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Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation. Komsomolsk-on-Amur State Technical University.

History of the Russian Police

Komsomolsk-on-Amur, 2011

Introduction

1. The emergence of the police in Russia. The rise of the police in the 18th century

2. Development of the police in the 19th century

3. Police at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

This work is devoted to the history of the Russian police. There is no doubt that the internal affairs bodies have always remained and remain the most important government bodies. They ensure the stable development of the state, the protection of the rights and interests of the dominant classes in society, or, given the general class nature of the state, the individual in general. Without these bodies, society and the state would plunge into anarchy.

My work is devoted to the emergence, formation and development of the Russian police. This topic is interesting because the reforms currently being carried out in the country have changed the entire system of government bodies, including internal affairs bodies. The ongoing reform of the judicial system and the system of internal affairs bodies is carried out inconsistently. It is often characterized by inconsistency. In these circumstances, taking into account historical experience would be very appropriate. This topic is also interesting because it has not been studied and covered well enough.

So my work consists of chapters, introduction and conclusion. Chapters are devoted to the development of the police in the 18th, 19th and early 20th centuries. The introduction and conclusion are introductory and concluding.

1. The emergence of the police in Russia. Becoming a police forceXVIIIcentury

The emergence of independent specialized police bodies in Russia was associated with the emergence of absolutism, the transformative activities of Peter I and the birth of the Russian Empire. Peter I, who reformed the entire state apparatus and created a regular army, laid the foundation for the creation of a “regular” police by issuing a decree in 1718 on the establishment of the post of Chief of Police in the new capital, St. Petersburg.

Of course, police functions in the Russian state were carried out earlier. However, before Peter’s reforms there were no special police institutions, and their functions were carried out, along with other management functions (judicial, financial, military), by central and local authorities (orders, governors). Their activities were regulated by the Council Code of 1649 and the Decree Books of Orders - Secret Affairs. Zemsky, Razboiny, Kholopye, etc., as well as by decrees of the Tsar and the Boyar Duma. As an example of such a legislative act, the collection contains the Order on the City Deanery of 1649.

The main task of the police created by Peter I was the fight against criminal crime and the protection of public order, as well as ensuring sanitary safety (including compliance with the rules of trade in edible products), fire safety, etc.

However, the role of the police was not limited to this. It was for Peter I one of the most important instruments of transformation, breaking the old order and organizing a new life. It is not for nothing that the police were first created in St. Petersburg. The new capital founded by Peter I was supposed to become a model of innovation for all of Russia. Guided by the ideas of “enlightened absolutism” that had become widespread in Europe, the Russian emperors sought, in the name of the “common good,” to put every step of their subjects under the control of the authorities, to subordinate all aspects of their existence, even the most petty manifestations of public and personal life, to regulations and instructions. The police became an instrument of such “totalitarian” control in the hands of the absolutist state. Hence the extremely wide range of its tasks. The police had to control even household expenses (avoiding excessive luxury and waste) and the upbringing of children. The tasks of the police were most fully defined in the Regulations of the Chief Magistrate of 1721, which stated that “the police are the soul of citizenship and all good order and the fundamental support of human safety and convenience.”

Given the class structure of feudal society, where each class had a hereditary legal status that distinguished it from other classes, the police had to ensure that subjects led the lifestyle prescribed for each class and wore clothes, hairstyles, etc. assigned to each class. It is no coincidence that absolutism received the name “police state” in history.

A characteristic feature of the emergence of the Russian police was its militarized nature. As a rule, army officers were transferred to serve in the police. The lower police ranks were staffed by non-commissioned officers and older soldiers who performed recruit duty, but due to age and health conditions were unfit for service in the field troops. Military teams were often sent to help the police (for example, to capture fugitive soldiers and peasants, to capture bandits, etc.). Considering the comparative small number of the police, the local population was involved in the service of maintaining public order, one person from every ten households ("tenths") and, as a senior officer over them, one person from every hundred households ("sotskiy"). In the cities of these people involved in security service from the local population, in some documents of the 18th century. were called quarterly lieutenants. The tradition of involving elected people from the local population in the service of maintaining public order existed in Rus' even before the reforms of Peter I, from ancient times.

When considering the development of organizational forms of police in the 18th century. It is noteworthy that initially special police bodies were established in the capitals:

Petersburg (1718) and Moscow (1721), and then in 1733 in a number of other cities. In the provinces, special police bodies were not immediately allocated, and police functions were still performed by local authorities. This was explained by the fact that the overwhelming majority of peasants were in serfdom and were subject to police power and the court of the landowners. However, after the suppression of the peasant uprising under the leadership of E.I. Pugachev, under Catherine II, a provincial reform was carried out in 1775, which significantly strengthened the local government apparatus. The provinces were disaggregated, and when determining the optimal size of the province and district, the basis was based on administrative and police considerations - the convenience of carrying out police control over the population. The rights of governors were expanded; garrison military commands were placed at their disposal. During the reform, a special police apparatus was also created in the counties (the lower zemstvo court), which was entirely in the hands of the nobility, since the officials of the county police - the captain - police officers and zemstvo assessors - were elected by the district noble assemblies from the local nobles.

Following this, in 1782 the city police were reformed: deanery boards were established in cities, and a special deanery charter was adopted. The deanery department was headed, as already mentioned, by the police chief general in St. Petersburg and the chief police chief in Moscow, the police chief in the provincial city or the mayor in the district city. Since the Deanery Board (like the lower zemstvo court in the district) was not only a police force, but also a judicial body for minor criminal and civil cases, it included two bailiffs (for criminal and civil cases). Considering that the court in feudal society was class-based, in

The composition of the Deanery Council also included two ratmans, i.e. elected representatives of the urban class.

Each city was divided into parts (districts), to which private bailiffs were appointed, who had their own offices. In turn, parts (districts) were divided into quarters, in which police power was exercised by neighborhood wardens. To help them, the local population allocated quarterly lieutenants who performed auxiliary police functions.

The competence of the deanery authorities was expanded in comparison with the previously existing police authorities. They were now charged with knowing the occupations and sources of income of all residents, not only permanent but also temporary residents, and supervising public organizations, societies, partnerships and fraternities, as well as religious sects and Masonic lodges, which could only be formed with the permission of the police. The activation of Masonic lodges associated with foreign organizations in the mid-80s led to persecution and even arrests of their most active members. When the imperial decree on free printing houses in 1783 allowed private individuals to publish, censorship of books and magazines was also assigned to the deanery councils, i.e. to the police. It is characteristic that the general police were decentralized, the police authorities in the provinces were entirely subordinate to the governors, and the Chief of Police actually led only the metropolitan St. Petersburg police. True, in the 18th century. Attempts were made to turn the Chief of Police into the head of the entire police force of the empire, but they were not successful. The general police force remained decentralized.

The tasks of the general police were defined in such legal acts as the Chief Magistrate's Regulations (1721). Institution on provinces (1775). Deanery Charter (1782). It has already been said above that these tasks were extremely broad. But one of the main areas of police activity remained the fight against criminal crime. To better organize it, attempts were made to create specialized units of the police apparatus: the Detective Order in 1730 and a special Expedition for searching cases of thieves and robbers at the St. Petersburg Police Chief's Office

in 1746. Both of these institutions did not last long. Already in 1762 they were abolished, and local authorities were entrusted with the responsibility of governors and district governors to catch thieves and robbers. But it is noteworthy that already in the 18th century. the idea is expressed about the need to create a specialized criminal investigation apparatus.

Noteworthy is the legislation of the 18th century, aimed at combating drunkenness, prostitution and beggary as factors that contributed to criminality and violations of public order. The appendix contains a number of decrees ordering the transfer of drinking establishments from the main streets to alleys, limiting the time of sale of alcoholic beverages, prohibiting their sale near churches, barracks, educational institutions, cemeteries, as well as during worship, official ceremonies, folk festivals, etc. . However, tsarism had an ambivalent attitude towards the sale of alcoholic beverages. On the one hand, trade in them was limited, on the other hand, the government was worried about treasury income from the sale of vodka, so the Senate decree of January 12, 1765 said that since taverns close early, “that is why there is a lot of confusion and lack of collection in collections.” and it was ordered to increase the length of time for selling vodka.

Some regulations on passports are also included in the Appendix to the historical sketch. Even in the Council Code of 1649, for the first time it was said about “travel certificates” for service people. With the establishment of absolutism, the introduction of the poll tax, conscription and other duties, with the increasing flight of peasants, the need arose for the noble government to have a system of control over population migration.

The decree of Peter I of 1714 and the instruction of 1719 established that all Russian subjects (with the exception of serfs) when traveling to other areas of the country are required to have “travel letters” or “papshorts”. In the future, the government systematically confirms the mandatory registration of passports with the police and threatens with severe punishment anyone who accepts into their home a person without a passport.

If the general police, as already emphasized above, was decentralized, then the political police from the very beginning

of its existence was strictly centralized and subordinated directly to the king.

