. Peter ordered that cab drivers not drive along this street, so as not to needlessly disturb the sleep of elderly sailors. Hence the name - Sailor's Silence.

Prison building "Matrosskaya Tishina" Photo: TASS/Malyshev Nikolay

During the time of Catherine the Great, the linen factory, abandoned by that time, turned into the largest almshouse in Moscow. She was called Catherine. And in 1804, the first psychiatric hospital in Russia, the Catherine Dollar House, was built on its territory. Today it is Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital No. 3.

“Already in 1804, it became clear that there was a group of mentally ill people, and they needed special maintenance, special care. And it was decided by the Decree of Alexander the First to build a separate building, which was erected in 1808, and on June 15 the first sick,” says Georgy Kostyuk.

It was here in 1817 that Ivan Yakovlevich was brought from Smolensk. Koreishi’s biography states that he graduated from a seminary and even a theological academy, and spent many years pilgrimaging to holy places. And after the war of 1812, he returned to his native Smolensk and settled in an abandoned bathhouse on the outskirts of the city.

But the glory of the prophet, as his admirers wrote, ran ahead of him. Residents of Smolensk went to the seer for advice day and night. In order to somehow limit the flow of annoying visitors, Ivan Yakovlevich hung a notice above the low door of his monastery, saying that he would only accept those who came to him on their knees. Did not help. The visitors meekly got down on all fours.

However, not everyone liked the revelations of the Smolensk holy fool. Ivan Yakovlevich, for example, furiously denounced Smolensk officials who, in his opinion, pocketed 150 thousand rubles that came from the treasury to compensate for the damage caused to the city by the French army. The officials did not remain in debt. Koreysha was sent to Moscow to the Ekaterininsky Dollar House. At the same time, the diagnosis recorded in his so-called “mourning sheet” sounded very strange: “Insanity due to excessive reading of books.”

“The fact that he was kept for so many years within the walls of a psychiatric institution, of course, suggests that he had at least some deviations. But this is one side of the Koreishi phenomenon, his personality. And there is another side - this is a person ", who, despite all the oddities of his behavior and character, was unusually popular in society. And all these 40 years, as they say, the people's path to him did not become overgrown," says Georgy Kostyuk.

Koreisha was mentioned in their works by Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, and Gogol. Ostrovsky in the play “The Marriage of Balzaminov” does not even have to pronounce his last name out loud; his contemporaries already knew very well who Ivan Yakovlevich was.

The quiet streets of Sokolniki became the first, as they would say now, social quarter of Moscow. Behind the Catherine's almshouse there was a dolgauz that spun off from it, then a restraining house, in which drunkards, beggars and tramps were supposed to be placed for voluntary labor. But since for some reason no one voluntarily submitted themselves to a prison-type institution, the restraint house was transformed into a correctional house, which over time became simply a prison. Today it is pre-trial detention center No. 1, better known among the people as Matrosskaya Tishina.

“There are also armed guards running through our territory, with a dog, to control the perimeter of this building. This is the only inconvenience that we experience, but we are already accustomed to it, we even think that this is our kind of flavor,” says the chief doctor of the Psychiatric Clinical Hospital No. 3 named after Gilyarovsky Georgy Kostyuk.

Temple of the Airborne Forces

Matrosskaya Tishina Street ends with the recently restored Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, built at the beginning of the twentieth century on the site of a military unit; it was destroyed during the years of the revolution. And several years ago, on the initiative and with the help of the Headquarters of the Airborne Forces, it was restored in all its former details, and since then it has been considered a temple of the Airborne Forces.

Sokolniki has long been associated with the army. In the times of Peter the Great, the Preobrazhensky Regiment was quartered here. Pavel the First introduced the tradition of holding military maneuvers on Sokolniche Field. The Sokolnicheskaya outpost also stood right there, and behind it the forest was dense and in places impenetrable, which turned into a park so beloved by us, not without the participation of the same restless Peter the Great.

“The most interesting, most remarkable place in Sokolniki Park is the May Alley. This alley was cut out so that the Germans living in the Kukuy settlement could happily celebrate National holiday, which fell just on the first days of May.

Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Photo: vdvhram.ru/

The Germans came here, set up tables here, served treats, walked around, rejoiced, and therefore this place was called “German Tables”. However, with the same success the tables could be called Swedish, since the Swedes captured near Poltava, whom Peter settled here, also walked here with the Germans.

So Sokolniki became the place of folk festivals. They were especially noisy and numerous for several centuries on the days of celebrating royal coronations,” says Lilya Guseva.

Whole roasted bulls with golden horns, fountains of beer and wine were placed here, and, in the end, it turned out that all Russian emperors began to celebrate their coronations here in Sokolniki. Of course, coronations took place in the Kremlin, but then, to see his people, the Emperor came to Sokolniki.

And, perhaps, only one Russian Emperor Nicholas II did not want to conduct holiday celebrations about his coronation here in Sokolniki. He spent them on the Khodynskoye field, and we all know how it ended both for the Romanov family and for our country.

However, Sokolniki acquired the official status of the park only in the middle of the 19th century. The fact is that before this the border of Moscow passed here, that is, the entire territory of the current park was outside the city and belonged to the zemstvo.

The question of transferring these lands to Moscow was raised by the then mayor of the city, Sergei Tretyakov, the younger brother of the founder of the Tretyakov Gallery. The zemstvo valued Sokolniki at 300 thousand gold rubles. Neither the city treasury nor the Tretyakov brothers had that kind of money.

"Sergei Mikhailovich went around in a circle with his hat - he began to collect, persuade, convince, ask from merchants, from rich Muscovites. They did a godly deed, the right thing, for everyone. There are legends that one of the merchants could have given money, but wished that the city mayor fell to his knees in front of him. Tretyakov, without hesitation, fell to his knees in front of him. And the name of this penny-pinching merchant, who wanted to instantly elevate himself in the eyes of someone there, sank into oblivion, but the name of Sergei Mikhailovich was preserved, and thanks to Today we have this magnificent park for him,” says doctor and writer Fyodor Evdokimov.

Ekaterininsky dollargauz

The only road connecting Sokolniki with Moscow in those years was Stromynka - a tract that led to Suzdal and further to Vladimir, through the ancient village of Stromyn. A stream of people followed miraculous predictions along Stromynka to the first Russian psychiatric hospital - the Catherine's Dollar House.

The institution is truly revolutionary, because previously mental hospitals in Rus' were traditionally kept in monasteries, although it was believed that these people were possessed by a demon.

“In Russia there was a more humane attitude towards the mentally ill. In Europe, they were most often burned or actually kept in shackles. It cannot be said that in our domestic practice there have never been shackles in relation to the most dangerous, aggressive, dangerous to others and themselves, patients ", says Georgy Kostyuk.

At the beginning of the 19th century, shackles were generally considered the most effective medical equipment in the field of psychiatry. In the basements of the Catherine Dollar House, almost a third of the patients were sitting in chains. Even records from office books have been preserved indicating the prices and quantities of chains purchased for the hospital. Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha, who arrived from Smolensk, also ended up in the ill-fated basement.

“Somewhere in one of these basements was Koreisha, attached with chains, on wet straw, but receiving admirers who came to him, since his fame from the Smolensk region, where he came from, spread to Moscow and the Moscow province.” , says Natalya Khokhrina.

Psychiatric Hospital No. 3 named after V. A. Gilyarovsky. Photo: Wikimedia

But even in the basement there was no peace for Ivan Yakovlevich, now from the Muscovites who were thirsty for a miracle. The hospital warden Igolkin let them in from the back door, collecting 10 kopecks from visitors. This continued until the wife of the Moscow Governor General, Tatyana Vasilievna Golitsyna, was among the curious.

The princess asked: “Where is my husband currently?” And Ivan Yakovlevich accurately named her house. This episode, dating back to 1828, had the most favorable consequences for the hospital. An audit was carried out and management was changed. The patients were transferred from the basement to the wards, and Ivan Yakovlevich was the first.