For the first time, the Preobrazhensky Prikaz, headed by Prince F.Yu. Romodanovsky, located in Moscow, acted as a special body of political police under Peter I. True, initially this order carried out many other tasks, but gradually it turns into a body of political police.

At the same time, from 1718 to 1724, the Secret Chancellery, headed by Count P.A. Tolstoy, operated in St. Petersburg. This office was formed to investigate the case of Tsarevich Alexei, but later it also conducted other cases.

After the death of Peter I, under his successors - Catherine I and the minor Peter II, power actually passed into the hands of the Supreme Privy Council, which controlled the Preobrazhensky Order, and the most important political affairs were investigated and decided by itself or the Senate was involved in their investigation. On April 4, 1729, the Preobrazhensky Order was liquidated, and the investigation of cases of political crimes was entirely transferred to the introduction directly of the Supreme Privy Council and the Senate.

However, this order soon changed. Empress Anna Ivanovna, having established herself on the throne in 1730, tore up the conditions (the conditions under which she was invited to the throne), liquidated the Supreme Privy Council and on March 24, 1731, established a special office headed by the former “minister” of Peter the Great to investigate political affairs. secret chancellery by General A.I. Ushakov. Later this institution became known as the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs.

The absolutist state needed political investigation to suppress the masses of people dissatisfied with exorbitant taxes and extortions, and the wild arbitrariness of the landowners. It should also be taken into account that after the death of Peter I there was a fierce struggle between court groups for power. The imperial throne, as a rule, was replaced as a result of palace coups. Empress Anna Ivanovna, then Elizaveta Petrovna, did not feel secure on the throne and needed political investigation as a weapon in the struggle for power. The powers of the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs were significantly expanded. All central and local government bodies had to unquestioningly carry out the instructions of the Chancellery, transfer all persons who declared “the word and deed of the sovereign,” along with witnesses, to its disposal. The main way the Office receives information about political crimes is denunciation. Denunciations (“reports”) were widely practiced back in the 16th – 17th centuries. The Tsar’s decree of January 25, 1715 ordered all subjects to report to the Tsar or the guard officer at the “sovereign court” on the following points:

“I) about every malicious intent against the person of His Royal Majesty or treason; 2) about indignation or rebellion; 3) about the theft of the treasury." Cases under the third point were then transferred to the general justice; Special significance was given only to cases “against the first two points.” To stimulate denunciations, part of the convict's property was transferred to the informer, and slaves who filed a denunciation against their masters (if the denunciation was confirmed) received freedom. However, denunciations, as a rule, were confirmed, since torture was widely used during the investigation of political cases, and they tortured not only those under investigation, but also witnesses, and often informers. Particularly widespread were anonymous denunciations (“anonymous letters”), which were planted in government agencies, churches, etc. Subject letters were used as a means of fighting against the omnipotence of royal dignitaries and to settle personal scores. The government was even forced to issue a number of decrees against anonymous letters, ordering them to be burned without reading them in front of witnesses at the location. The Appendix to the essay contains one of these decrees.

The notoriety of the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs forced the government to reorganize it, using liberal phraseology to disguise the true essence of the policy of absolutism. The manifesto issued by Peter III on February 21, 1762 spoke of the abolition of the Office of Secret Investigative Affairs and the transfer of its materials to the Senate. In fact, the body of political investigation was not liquidated at all. It’s just that instead of the Chancellery, a Secret Expedition was established under the Senate, to which the functions of political investigation were transferred. It is characteristic that one of the leaders of the former Chancellery, S. Sheshkovsky, becomes the head of this expedition. The manifesto spoke of the prohibition of using the “hateful” expression “word and deed,” and punishment was imposed for uttering these words. However, further in this manifesto it was indicated that the one “who really and in the very truth has the intention to report the intent on the first and second points” must inform the nearest court or military commander, and “for a fair denunciation, it will always be done, depending on the importance of the matter, a worthy reward..."

Catherine II, upon her accession to the throne after the palace coup and the murder of Peter III, confirmed the above manifesto, but subordinated the Secret Expedition to the Prosecutor General, and the Moscow office of this expedition to the Moscow Commander-in-Chief (i.e., Governor General) P.S. Saltykov. These measures ensured the centralization and complete secrecy of political investigation, its independence from any other institutions and direct control over its activities by the empress. Denunciations continued to flourish and torture was widely used, formally abolished only in 1801 by Alexander I.

At the end of the XYIII century. As the crisis of the feudal-serf system grows, a tendency towards centralization of the police and its subordination to military authorities appears. By decrees of Emperor Paul I, military governors were appointed to St. Petersburg and Moscow, and military commandants were appointed to the most important provincial cities, to whom the police were subordinate. The Metropolitan Police has undergone a radical reorganization. Its new organizational structure was enshrined in special legal acts: the Charter of the capital city of St. Petersburg, approved by Emperor Paul I on September 12, 1798, and the Charter of the capital city of Moscow, also approved by the emperor on January 17, 1799. In accordance with the Charter of St. Petersburg, the management of the police was entrusted to the St. Petersburg military governor-general, subordinate directly to the emperor. His assistant was the Chief of Police. The city was still divided into parts (districts), but the police apparatus in them was significantly increased. Two more officers were appointed to assist the private inspector (as the private bailiff who led the police forces of part of the city was now called). And at the disposal of the quarterly non-commissioned inspector (quarterly supervisor) were two quarterly commissars, each of whom controlled half of the quarter.

In addition, a policeman with the rank of non-commissioned officer was appointed to each quarter. Policemen had to constantly be on duty in their neighborhoods in special police booths, which had a special coloring that stood out from afar (slanting white and black stripes). Control over the policemen's duties was assigned to the quarterly non-commissioned inspectors.

The establishment of the police institute marked the beginning of regular patrol service in the police. A similar police reform was carried out in Moscow. An important element of the reform was the formation, both in St. Petersburg and in Moscow, of special investigative bodies, the so-called “justice criminal affairs departments” under the city boards. Before the reform, the investigation of crimes was carried out by private bailiffs, police officers or officials of the police chief's office on behalf of the police chief. Now, in the metropolitan police, the investigation was separated from the police and concentrated in special investigative bodies, which conducted investigations both on cases sent from the office of the military governor, and on cases received from courts and other public places, as well as on proposals from the prosecutor general . It should be noted that the “justice criminal departments” were not only investigative, but also judicial bodies that tried minor criminal offenses and administrative offenses (including violations of clothing, hairstyles, etc., established for a particular class). Therefore, the composition of these departments included two members of city boards (Burheimester) and two elected members of the city class (Ratsger).

The reform was completed with the creation of a military team in the metropolitan police “from capable and healthy cavalry regiments of soldiers,” under the direct supervision of the military governor and chief of police. From this command, special teams were transferred to each part of the city under the operational subordination of private inspectors: horsemen consisting of four non-commissioned officers and 24 dragoons and foot soldiers, 4 non-commissioned officers and 20 ordinary soldiers. They were intended as a reserve to strengthen patrols, to suppress possible riots, capture armed criminals, etc. Practically this

there were special police units (the forerunners of the future riot police).

What explained such a radical police reform and such a significant strengthening of it? The fact is that the government was terrified of the “revolutionary infection” emanating from France, where, as is known, the Great French Revolution began back in 1789. The ideas of the French bourgeois revolution, in the opinion of the government, were all the more dangerous because they became widespread among part of the liberal-minded nobility and intelligentsia in the context of the growing crisis of the feudal-serf system in Russia and the aggravation of social contradictions. It should not be forgotten that France has always been a role model for the Russian nobility, especially for the highest aristocracy, among whom even spoken language The language was not Russian, but French.

The fear of “revolutionary infection” went so far that Emperor Paul I banned the wearing of round hats and tailcoats, fashionable at that time in France. Punishments, including corporal ones, were introduced for wearing them. The right of free travel abroad established by Catherine II for nobles was abolished. The Emperor did not stop even before reinstating corporal punishment for the nobles, abolished back in 1785. The charter granted by Catherine II to the nobility instructed the police to “catch and punish” for the above violations of the royal decrees (including corporal punishment), which is by no means did not add to her authority.

Paul I sought to subject his subjects to harsh military discipline on the Prussian model (in this regard, it can be recalled that Paul I’s father, Emperor Peter III, before his arrival in Russia was the Duke of Holstein-Gottorpt, the son of a Prussian general; it is not for nothing that in the West the ruling dynasty in Russia is often called Romanov-Holstein-Gottorpt).

The despotic, capricious character of Emperor Paul I, his petty quibbles about clothing, hairstyles, etiquette, and the unpredictability of his behavior irritated the capital's nobility and the officer corps, especially the guards. The extreme discontent of the nobility was caused by Paul I's decree limiting corvée to three days a week. Although the emperor quite rightly believed that excessive taxes and corvée led to the impoverishment of not only the peasants, but also the nobility themselves and to the danger of peasant riots. However, the noble landowners regarded this as an interference in their right of ownership of serfs.

The last straw that overwhelmed the patience of the capital's aristocracy was the break with England and plans for the Russian army to march on India, which seriously affected the economic interests of many Russian dignitaries, who received large incomes from the wheat expert in England.

All this taken together led to a conspiracy against Paul I, his overthrow from the throne and his murder. It is characteristic that at the head of the conspiracy was the military governor-general of St. Petersburg, Count Palen, who not only controlled the capital’s police, including the political one, but also commanded the guard and was in charge of the emperor’s security. English gold, which the British ambassador to Russia Whitworth did not spare, also played a significant role in the conspiracy.

2. Development of the police inXIXcentury

The new Emperor Alexander I, enthroned after the murder of his father (by the way, none of the participants in the conspiracy was ever arrested or punished), immediately abolished corporal punishment for nobles and restored noble privileges in full, abolishing the limitation of peasant corvee to three days. Other restrictive restrictions regarding clothing, hairstyles, etiquette, French language, etc. were also abolished.

The subordination of the police to military authorities and its complete militarization entailed such a serious increase in the costs of the state budget for the military department that they soon became unsustainable. In this regard, in 1799, the emperor agreed to the reassignment of the police to civilian governors, which also meant a change in the procedure for its financing. The police officials appointed by the civil authorities were to be paid from the city revenues, i.e. local budget.

Other factors also contributed to some demilitarization of the police. Firstly, practice has shown that the tasks of the police in maintaining public order and fighting criminal crime are so specific that it is impossible to cope with them using purely military methods. Secondly, by 1799 the threat from outside had weakened, since with the establishment of the dictatorship of Napoleon in France, who proclaimed himself first consul, the French Revolution was essentially over. True, immediately after the assassination of Paul I, the new government, fearing popular unrest, again subordinated the police to military authorities, but this measure was temporary.

The new Emperor Alexander I, who shared liberal views in his youth, understood that police measures alone could not prevent the brewing social crisis. In this regard, he planned to carry out serious reforms in the Russian Empire, up to the possible abolition of serfdom and the preparation of a constitution (Charter of the Russian Empire). However, after a reminder from the highest aristocracy about the fate of his father, Emperor Paul, he limited himself to only the reorganization of the central government bodies.

In 1802, instead of state collegiums, ministries were established, including the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

The essence of this reform was that, firstly, instead of an intricate system of numerous boards and offices, a harmonious system of ministries was formed, in which management functions were clearly distributed between individual ministries. Secondly, if in collegiums matters were decided collectively by voting, and the president was only the chairman of the collegium (although in practice the actual role of the presidents of the collegiums was much greater), then in ministries formally all power belonged to the ministers. In other words, the creation of ministries meant further centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus.

As for the creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the reform in this area was more significant. The fact is that before the reform, the main body of internal governance was the Senate, and in practice power, especially in the management of law enforcement agencies, was concentrated in the hands of the prosecutor general. But the Senate, as is known, simultaneously performed the functions of the highest judicial body. If we take into account that the main function of the Prosecutor General was to exercise “higher supervision” over the regularity of the actions of all state bodies, it turned out that in the field of internal administration the Prosecutor General had to supervise himself.

The creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs meant that all internal management functions were concentrated entirely in this ministry. The title of Prosecutor General was now assigned to the Minister of Justice, who was in charge of the judiciary and was supposed to monitor compliance with the laws by all government agencies, including the police. The Ministry of Internal Affairs supervised the activities of the governors, who in turn were subordinate to the local police. Through the governors, the Minister of Internal Affairs led the protection of public order and the fight against crime. Thus, for the first time, a single governing body was created, uniting the police of the empire on a national scale, which was one of the most important milestones in the development of the Russian police service. The Ministry of Internal Affairs also carried out administrative supervision over the improvement and sanitary condition of the entire empire, communications, food affairs, was in charge of mail, etc. Therefore, along with the main division of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - the Department of Internal Affairs (which was later divided into executive and economic police departments), departments of manufactures and trade, a postal committee, and a medical committee were established.

Considering the variety of functions of the ministry, which did not allow it to focus on the police, in 1811 a special Ministry of Police was separated from it, which existed along with the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which remained in charge of issues of food, agriculture, industry (with the exception of mining), etc. .d. However, although the creation of the Ministry of Police somewhat increased specialization in police management at the ministerial level, a unified police body was never created at the provincial level. Police chiefs, mayors and district police officers continued to report directly to the governors. The governors themselves were under the control of the Ministry of Police on police issues, and by the Ministry of Internal Affairs on other issues. Thus, with the creation of the Ministry of Police, a kind of dual power was created in local government. In this regard, in 1819, the Ministry of Police again merged with the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Of great importance were the measures to strengthen the general police carried out in 1837. These measures consisted primarily of expanding the grassroots police apparatus in the counties, where the positions of police officers were established, subordinate to the police chief. In most areas of the empire, the principle of appointing police officers by the government was established (previously they were elected by the local nobility).

It underwent changes in the first half of the 19th century. and political police. The omnipotence of the political investigation bodies, which widely used torture, the wave of repressions that affected the nobility and even part of the court aristocracy in the last years of the reign of Catherine II and especially under Paul I, caused, as already mentioned, deep discontent of society. Therefore, Emperor Alexander I in 1801 issued a manifesto on the abolition of the Secret Expedition and the prohibition of torture. The investigation and consideration of political cases was transferred to the Senate, as well as to the criminal and general police courts. By a special decree of Emperor Alexander I, investigative and judicial cases on political charges were stopped and all prisoners were granted “forgiveness”.

With the creation of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1802, cases of political charges began to be concentrated in its office, from which a special body of political investigation soon emerged - the “special office” of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (from 1811 to 1819 - the special office of the Ministry of Police) . However, already in 1805, an attempt was made to create a special body of political investigation with broad powers - the Special Secret Committee, which in a number of documents of that time is also called the High Police Committee. In 1807, it was transformed into a Committee to consider cases of crimes tending to violate the general peace. It included the ministers of justice and internal affairs and several senators. The committee considered cases and decided them, and the investigation was carried out by the general police.

Due to the aggravation of social contradictions in the early 20s of the XIX century. A number of departmental secret services emerge. This aggravation was due to several reasons. Firstly, it should be taken into account that the War of 1812 was a Patriotic War, i.e. Not only the army, but also the masses took part in it, which was especially clearly manifested in the development of the partisan movement. The hope spread among the masses of the peasantry that after the victorious end of the war the situation of the peasants would improve. However, the restoration of serfdom in full caused disappointment and discontent among the peasantry, especially since huge funds were required to restore the destroyed national economy in areas occupied by the French and burned cities (Moscow, Smolensk, etc.), taxes were increased and duties that fell heavily on the shoulders of the peasants.

In order to save money, the government transferred some of the troops to military settlements, where soldiers, living with their families, in addition to military service, would engage in agriculture under the command of officers. Moreover, soldiers' families were also subject to military discipline. Unbearable living conditions in military settlements, as well as severe crop failure, which caused massive famine in the country and the death of livestock, caused military settlements in 1819-1820. mass uprisings, to suppress which it was necessary to attract a large number of troops.

Revolutionary sentiments among the peasantry and the mass of soldiers in the army were complemented by the spread of liberal sentiments in the officer corps, especially among young officers who returned in 1815-1818 from a foreign campaign in Europe, where feudal serfdom was abolished as a result of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars .

After the suppression of the uprising in the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment in 1820, a secret police was formed at the headquarters of the Guards Corps, and in connection with the uprisings in military settlements, a similar organization arose at the Office of Military Settlements. Since she acted under the general direction of A.A. Arakcheev - the all-powerful favorite of the emperor, its significance went far beyond the scope of military settlements. Thus, in the first quarter of the 19th century. There were several bodies of political police: the High Police Committee, the “special office” of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the secret services of the Guards Corps and the Directorate of Military Settlements, and, finally, the secret part of the St. Petersburg city government. They were all independent of each other and competed with each other. At the same time, military units in the provinces and major cities designed to ensure public safety. For this purpose, in 1817, an internal guard corps was established, which was administratively, as well as in matters of financing and supply, subordinated to the Ministry of War. But his units stationed in the provinces (garrison battalions and district military commands) were operationally subordinate to the governors and district police officers.

The Ministry of Police (and after its liquidation in 1819, the Ministry of Internal Affairs) received the right to “monitor” the correct performance of service by military units of the internal guard corps stationed in the provinces. The Ministry of Internal Affairs and governors received the right to involve troops in measures to protect public order and in addition to those parts of the internal guard corps that were already under their operational subordination. The law gave the Minister of Internal Affairs the right not only to make such requests to the military department, but also the right to give orders directly to the commanders of military units stationed in the provinces.

The issue of interaction between the army command and the police became particularly acute on the eve of the Patriotic War of 1812.

In the “Rules for the administration of the Commander-in-Chief of the active army, provinces declared under martial law,” approved by Emperor Alexander I on March 13, 1812, in the provinces declared under martial law and constituting the rear areas of the active army, governors, and, consequently, the police resubordinated to the commander-in-chief of the army and were obliged to carry out his orders, he could remove police officials and bring them before a military court.