In the middle of the 19th century, a luxurious holiday village grew up on Sokolniki alleys. Country residences are built here by wealthy Moscow merchants. Alas, their beauty was preserved only on postcards and paintings. Miraculously, only the dacha of the manufacturer Ivan Lyamin survived.

“Only respected people received this right, among them our famous falcon merchants Lyamin, Bakhrushev, Boev. And when a fairly large village of dachas was formed here, there were several dozen of these dachas, this wonderful temple was built on the initiative and with the direct participation of the merchant Lyamin "It is now called the pearl of Sokolniki. Its construction began in 1862, and the following year the temple was already holding services. It was given the name of St. Tikhon of Zadonsk," says Lilya Guseva.

Bakhrushinskaya Hospital

Here, on Sokolnichesky Field, Moscow merchant-philanthropists are building more and more charitable institutions - almshouses, shelters, hospitals.

“The Bakhrushin hospital was the first to be organized. The Bakhrushin brothers, who were called professional philanthropists who invested a huge amount of money in charity, organized a hospital not only here in Sokolniki, but also at home and shelters throughout Moscow,” says Fedor Evdokimov.

In October 1882, brothers Peter, Alexander and Vasily Bakhrushin addressed the city mayor with a letter in which they expressed a desire to donate 450 thousand rubles for the construction of a hospital. And soon an almshouse building appeared on the Stromynskaya road. Today this is the first building of city hospital No. 33 named after Ostroumov. A maternity hospital, an outpatient clinic, a morgue, an X-ray room and two stunningly beautiful hospital churches were also built here. The Bakhrushins donated their hospital to the city, but set conditions, the main one of which was the establishment of a fund, with the money of which the hospital should be maintained so that treatment would always be free.

“And the second condition that we know is that the Bakhrushins will be buried in our hospital house church. And this actually happened,” says the chief physician of the City Clinical Hospital No. 33 named after. A. A. Ostroumova Shamil Gainulin.

Bakhrushin Brothers Hospital. Photo: TASS

After 1917, when the systematic destruction of not only churches, but also family crypts began, the Bakhrushins turned to the authorities with a request not to destroy, but to wall up their tomb. And this request of the famous merchant family was not refused; the Bakhrushin family crypt was presumably walled up in this wall. In 2015, when major renovations of the old building begin, it will be ceremonially cleared of its masonry.

“We decided that it was necessary to restore the historical memory and historical merits of the Bakhrushin family. And therefore we are gradually moving towards the fact that there will be a Bakhrushin hospital. Its exact name will be the City Clinical Hospital (city clinical hospital) named after the Bakhrushin brothers. When I returned to our hospital already the chief physician, I said: if I restore the historical name of our hospital, I will largely consider my mission accomplished. Well, if I, like Lev Nikolaevich, are buried here under some oak tree, I will be happy. And the pioneers will bring flowers. This is all the desire of any living person: where you did what, it turns out, you were born for, you want to be with this forever. And therefore we will definitely restore the crypt. Absolutely,” says Shamil Gainulin.

Even during the life of the merchants Bakhrushins, their portraits appeared on the wall in the hall of the almshouse and hung for exactly a hundred years.

“The portraits were hung in the historical buildings of our hospital. I remember when I was a young surgeon and came here on assignment to work at our hospital after graduating from graduate school in Leningrad, I saw these portraits hanging in the clinic,” says Gainulin.

During perestroika, in order to protect the unique paintings, doctors handed them over to the Historical Museum, and a year ago, the head physician of the Bakhrushin hospital, Shamil Gainulin, accidentally saw them at an exhibition of a merchant portrait.

“And the State Historical Museum gave us digital copies free of charge. And on the day of the founding of our hospital, September 30, in a solemn ceremony, these portraits will be installed in a historical place - in that hospital, in that building, where the crypts of these people are located, we will hang these portraits and we will be proud of it,” says Shamil Gainulin.