The procedure established by this law remained in effect after the end of the War of 1812 in cases of martial law being declared in certain localities, such as, for example, in the Kharkov and Novgorod provinces during the suppression of uprisings in military settlements.

A major problem that affected the organization of the police and the methods of its activities was the problem of taking into account local historical and socio-economic characteristics in various regions of the country.

The Russian Empire was a multinational state. It was home to up to 100 nations, nationalities and ethnographic groups at various levels of socio-economic and cultural development. This was also reflected in the organization of local government and police, which in a number of cases had national regions their own characteristics, in some cases enshrined in regulations that determined the legal status of these regions within the Russian Empire. Thus, in the Baltics, in the “Accord Points”, signed by Peter I with representatives of the Baltic German nobility and cities at the beginning of the 18th century, the privileges of the German nobility (Baltic Sea barons) and the German bourgeoisie in the cities were secured. Preservation of these privileges until the 80s of the XIX century. was explained by close ties with the government leaders of the Russian Empire and, above all, with the royal court. As for the police, the peculiarity of its organization in the Baltic provinces was that until the end of the 80s of the XIX century. County police officials were elected by class assemblies of the German nobility, and class representatives of the German bourgeoisie sat in city police departments. The police were guided not only by general imperial legislation, but (in cities) also by German city (so-called Magdeburg) law, and records in the police and courts until 1888 were conducted in German.

Finland, conquered in 1809 from Sweden, was distinguished by great features. Under the terms of the Friedrichsham Peace Treaty with Sweden in 1809, Finland became part of the Russian Empire on the basis of a personal union. The All-Russian Emperor was at the same time the Grand Duke of Finland. Finland had its own Sejm (parliament) and government (administrative council). The person of the Russian Emperor in Finland was represented by the Governor-General, who commanded the Russian troops stationed in Finland and exercised general control over internal administration, including the police. However, the Finnish police were directly subordinate to a member of the Finnish administrative council, who was in charge of internal affairs. The police were recruited from Finns and were guided by laws adopted by the Finnish Diet and Swedish legislation that still remained in force. Record keeping in the police and courts was conducted in Finnish. Finnish police guarded (together with Finnish customs officers) the customs border separating the territory of Finland from Russia. In reality, this meant that if a person pursued by the Russian police was hiding on the territory of Finland, then he became practically inaccessible to the Russian police.

The legal status of Poland was similar. By decision of the Congress of Vienna, which reshaped Europe after the victory over Napoleonic France, in 1815 the central and eastern part of Poland with Warsaw was transferred to Russia and formed the so-called “Kingdom of Poland” (sometimes it was called the “Kingdom of Poland”). The congress gave the western part of Poland (Poznan, Silesia and Pomerania) to Prussia, and the southeastern part with Krakow and Galicia with Lvov - to Austria. Poland became part of the Russian Empire, like Finland, on the basis of a personal union, i.e. the Russian emperor became at the same time the king of Poland. Poland received its constitution of 1815, its Sejm (bicameral parliament), its government (administrative council) and even its 30,000-strong army, the commander-in-chief of which was the Tsar's brother, Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. The person of the Russian emperor and the Polish king was represented by the viceroy. This position, to please the Poles, was occupied from 1815 to 1826 by the general of the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, ex-Jacobin, then Napoleonic general Count Józef Zajonczek. The viceroy was supposed to control all internal administration, but the Minister of Internal Affairs of the Polish government (administrative council) was directly in charge of internal administration, and therefore the police. Locally (in voivodeships, regions), the police were led by voivodes, and in povets (districts) by castellans. The police were guided in their activities by all-Russian legislation, as well as laws adopted by the Polish Sejm. However, local police officials were not elected by the local Polish nobility (as in Russia), but were appointed by the government, albeit on the recommendation of the voivode. In 1826, with the establishment of a specialized body of political police - the III Department of the Tsar's Chancellery (which will be discussed below), a special Warsaw Gendarmerie District was formed in Poland, to which the affairs of the political police were transferred. Only the general police remained under the jurisdiction of the Polish administration. police russia demilitarization ministry

After the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830-1831, the striking force of which was the Polish regular army and the nobility (especially the nobility youth and students), and one of the slogans was the restoration of Wormwood within the borders of 1772. (i.e., including the territories of Right Bank Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania), the Constitution of Wormwood of 1815 was repealed. The organic law issued by Nicholas I in 1832 abolished the personal union of Poland with Russia and proclaimed its incorporation into the Russian Empire. This meant the liquidation of the Polish army, the Sejm, the Polish government, but with the preservation of freedom of religion, freedom of movement and personal integrity for the Poles, i.e. privileges that were not available to subjects of the Russian crown in other parts of the empire.

However, since in 1833 a state of emergency was introduced in Poland, which lasted for many years, the police were removed from the control of the Polish civilian governors and castellans and subordinated to the Russian military authorities. The incorporation of Poland into the Russian Empire was completed after the reform of 1866, carried out after the suppression of the uprising of 1863-1864, one of the slogans of which was again the slogan of the creation of “Greater Poland” within the borders of 1772 (“from sea to sea”, i.e. from the Baltic to the Black Seas). In 1866, instead of voivodeships and povets, 10 provinces (86 districts) were established, united into the Warsaw Governor-General, which soon received the name Privislensky region. The Governor-General simultaneously commanded the troops of the Warsaw Military District, and the legal status of the state of emergency provided for the subordination of not only the general police, but also the provincial gendarmerie departments to the Governor-General. In the Privislensky region, unlike the rest of Russia, in addition to the provincial gendarmerie departments, district gendarme departments were also established.

The police service in Central Asia also had its own characteristics after its annexation to Russia. Two general governorates were created on the territory of Central Asia: Turkestan with a center in Tashkent and Stepnoe with a center in Omsk (it included the north-eastern part of the territory of present-day Kazakhstan - Akmola, Semipalatinsk and until 1897 Semirechensk regions). The General Governments, in turn, were divided into regions headed by military governors, to whom the police were subordinate.

It should be noted that the military administration interfered little in the internal life of the Central Asian peoples, limiting itself to prohibiting slavery, blood feud and cattle rustling (barants), as well as (and this is the most important thing) maintaining the power of the “white king”, i.e. Russian Emperor. In all other respects, police functions were carried out by the local feudal elite in accordance with local customs (adat) and Sharia law.

The peoples of Siberia and the Far North also had their own characteristics in the implementation of police functions. Back in 1822, the “Regulations on Native Administration in Siberia”, developed by Speransky when he was Governor-General of Siberia, was adopted and published for the first time in this publication. This provision took into account that the Siberian provinces were inhabited by peoples leading a nomadic lifestyle and maintaining tribal relations. Therefore, in order to take into account local customs in their management and not to disturb their established way of life, so-called foreign councils were established, elected from among the local tribal nobility. These councils were entrusted with the implementation of police functions. To control their activities as part of the zemstvo police, the governor appointed a “keeper of the foreign population.” He also had to ensure that “noble foreigners” (i.e., representatives of the tribal nobility), who are not part of the foreign administrations and are not in the service, did not interfere in the affairs of the police and administration. The Regulations emphasized that local police and courts must respect native customs and not interfere unnecessarily with daily life native population.

Thus, although the Russian Empire was a unitary state, it took into account the peculiarities of local government, including in the organization and activities of the police, the historically established features of national life, and the levels of socio-economic and political development of various regions.

After the suppression of the Decembrist uprising, Nicholas I radically reorganized the political police. By decree of July 3, 1826, the III department of “His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery” was created as a body of political police, and a special office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was included in its composition. The head of this department was subordinate directly to the king.

As an executive apparatus, the head of the III department was given the disposal of a special Corps of Gendarmes, established in 1827. In accordance with this decree, the territory of the country was divided into 5 gendarmerie districts, the number of which was later increased to 7. In the capitals (St. Petersburg and Moscow), major ports and provincial cities there were gendarmerie divisions and teams. The most important function of the III Department was the protection of state security. As part of its implementation, particular importance was attached to the collection of information about anti-government organizations and secret societies. In this regard, it should be recalled that back in 1822, an imperial decree ordered the police to close all secret societies and Masonic lodges, and civil servants were required to sign that they were not members of such societies and lodges. The Decembrist uprising in 1825 showed that the police and departmental secret services were unable to implement this decree. Now the function of political police has been removed from the Ministry of Internal Affairs and transferred to the III Department. The functions of political and military counterintelligence were transferred to him. To this end, the III Department was obliged to control the activities and movements of foreigners throughout the country. Control over the movements of Russian citizens also increased, which was facilitated by the adoption of the Code of Statutes on Passports and Fugitives in 1833.

Nicholas I saw a significant threat to state security in the activities of numerous religious sects and other religious organizations, especially those denominations whose religious and political centers were located outside Russia. Therefore, the III Department was charged with monitoring the activities of various sects and schisms. Nicholas I's fears were completely unfounded. The role of the Polish Catholic Church in the uprisings in Poland in 1830 and in 1863-1864. known in their preparation. Therefore, after the suppression of the Polish uprising of 1830, control over the activities of non-traditional faiths was strengthened and stricter registration rules were introduced for them. The activities of the Catholic monastic order of the Jesuits, which was distinguished by the greatest Russophobic activity, were banned, and the functionaries of this order were expelled from Russia. Registration of religious organizations, non-traditional faiths for Russia and official supervision of their activities were entrusted to the specially created department of spiritual affairs of foreign faiths within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. However, secret supervision over them still remained the responsibility of the III Department. Subsequently, the Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Religions was transformed into the Department of Spiritual Affairs of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the affairs of not only non-traditional, but also such traditional faiths as Muslim, Jewish, Buddhist, etc. were transferred to it.

The fight against counterfeiting was also under the jurisdiction of the III Department.

Finally, one of the most important functions of the III Department was information from the emperor about the real situation in the country and, in particular, supervision over the activities of the state administration apparatus, especially the local one. For this purpose, the III Department was charged with regularly compiling “statements” for the emperor about “all incidents without exception,” including statistical information “related to the police.” To ensure the reliability of information, local gendarmerie authorities were independent of local authorities, including governors.

It is characteristic that the number of gendarmerie was small. The staff of the III department of the royal chancellery at the time of its creation in 1826-1827. did not exceed 40 people; even in 1880, when it was abolished, it was approximately 120 people. And the staff of the district departments included: the head of the district - a general, his assistant - a staff officer, one or two officers - adjutants, a clerk and several non-commissioned officers. The staff of the departments into which the territory of the district was divided, which included up to 8-10 provinces, consisted of: the chief - a staff officer, his adjutant, a clerk and several non-commissioned officers. The total strength of the gendarme corps, including all individual divisions and military commands, was slightly more than 6 thousand people.

The corps had a purely military organization and was administratively, operationally and economically subordinate to the War Ministry (through the corps headquarters). But the chief of the gendarme corps - he is also the head of the III department of his own royal chancellery - was subordinate only to the emperor.

The purely military nature of the gendarme corps and its relatively small number were explained by the fact that the authorities, taking into account the experience of a military conspiracy against Paul I and the Decembrist uprising, saw the main danger to the throne in the immediate circle of the emperor and in the officer corps, primarily in the guards officers, and this social the layer was relatively small. As for the peasant unrest, it was mainly not the gendarmes, but units of the Internal Guard Corps and ordinary army field troops that were used to suppress them, and the local police were responsible for identifying the instigators and arresting them.

The general management of the local police continued to remain under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and was carried out through the Executive Police Department. The reign of Nicholas was characterized by increased centralization and bureaucratization of management. This trend has also manifested itself in police management. The competence of the ministry included determining the staffing of local police agencies, monitoring the expenditure of funds allocated for the maintenance of the police, the appointment, dismissal and transfer of police officials. The Ministry of Internal Affairs has strengthened control over the activities of local police authorities. For this purpose, the staff of officials for special assignments under the minister was increased. Personal inspection visits to the locations of the director of the executive police department have become regular. To manage the department during his absence, the position of vice-director is introduced. A special unit was established within the Ministry of Internal Affairs to conduct secret audits and analyze materials about abuses by local police officials. However, audits showed the low efficiency of the police and the need for its reform.

...

How it was in Ancient Rus'

Until the 18th century, the country did not have a regular police force. To understand how the Russian police were created, you need to go back to the time when this activity was instead called “deanery.”

The term “police” itself appeared in Ancient Greece. It was a regular paramilitary authority that was responsible for maintaining public order.

In ancient Russian statehood, the same function was performed by landowners, governors, courtiers, swordsmen, and so on. In fact, the first of the main stages in the development of the Russian police can be considered the creation of princely squads. When the state was emerging, community members also helped them.

Then the law enforcement function gradually passed into the hands of the governors. They had a whole staff of employees. The trial was carried out by tiuns, and closers called the parties to the dispute. Pravetchiki were responsible for the execution of court decisions.

Criminal Code

In fact, the first Russian Criminal Code is a collection of laws “Russian Truth”, written in the 11th century. In this case, a crime was not considered a violation of laws and princely decisions, but an insult that the criminal inflicted on someone. At the dawn of the history of the police in Russia, the most important concepts were defined that became part of today's jurisprudence.

For example, it was the collection “Russian Truth” that began to consider attempted crime. This could be considered the drawing of a sword. In addition, crimes committed by a group of persons were tried separately. The collection contained the concept of necessary defense and examined its boundaries. Thus, it was illegal to kill a thief when the danger of his actions had already disappeared. There were mitigating and aggravating circumstances.

In general, the first legislation was simple. Anyone who injured someone was subjected to the same procedure, for example, cutting off a hand by hand and so on. The highest penalty, according to Russian Pravda, is the confiscation of property and the transfer of the entire family of the criminal into slavery. This punishment was intended for robbery, arson, and horse theft. The criminal could also be deprived of his life.

At that time, the history of the Russian police was in its infancy, so some laws were imperfect. For example, if a criminal was hiding, then the search for him was carried out by the victims themselves.

But already from 1497, in the new Code of Laws, crime became not an “offense”, but rather actions causing damage to the state. Then the formation and development of the Russian police began - guards appeared on the streets of Moscow. She kept order.

By the middle of the 16th century, the Robbery Order had opened. It was he who fought crime in the Russian state. From here, detectives were dispatched to crime scenes.

Appearance of the police

City police officers were considered the lower ranks of police agencies. They had black overcoats, buttons with a double-headed eagle. Each was assigned a personal weapon. It was kept in a black holster, which was attached to the belt. This is what every ordinary employee of the imperial police looked like.

Gendarmes

The gendarmerie regiments are considered another stage in the history of the Russian police. They were introduced by Paul I. They controlled the situation in the country and carried out searches. These were territorial security agencies. For the most part they investigated political affairs.

Stages of development

The history of the police is most clearly demonstrated by examining the changes in this structure, presented by century. Every ruler of the country made minor adjustments to the already existing system.

16th century

In Moscow at that time, so-called slingshots were installed, in which there were guards. It was supported by the local population. The entire city was divided into separate areas, which were demarcated by gates. It was forbidden to walk the streets at night without light. Ioann Vasilyevich approved travel around the capital in order to maintain order.

In those years, the search for criminals was carried out by provincial elders. Until that moment, labial letters were issued to the population at their request. Such documents made it possible to carry out labial affairs independently.

In essence, the city police were the mayors. For some time, the boyars were in charge of matters related to crime. But this turned out to be ineffective. Then the Robbery Order was introduced.

17th century

During this period, the affairs that were in charge of the Robbery Order were issued. There were detachments that monitored fire and public safety. They were armed with spears, axes, and water pipes. The employees wore red and green clothes.

18 century

Peter I established the Main Police body. Initially, 4 officers and 36 lower ranks worked here. This body performed supervisory functions in the city. In addition, it was its representatives who were responsible for paving streets, draining swamps, and collecting garbage.

In 1718, Devier became chief of police. He began to command one army regiment, as well as the police chief's office. Thanks to him, lanterns and benches were installed in St. Petersburg. The fire safety service was also organized.

In 1722, the position of Chief of Police appeared in Moscow. He was responsible for public order in Moscow.

And under Anna Ioannovna, the police also became a judicial authority. She herself was involved in imposing sentences in criminal cases.

19th century

At this time, the functions of the police chief began to be performed by the zemstvo police officer. The nobles chose him. The mayors were abolished. Police departments appeared.

For the first time in Russian history, special crime detection and investigation units appeared in St. Petersburg. Detective police were introduced here in 1866.

Later, the same structure began to be used in Moscow and other cities. A criminal investigation service emerged. Already in 1907, many of the largest Russian cities had one.

20th century

Since 1903, county police guards began to spread. Thanks to Stolypin's reforms, special courses were introduced for detective chiefs. Even in Switzerland, Russian detective work was recognized as the best in the world in 1913.

However, the February Revolution thundered and it was abolished. This procedure was one of the main tasks proclaimed by V.I. Lenin.

Instead, a people's militia was introduced. In addition, they organized a workers' militia. These structures acted under the guidance of political power, and sometimes without it. The workers' militia was not connected with the city militia.

Soon conflicts began between the people's and city police. The destruction of this important state structure has begun. The NKVD began to issue resolutions to resolve this issue. The workers' militia, in essence, was an amateur organization based on voluntary squads. She couldn't fight crime. In 1918, the NKVD recognized the police as a separate state of persons who performed special duties. At the same time, he acted independently of the army.

At the moment, the police are part of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. Its objectives are proclaimed by the Constitution and the Federal Law "On the Police", as well as the Regulations "On Service in the Internal Affairs Bodies". There are other documents regulating its activities.

Included in the internal affairs bodies. (Article 14 of the Regulations on the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated March 1, 2011 No. 248 “Issues of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation”)

The police are intended to protect the life, health, rights and freedoms of citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens, stateless persons; to combat crime, protect public order, property and ensure public safety.

Within the limits of their competence, the management of police activities is carried out by the President of the Russian Federation directly or through the Minister of Internal Affairs, heads of territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and heads of police units. These leaders are responsible for fulfilling the duties assigned to the police.