Church of the Resurrection

The history of another legend and the main shrine of Sokolniki - the Church of the Resurrection of Christ - began with a small church on the territory of the Bakhrushinsky hospital. Archpriest Father John Kedrov once served there, to whom the Mother of God once appeared in a dream and ordered him to build a new temple.

“Then the Mother of God appeared to him again, and only the third time, when she appeared to him with a stern face, did he understand that construction had to begin in any case, even keeping in mind that there were no funds for this,” says Deacon of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Sokolniki, Father Evgeniy.

Funds for the construction of the temple were collected by begging circles throughout Russia, but they were still not enough. And then another miracle happened - Saints Peter and Paul appeared in a dream to a rich merchant who decided to build a temple.

Church of the Resurrection of Christ Photo: Wikimedia.

“They said that the construction of a temple was starting in Sokolniki, this is where he needed to come and help. And so, as you know, when he came here, he allocated a huge amount, about 40 thousand rubles. This is exactly the amount that was needed at that moment ", says Father Evgeniy.

So at the very beginning of the twentieth century, a grandiose cathedral rose above the wooden Sokolniki.

“The temple is unique, unique in that it was never closed, even in the hard times of the God-fighting. And moreover, shrines, icons from closed, destroyed churches were brought to the walls of the Church of the Resurrection of Christ, and there they were preserved and have been preserved to this day,” says Fyodor Evdokimov .

The Bolshevik authorities repeatedly attempted to close the temple. The same initiative was taken by the labor collectives of Sokolniki enterprises - the tram depot, the pasta factory, the employees of the already mentioned psychiatric hospital and even its patients. But by some miracle the temple survived.

“Now it is impossible to imagine life in Sokolniki without our church. There is Sokolniki Park nearby, people come here to rest their bodies, but at the same time, many of them come and come here to rest their souls, to find their peace , my consolation is here,” says Father Evgeniy.

However, a century and a half ago, a good half of Moscow went to a madhouse for consolation and advice. By the middle of the 19th century, global changes took place in the Catherine Dollar House. A new chief physician has appeared - a talented psychiatrist Vasily Sabler.

“Under him, indeed, all the harsh, even cruel methods of restraining patients became a thing of the past. The patients were all transferred to bright, spacious rooms, and they began, probably from that time, to really be considered as patients in need of treatment, and not constraint. In this "is probably his main merit. In addition, he was a very talented administrator, a very caring and successful business executive," says Georgy Kostyuk.

Sabler immediately realized that Koreisha was the “golden calf” for his hospital. Official permission was received from the governor of Moscow to organize visits, and visits were allowed at any time of the day or night.

“And since there were colossal queues, they introduced a mug into which everyone had to put 20 kopecks if he went to visit Ivan Yakovlevich. And then they simply gave out tickets, which also cost 20 kopecks, but they warned that this money will not only be for Ivan Yakovlevich, but will also be used to support other patients, to purchase some equipment for the hospital, for repair work, that is, they will go to the benefit of the entire hospital,” says Natalya Khokhrina.

At least a hundred people came to Ivan Yakovlevich every day. They asked anything: should I get married, what and how best to sell or buy, where to look for a husband who has been on a spree. The monthly income from these visits ranged from 500 to 700 rubles, while the strange patient preferred to sleep on the floor instead of a bed, and even drew a line on it that no one dared to go beyond.

Sabler and Koreisha made the Preobrazhenskaya Psychiatric Hospital the most prosperous medical institution in Moscow. It is no coincidence that in the hospital museum their images hang side by side - a ceremonial portrait of the head physician and a pencil sketch of his famous patient.

“During his life, many artists wanted to photograph him, that is, to capture his appearance, his admirers, but Ivan Yakovlevich was categorically against it and did not allow it. But his admirer Kireev, his first biographer, made a graphic pencil drawing by hand. And this drawing was preserved throughout all textbooks, in all books on the history of psychiatry,” says Khokhrina.

It was thanks to the material prosperity of the Dollar House during the period of Ivan Yakovlevich’s stay there that Vasily Sabler was able to gather the best psychiatrists in Russia in his hospital and seriously promote this science in our country.