Modern structure

The structure of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia includes the following police units:

Main Directorate of Private Security.
General Directorate for Road Safety
Main Directorate for ensuring the protection of public order and coordinating interaction with executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Main Directorate for Countering Extremism
Main Directorate for Transport.
Main Directorate of Criminal Investigation.
Main Directorate of Economic Security and Anti-Corruption.
National Central Bureau of Interpol.
Operational management.
Office for ensuring the safety of persons subject to state protection.
Directorate for supporting the activities of special purpose units and aviation.
Directorate for ensuring the security of major international and mass sporting events.
Operational-search information department.
Department for organization of inquiry.

History of the Russian Police

The existing system of public services for maintaining public order and combating crime in the Russian Empire and newly organized on March 1, 2011 of the Russian Federation (with the exception of structures not related to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which already exist or existed previously and were called the police).

16th century

History of the police in the Russian Empire

XVIII century

Moscow chief police chiefs

FULL NAME.	Title, rank, rank	Time to fill a position
Grekov Maxim Timofeevich	colonel, brigadier	11.04.1722-23.12.1728
Pozdnyakov Ivan Davidovich	State Councillor	03.11.1729-1731
Grekov Stepan Timofeevich	brigadier, police chief general	17.02.1731-22.12.1732
Obolduev Nikita Andreevich	Colonel	11.01.1733-1739
Golokhvastov Ivan Martynovich	State Councillor	1749-1753
Divov Ivan Ivanovich		09.01.1762-1762
Yushkov Ivan Ivanovich	Privy Councilor, Chief of Police	10.1762-17.04.1764
Arsenyev Taras Ivanovich	Colonel, State Councilor	17.04.1764-10.02.1765
Tolstoy Vasily Ivanovich	count, brigadier, state councilor	1765-1770
Bakhmetev Nikolay Ivanovich	foreman	1770-1771
Arkharov Nikolay Petrovich	colonel (major general)	1771-01.01.1781
Ostrovsky Boris Petrovich	foreman	1781-1785
Tol Fedor Nikolaevich	colonel (major general)	1785-1790
Glazov Pavel Mikhailovich	colonel, brigadier	1790-02.09.1793
Kozlov Pavel Mikhailovich	brigadier, major general	22.10.1793-1796
Kaverin Pavel Nikitovich	State Councilor (actual State Councilor)	31.03.1797-09.12.1798
Ertel Fedor Fedorovich	major general	09.12.1798-12.03.1801
Kaverin Pavel Nikitovich	actual state councilor, major general	12.03.1801-13.12.1802
Spiridov Grigory Grigorievich	brigadier, actual state councilor	13.12.1802-20.12.1804
Balashov Alexander Dmitrievich	major general	20.12.1804-24.11.1807
Gladkov Ivan Vasilievich	major general	29.11.1807-17.04.1809
Ivashkin Pyotr Alekseevich	major general	17.04.1809-08.03.1816
Shulgin Alexander Sergeevich	major general	08.03.1816-02.08.1825
Shulgin Dmitry Ivanovich	major general	02.08.1825-06.04.1830
Mukhanov Sergey Nikolaevich	colonel, aide-de-camp	06.04.1830-27.09.1833
Tsynsky Lev Mikhailovich	major general	29.11.1833-01.02.1845
Luzhin Ivan Dmitrievich	Colonel, His Majesty's Retinue Major General, Adjutant Wing	13.12.1845-12.05.1854
Timashev-Bering Alexey Alexandrovich	major general	12.05.1854-31.12.1857
Kropotkin Alexey Ivanovich	prince, guard colonel, major general, aide-de-camp	01.01.1858-12.11.1860
Potapov Alexander Lvovich	His Majesty's Retinue Major General	12.11.1860-15.12.1861
Kreutz Heinrich Kipriyanovich	Count, His Majesty's Retinue Major General (Lieutenant General)	16.12.1861-03.01.1866
Arapov Nikolay Ustinovich		03.01.1866-14.10.1878
	His Majesty's Retinue Major General	14.10.1878-13.08.1881
Yankovsky Evgeniy Osipovich	major general	13.08.1881-18.07.1882
Kozlov Alexander Alexandrovich	His Majesty's Retinue Major General, Lieutenant General	26.07.1882-11.01.1887
Yurkovsky Evgeniy Kornshyuvich	major general	11.01.1887-27.12.1891
Vlasovsky Alexander Alexandrovich	acting colonel	28.12.1891-18.07.1896
Trepov Dmitry Fedorovich	colonel, major general	12.09.1896-01.01.1905

19th century

XX century

On August 9, 1910, the Minister of Internal Affairs P. A. Stolypin issued an Instruction to the ranks of detective departments, which determined their tasks and structure. Each detective department consisted of four structural divisions-desks:

Personal detention.
Search.
Observations.
Registration Help Desk.

By order of P. A. Stolypin, special courses were established at the Police Department for the training of heads of detective departments. At the International Congress of Criminologists held in Switzerland in 1913, the Russian detective police were recognized as the best in the world in solving crimes.

After the February Revolution, by decree of the Provisional Government of March 10, 1917, the Police Department was abolished.

According to a survey conducted by VTsIOM on August 14-15, 2010, 63 percent of Russians believe that renaming the police into police will not change anything, and everything in the department’s work will remain the same.

Generally, new law The project is a continuation of the policy opposite to that pursued in the 2002 reform, that is, even greater centralization. The institutions of public security police and criminal police are abolished. Unlike the police, which are partially subordinate to the authorities of the subject of the federation, the police are not connected with the subject of the federation (according to the bill).

About 5 million people took part in an online discussion of the bill “On the Police”, unique for Russia. As a result, the bill, compared to its original form, has undergone significant changes related to the powers of the new structure. In particular, provisions were excluded that police could freely enter the premises of citizens, land plots belonging to them, territories, land plots and premises occupied by public associations and organizations, as well as the “presumption of legality” of the police, which caused the most criticism ( “the demands of a police officer addressed to citizens and officials, and the actions taken by him are considered legal until otherwise is established in the manner prescribed by law”), although, according to opposition politicians, this wording was only veiled and not excluded.

Despite criticism from certain sections of society and a number of opposition political parties, the bill was adopted in the first reading on December 10. The State Duma on Friday, January 28, adopted the bill “On the Police” in the final third reading. Only United Russia members supported the adoption of the law. 315 deputies supported the law, 130 were against it, and there were no abstentions.

It was originally planned that the new law would come into force in January 2011, but the police in Russia were officially revived on March 1, 2011.

On March 1, 2011, the police law came into force, and from January 1, 2012, all police symbols became invalid.

The situation of the police in the Russian Federation

In modern Russia, the police are part of the system of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation. The tasks of this structure are regulated

The Russian Police is a system of public services for maintaining public order and fighting crime in the Russian Empire and in the future of the Russian Federation (with the exception of structures not related to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which already exist or existed previously and were called the police).

However, the police did not appear in Russia immediately. In 1504, slingshots were installed in Moscow, with guards nearby. The guards were maintained by local residents. The city was divided into districts, between which gates with bars were built. It was forbidden to move around the city at night, or without lighting. Grand Duke John Vasilyevich established patrols around Moscow to maintain security.

The code of law of Ivan IV transferred the cases “of led robbers” to the jurisdiction of provincial elders (Gubal elders appeared in the first half of the 16th century for the trial of robbery cases, thus diverting a significant part of the criminal cases from the court of feeders; additional articles to the Code of Law of Tsar Ivan the Terrible add Taty’s cases , and according to the Code, the Provincial Elders are also in charge of murderous cases. Thus, almost all criminal jurisdiction is gradually concentrated in the hands of the Provincial Elders. But along with the expansion of their competence, they are also turning into people of command).

In cities, police functions were performed by mayors, who were introduced instead of firemen.

The robbery order was first mentioned in 1571 and from then on continuously existed until the 18th century. Since 1539, written sources mention boyars in Moscow who were ordered to commit robbery. Nevolin believes that this was a temporary commission established to eliminate the robberies, which then intensified. But since the robberies did not stop, the temporary commission turned into a permanent one and thus a robber hut, or a robber order, appeared.

In the 17th century, by decree from August 14 1687 the affairs of the robbery order were transferred to the Zemsky orders.

Police officers in large cities were called Zemsky yaryzki. Zemstvo yaryzki in Moscow dressed in red and green clothes. In other cities, the color of clothing could be different. They had the letters “Z” and “I” sewn on their chests.

In 1669, detectives were introduced everywhere instead of Lip Prefects and Lip Kissers.

The history of the police in Russia begins in the 18th century.

On June 7, 1718, Peter I established the Main Police in St. Petersburg. Adjutant General Devier was appointed Chief of Police. Initially, the police staff consisted of a deputy chief of police, 4 officers and 36 lower ranks. The office work in the Main Police Chief Office was carried out by a clerk and ten clerks. The police not only kept order in the city, but also performed a number of economic functions, engaged in the improvement of the city - paving streets, draining swampy areas, collecting garbage, etc. Through the efforts of Devier, the first lanterns and benches were installed in St. Petersburg in 1721 for relax. A fire service was organized. In addition, the police had judicial powers and had the ability to impose punishment in criminal cases.
On January 19, 1722, a police force was established in Moscow, headed by a chief police officer. On December 10, 1722, the Police Chief Instruction was issued, consisting of 40 points.

Since 1775 (after the “Institution for the management of the provinces of the All-Russian Empire”) the Senate began to appoint mayors.

In 1862, police reform was carried out. The title of mayor was abolished; mayor boards in those cities that were subordinate to the district police were annexed to the zemstvo courts, renamed into district police departments, and in those cities that retained their own police, separate from the district police, they were renamed into city police departments.

In 1866, the St. Petersburg Chief of Police F.F. Trepov sent a note to Alexander II, which said: “A significant gap in the establishment of the metropolitan police was the absence of a special unit with the special purpose of conducting research to solve crimes, finding general measures to prevent and suppress crimes. These responsibilities lay with the ranks of the external police, which, bearing the entire burden of police service, had neither the means nor the opportunity to act successfully in this regard. It is to eliminate this shortcoming that it is proposed to establish a detective police.”

In the same 1866, it was created in St. Petersburg detective department, whose work was based on the use of secret methods. This is how the criminal investigation service appeared. Then there were detective branches in other cities. By 1907, they were available in Moscow, Kyiv, Riga, Odessa, Tiflis, Baku, Rostov-on-Don and some other large cities.

The Police Department, as mentioned above, was abolished on March 10, 1917. At the same time, the replacement of the police with a “people's militia” was proclaimed, which was created on the basis of the resolution “On the approval of the police” and the “Temporary regulations on the police” of April 17, 1917.

For modern Russia, the name “police” is also not new.

On May 20, 1993, the Law “On the Federal Tax Police Bodies” was adopted, according to which the Tax Police Department of Russia was established as the legal successor of the Main Directorate of Tax Investigations. Federal Law No. 200-FZ of December 17, 1995 amended the law, according to which the department was renamed the Federal Tax Police Service (FSNP). The main task of the youngest law enforcement agency at that time, vested with the right to conduct operational search, expert and investigative activities, was to combat tax crimes and offenses, as well as the fight against corruption in tax authorities.

On July 1, 2003, by decree of the President of Russia V. Putin No. 306 of March 11, 2003, the Federal Tax Police Service was abolished without explanation. Most of the functions of the Federal Tax Service of Russia and a staff of 16 thousand units have been transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The material base and 40 thousand staff units were transferred to the newly created State Drug Control Agency.

The idea of creating a military police appeared in the mid-1990s, when it became finally clear that control over the observance of military discipline by military commandant's offices was insufficient and a professional military police was required. In 1996, a draft law was submitted to the State Duma, but it was not adopted. In 2005, the idea was supported by Russian President Vladimir Putin, but even then things did not go beyond words. The military police were remembered again in the fall of 2009, and a year later the Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation signed a corresponding directive. The military police are in the process of formation; according to plans, their number in the future will be 20 thousand people.

People first started talking about the Federal Police (the failed reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) in the fall of 2002. According to the plans, the police were to be divided into federal police and municipal police. Thus, according to the then deputy head of the Kremlin administration Dmitry Kozak, the constitutional right of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to independently protect public order should have been fully realized, which was impossible under the existing centralization within the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In addition, by the end of 2003, an agency was to be created to coordinate the work of the investigative bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the FSB and the tax police - the Federal Investigation Service. However, the failed policy of the Minister of Internal Affairs Boris Gryzlov, in particular, the liquidation of the RUBOP, which led to unprecedented corruption in the ranks of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, forced ultimately not only to abandon the reform of the ministry, but also to make it even more centralized, which, in general, fit into the general concept of centralization of power in Russia. Over the following years, information periodically appeared about the possible implementation of reform and the creation of a federal police force, including criminal police, public security police, migration police and special departments, but none of this was carried out.

On January 21, 2010, at a meeting of the Russian Lawyers Association with the participation of the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, Rashid Nurgaliev, Sergei Stepashin said, without revealing the essence of the innovation: “The public security police, as far as I know, will no longer exist. And probably, the creation of a professional police is an absolutely correct decision.”

This time, the authorities made it clear that they seriously intended to bring the reform to completion, and also decided to involve ordinary citizens in drafting the law. On August 6, 2010, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, at a meeting on reforming the Ministry of Internal Affairs, proposed the very next day to submit the bill “On the Police” for general discussion on the Internet.

About 5 million people took part in an online discussion of the bill “On the Police,” unique for Russia.

The bill was adopted in the first reading on December 10, 2010. It was initially planned that the new law would come into force in January 2011, then the deadline was postponed to March.

The new law, in addition to renaming the structure, also spells out other points for reforming law enforcement agencies that raise questions. Renaming the police to the police makes sense only on the condition that the new agency, and most importantly its employees and their relationships with citizens, really change for the better.

Reform of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and renaming police V police gave rise to many discussions about the lack of visible changes. The previous image and symbols inherited from the Russian police are not suitable for the newly created structure. Research conducted from February to March 2011 showed that Russians have a negative attitude towards the ongoing reforms. It became clear that there was a need for fundamental changes in the ideological and communication spheres of law enforcement agencies.

In the fall of 2011, activities began to form a new innovative brand of the Russian Police. The brand is addressed both internally (law enforcement officers) and externally (society, citizens of the Russian Federation) through the understandable language of modern visual communications. In the new image, the government body does not distance itself from society; it is open, transparent and friendly. A modern policeman is called upon to be an example in everything: in everyday life, on the street, in actions, in appearance, to be a highly cultured person. The main symbol of changes in the Police should be a new style.

Currently, the Police rebranding efforts are at the implementation stage and are planned to be completed by the end of 2012. This process should become a stimulus for positive changes in society and affect the strengthening of the positive image of the Russian Police as a whole.

Regular police began to be created in Russia under Peter I. It was at this time that the term “police”, borrowed from Western Europe, was first introduced into use. The responsibilities of the created police structures included: catching thieves, supervising people walking, stopping fights and quarrels on the streets, monitoring the implementation of building and fire safety regulations, the structure and cleanliness of the streets, the harmlessness of the life supplies being sold, preventing measurements, body kits and other deceptions in trade. etc. Peter I the Great

In 1715, in St. Petersburg, the new capital of the Russian state, a general police management body was formed - the Main Police Chief Office, which consisted of soldiers and non-commissioned officers to perform police duties. Somewhat later, in May 1718, the post of Chief of Police (head of the chancellery) was established, to which A. Devier was appointed. It is from this time that the history of the Russian police as a special institution in the system of state bodies should be calculated. Anton Manuilovich Devie r (1682 - 1745) first Chief of Police St. St. Petersburg (1718-1727 and 1744-1745)

St. Petersburg Police Chief's Office (from November 1722 - the main one) - the first central body of the regular police of Russia (1718 - 1775) Tsar (Emperor since 1721) His Majesty's own office Chief of Police General Presence Chief city magistrate judicial chamber police teams Police chief office prison with guards Fire brigade Secretaries, clerks, clerks architectural construction department CITY POLICE OFFICES (Since 1733) MAIN TASKS: Protecting public order and fighting crime. Ensuring fire safety. Supervision of landscaping, sanitation and compliance with trade rules. Maintenance, protection and employment of convicted and arrested persons. Control over the population serving police service. teams of furmans Chief of Police executioner

All police officers, upon entering the position, took an oath in which they swore to be a “faithful, kind and obedient slave” to be the king, queen and their heirs, their rights and prerogatives “to the utmost understanding, strength and ability to warn and defend both their lives in if necessary, do not spare.” After pronouncing the text of the oath, the official kissed the Gospel and the cross.

In 1733, a legislative act “On the establishment of police in cities” was issued, which became legal basis construction of regular police bodies throughout the country. The normative act regulated the procedure for creating police in provinces and other cities. Police bodies in provincial cities began to be called police offices, headed by a police chief from among the officers of local garrisons. Anna Ioannovna (January 28 (February 7) 1693 - October 17 (28), 1740) - Russian empress from the Romanov dynasty.

During the reign of Catherine II, the rural zemstvo police was established (1775). The lower zemstvo courts became administrative and police institutions in the districts. Their collegial leadership presence included the zemstvo police officer, or captain-spravnik, and 2-3 zemstvo assessors from the nobles and state peasants, elected by the nobility. One of the main tasks of the police officer was to organize the protection of public order in the county. Catherine II the Great (April 21 (May 2), 1729 - November 6 (17), 1796) - Empress of All Russia (1762-1796). The period of her reign is often considered the golden age of the Russian Empire.