“This hospital, which, in continuation of the theme of Ivan Yakovlevich Koreisha, is a place of “prayer” for psychiatrists, it preserves this spirit,” says Georgy Kostyuk.

Fire Tower

Among other things, Ivan Yakovlevich predicted Moscow fires. For wooden Sokolniki it was a terrible scourge. Therefore, the very first high-rise building in the ancient district, also built with public money, was the Sokolniki fire tower.

“The 12th fire department of the city of Moscow. In 1863, the population of the Sokolniki district, which was the outskirts of Moscow, turned to the Chief of Police of Moscow with a proposal to build a fire station,” says Maxim Sharapov.

Residents of the area collected 20 thousand rubles. And in 1884, a tower appeared on the square, which has been regularly performing its difficult service for a century and a half.

“If any signal about a fire was received, the fireman had to go upstairs to the tower to make sure that the application was really confirmed. At this moment, while he was rising, running up and down, the fireman’s convoy was being collected, they were leaving, and he already at the head of this whole ceremony, on his personal horse, he advanced to the place of the fire,” says Sharapov.

Another trace of the 19th century is the marks on the brick walls. And the tower, and the Church of the Resurrection, and all the local hospitals are made of bricks made at the Chelnokov and Shaposhnikov manufactories. Once upon a time, all of Sokolniki was visible from this tower. Day and night a watchman stood on it and, seeing smoke, rang the bell. Today in Moscow, only two fire towers from the century before last have been preserved, which still house fire stations.

“Our modern vehicles are constantly filled with water, of course. And at that time the barrels had a volume of 500 liters, and when they were used, they were refueled either at the scene of a fire, or in the process of returning to the team from wells, from reservoirs, from fire reservoirs,” - says Maxim Sharapov.

A horse-drawn horse was supposed to pass through the ancient gates. To avoid them now, fire truck drivers require a certain amount of skill. But since the Falcon tower is an architectural monument, today's firefighters have to put up with some inconveniences. Changing anything here is strictly prohibited.

“This leaves a certain imprint, we cannot let down the people who have worked here for 130 years,” says Sharapov.

Fire tower in Sokolniki. Photo: Wikimedia

“Until the 60s of the last century, the twentieth century, at our Sokolniki tower there was a position such as a watchman who walked and looked where fires appeared. This was only possible because Sokolniki were small, low, the houses were one or two-story and "mostly wooden. Today, there are very few of these amazing masterpieces, pearls of wooden architecture, left; one hand will be enough to count them on one hand," explains Fedor Evdokimov.

And we can easily lose those too. Just 10 years ago, a sign “Protected by the state” hung on this wooden house, and then it disappeared. The house itself can just as suddenly disappear. And the next generation may never know what old Sokolniki looked like.

“We live on Gastello Street, and we are concerned about the fate of an old mansion, which, judging by the sign, was an example of merchant house-building. Yes, many such small houses, say, were demolished during the preparation for the 1980 Olympics. There is no bakery that is still in movie "Meeting Place...", when we watch this film, we naturally get bored, because there was a very tasty bakery with delicious bread. We left the metro and went straight there," recalls local resident Nuria Burmistrova.

Sokolniki. They were painted from life by Savrasov, Shishkin, Nikolai Chekhov, Isaac Levitan, to whom the painting “Autumn Forest in Sokolniki” brought real fame. Over the years concert venues Chaliapin, Lemeshev, Sobinov and even Alla Pugacheva sang in the park. It was from this veranda that her journey to the big stage began. Young Alla Borisovna studied in Sokolniki and often went to this rare place - the famous restaurant "Violet".

“Yes, she came, she loved to eat. She loved simple food, like all students before. Her favorite table was in the corner, where the number 8 is written,” says director Irina Chuvakova.

The restaurant was built in 1946 by personal order of Stalin. In the center of the veranda grew a huge tree, which, according to the recollections of contemporaries, Utesov was very fond of.

“He hugged this tree and said that “when I hug it, it gives me strength.” But it’s like a legend,” says Irina Chuvakova.