Deanery Charter Structure. The charter included 14 chapters and 274 articles. Content. The body of police administration in the city became the deanery council - a collegial body that included the chief of police, the mayor, bailiffs of civil and criminal cases, as well as elected citizens. The city was divided into parts and quarters according to the number of buildings. In a unit, the head of the police department was a private bailiff, in a quarter - a quarterly supervisor. All police ranks were included in the Table of Ranks. The “Charter of Deanery” introduced the position of a private broker, who controlled the hiring of labor and terms of employment. In some criminal cases, the police themselves conducted the trial. The “Charter of Deanery” listed a number of similar offenses: gambling, swearing, drunkenness, and other violations of public order; actions directed against worship; bribery, unauthorized construction, etc.

On September 8, 1802, 8 ministries were formed: - military ground forces, - naval forces, - foreign affairs, - justice, - commerce, - finance, - public education - the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Manifesto of Emperor Alexander I on the establishment of ministries

Count Viktor Pavlovich Kochubey, the largest statesman in Russia in the first half of the 19th century, one of the initiators and authors of the project to create ministries, was appointed the first Minister of Internal Affairs.

Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky was appointed head of the office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who later became a famous statesman, “a luminary of the Russian bureaucracy.”

Ministry of the Interior from September 1802 to July 18, 1803 Minister of the Interior Companion to the Minister of the Interior Department of the Interior Expedition to take care of the people's food Expedition of peace and decorum Expedition of the state economy 1st department 2nd department Supplying the state with vital supplies Public buildings Zemstvo police affairs City police affairs State economy affairs People's industry Public charity expedition 1st department 2nd department Medical board The principle of general charity

The functions of the expedition are calm and orderly. 1st Department of the Zemstvo Police Case Report on Incidents. Safety regulations on dry roads and rivers. Obedience of the peasants to the legitimate authorities. Cases of temptation to faith, heresy and clarification of false rumors and letters. Information about zemstvo duties sent by peasants. The methods of carrying out these duties are known and uniform. Discouraging peasants from arbitrary demands. Conducting a general survey to allocate land to state-owned peasants and to notify land holdings. 2nd department City police cases Safety of streets and houses from fires and theft. Contents of the police team. Cleanliness and lighting. Preservation of good morals. Curbing extravagance, immeasurable luxury, cruelty. Surveillance over forbidden books, seductive spectacles, suspicious societies and people. Information about city public revenues, fees and duties. Methods of equalization in standing, in lighting, in the maintenance of bridges, and night guards. Information about the state of provincial companies and staff teams.

Political investigation bodies of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century. EMPEROR 3rd department of His Majesty's Own Chancellery Military Ministry Separate gendarmerie corps (since 1826) Gendarmerie units (since 1820) Directorates of gendarme districts (since 1836) Secret police Provincial gendarmerie departments (since 1836) City teams of gendarmes ( from 1836) Ministry of Internal Affairs “Secret Police Expedition” (1802 – 1826) “Secret Expedition in Moscow (1807 – 1826) “Special Office” (1819 – 1826) Ministry of Police (1810 – 1819) .) Office “for special matters”

Alexa ndr Dmitrievich Balashov (Balashev) (1770-1837) - Russian statesman, infantry general, adjutant general. First Minister of Police

The Ministry of Police consisted of three departments: 1) Economic Police Department; 2) Executive Police Department; 3) Medical Department; and two ministerial offices - general and special.

The largest reforms of the second half of the 19th century in Russia: - abolition of serfdom - changes in land relations - introduction of local self-government - reform of the judicial system and army The Ministry of Internal Affairs became the coordinating body for the reform.

On March 25, 1859, Alexander II approved proposals that boiled down to the unification of the city and zemstvo police under the authority of the district police officer, who, unlike the zemstvo police officer previously elected by the nobles, was appointed by the government. Alexander II city and zemstvo police

In general, the functions and rights of the police were not clearly defined by law at the end of the 19th century. Her responsibilities were very diverse. The published directory of the Ministry of Internal Affairs stated that “legislation considers police institutions as governing bodies in general, and the police officer himself as the main representative of power in the district.” “The police officer,” it was further stated, “is the direct authority of the governor.” It followed that any actions to manage the county, from building streets to compiling records of births, marriages and deaths, fell within the competence of the county police department. Police officer

The detective part of the police included a chief, four officials, 12 supervisors, a clerk with two assistants, and an archivist. Detective departments

The following persons could not be appointed to police positions: - those who were accused under trial and investigation, as well as those who had been punished for criminal acts entailing by law imprisonment or a more severe punishment; -lower ranks of the reserve, who during active service were in the penalty category; -excluded from service by court, from the ecclesiastical department for vicious behavior or from among societies by their decision; - declared insolvent debtors; -those under guardianship for extravagance.

After the reorganization of 1880, the Ministry of Internal Affairs took a leading place in the state mechanism, and its head became, in fact, the first minister of the empire, possessing a unique competence. In addition to the fight against crime, he was in charge of a significant part of the internal functions of the state.

On August 14, 1881, the Regulation “On measures to protect state security and public peace” was adopted. It gave the Minister of the Interior the ability to declare a state of enhanced or emergency security in any part of the country, which expanded the powers of the police in that area. In 1883, the Minister of Internal Affairs D. A. Tolstoy achieved an amendment to the Regulations of August 14, 1881, which gave the Minister of Internal Affairs the right to administratively expel any person “recognized as harmful to state order and public peace.” The regulation “On measures to protect state security and public peace” was constantly extended and was in force until 1917. D. A. Tolstoy

Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia during the years of reforms (1862 - 1906) Fellow Minister Ministry of Internal Affairs Main Directorate of Posts Minister Public Council Department of Internal Affairs Postal offices EXPEDITIONS Secretariat Medical Council 1st 2nd 3rd Food Rural Police State. economy Salt part City police Manufactories Fire department Duty department Prisons

The most important structural unit of the ministry was the Police Department. In 1902, it consisted of 8 office work: 1st office work dealt with the affairs of personnel, finances, correspondence with foreign states about the extradition of Russian citizens, about violations of the state border; 2nd office work – issues of organizing police institutions, developing bills of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, monitoring the precise implementation of laws on the ground, and drinking establishments; 3rd office work – monitoring of unreliable elements in Russia and abroad; The 4th office was renamed the 7th in 1902;

The 5th office compiled reports for the Special Meeting, which decided on the administrative expulsion of persons for whom there was not enough evidence to bring them to justice; 6th office work – development of the foundations of factory legislation, controlled compliance with regulations that determined the position of the Jewish population, issues of combating counterfeiting; The 7th office monitored the inquiries conducted by the provincial gendarmerie departments.

Nicholas II Alexandrovich Emperor of All Russia (October 20, 1894 - March 2, 1917), Tsar of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland. From the Romanov dynasty.

The Manifesto of October 17, 1905, declaring political rights and freedoms, the establishment of the legislative State Duma led to changes in the state apparatus, and in one of its main units - the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In the fall of 1905, the Ministry of Internal Affairs created a special office for elections to the State Duma and State Council. It coordinated the activities of local authorities in preparing and conducting elections. Ilya Repin October 17, 1905

The structure of the central apparatus of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in post-reform times (late 18th - early 19th centuries) Department of Spiritual Affairs of Foreign Denominations Police Department Special meeting Directorate for Conscription Affairs Management of a separate corps of gendarmes Department of General Affairs of the Ministry Office of the Minister of Nobility Affairs Central Statistical Committee Main Directorate for Press Affairs Main Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs Road Inspectorate Office of the Minister Central Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Economic Department Statistical Council Resettlement Department Medical Department Zemstvo Department Technical and Construction Committee Medical Council Veterinary Department Veterinary Committee Minister's Council

Structure of the detective department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in 1910 Head of the police department of the provincial city Head of the detective department Personal detention desk Search desk Observation desk Information and registration bureau staff 1st category - 20 people. ; 2nd category – 11 people. ; 3rd category – 8 people. ; 4th category – 6 people. Specializations of detective department employees (linear principle) 1st detachment Murders, robberies, robberies, arson Detective department specialization categories (detachments) 2nd detachment Thefts and professional thieves' organizations, horse thieves, burglars, pickpockets, shop, station, etc. gangs 3rd detachment Fraudsters, arson, deception, counterfeiting, forgery of documents, cheaters, swindlers, selling women to brothel houses “flying squad” Duty in theaters, train stations, etc.

In the pre-revolutionary period, in order to increase the efficiency of the police, on October 23, 1916, the emperor approved the “Regulations on strengthening the police in 50 provinces of the empire and on improving the official and financial situation of police officials.” According to this Regulation: “... in urban settlements, the numerical strength of police teams was determined at the rate of one policeman per 400 residents of both sexes.” In order to improve the quality of police personnel, the same act established appropriate educational qualifications for occupying positions.

February Revolution of 1917 February 23 -28, 1917 Strikes and political demonstrations in St. Petersburg develop into a general uprising against the autocracy. During the February Revolution of 1917, when the army went over to the side of the rebels, only the police remained loyal to the autocracy, for which they suffered considerable damage: “partly killed, partly displaced... police stations were destroyed, file cabinets were destroyed... "

When and where did the first police officers appear? History of the Russian Police The building of the Deanery Office on Sadovaya Street

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