Car repair plant

By a miraculous coincidence, it was the Sokolniki district that became the founder of many urban innovations. First, the first horse-drawn line is pulled here, then a tram, and one of the largest enterprises in the region is built - the Sokolniki Carriage Repair Plant, or SVARZ.

“At the end of the 19th century, on the present territory of the plant there were workshops for the manufacture of horse-drawn carriages and the repair of horse-drawn horses. Due to the fact that at the end of the 19th century a tram appeared in Moscow, and the tram cars were imported, maintenance and repairs were carried out by foreign workers and with using foreign spare parts. It was incredibly expensive, so the Moscow City Duma decided to organize workshops for the repair of the city railway, that is, trams," explains Alexander Vorontsov, deputy chief designer of the Sokolniki Carriage Repair and Construction Plant (SVARZ).

Sokolniki owes this unique building to the SVARZ plant. The factory club was built in the 30s of the last century by the genius of constructivism Konstantin Melnikov.

“And even the first car of the Moscow metro on May 15, 1935 went from the Sokolniki metro station towards the Park of Culture. Remember, as the old song says: “From Sokolniki to the park by metro,” says Fyodor Evdokimov.

The first test train of the Moscow Metro. PHOTO: TASS

In the 80 years that have passed since that moment, the station has remained virtually unchanged. Probably from that time, and maybe much earlier, Muscovites began to be divided into the lucky ones who spend their whole lives walking in Sokolniki, and those who were unlucky.

“I have had such a relatively rare happiness, I think, to live in the most fertile, most wonderful area of ​​Moscow. Everything you need for happiness is combined here. Since we are in Sokolniki, we no longer feel the urge to go anywhere else, to other parks. My husband and I have We lived through our golden wedding, have already celebrated it, and come here all the time. He’s an athlete, he runs. Here, too, we have everything together,” says local resident Zinaida Tesler.

"The fundamentally important difference is that Sokolniki Park is family park. You will not find such a large number of children, mothers with children, grandparents with children in any park in the city. Another very important difference is our older generation. The tradition of dancing, the tradition of dancing on the Rotunda, which is popular among people over 80, we have centenarians who are almost 100, and they still come here to Sokolniki Park to dance. This is how we differ from everyone else, and no one will ever compete with us,” says Andrey Lapshin.

Even before the war, the "Rotunda" in Sokolniki was one of the favorite meeting places for the capital's youth, eager to learn new dance steps. Waltzes and tangos were replaced by foxtrots. In the mid-60s, the younger generation moved to clubs and cultural centers, but the old site was not empty for a day; it was immediately occupied by pensioners, ready to revive the old days at least every day.

"Why be shy? This is a kind of exercise. Try dancing like this for three or four hours, they are without a break. I come, I breathe here, I remember my youth, my girls, where am I? This is life. And Now we’re hanging out with people nearing retirement, with grandmothers, no, we’re not hanging out,” says local resident Yuri Korovin.

So why is it so easy and free to breathe in Sokolniki? Perhaps these centuries-old trees have some secret? Or does our genetic memory preserve the cheerful folk festivities of the times of Peter? Or maybe the golden wheel of the Scythians continues its invisible turn?

So Ivan Yakovlevich Koreysha, at the end of his days, flatly refused to leave the hospital in Sokolniki. On February 18, 1855, the clairvoyant was somehow especially sad, looked with anxiety at the icons, and then sobbed loudly: “We, children, have no greater king! The slave has been freed from his masters! He is now like a swan on the waters.”

The next day, the whole power learned about the death of the emperor. After this prophecy came true, the hospital management invited Ivan Yakovlevich to leave the hospital. Indeed, it is not right to keep such a person locked up. “No,” the old man answered, “I don’t want to go to hell, I’ll die here in Sokolniki.”

In 1861, Ivan Yakovlevich died. Several falcon monasteries fought for the right to bury him, but he was buried here, near the walls of the Church of Elijah the Prophet. 150 years have passed since this strange man, either a madman or a great seer, passed away, but people still come to him for help and advice.