Lun's speed reached 500 km per hour, and its range was up to 2000 km. The maximum take-off weight was 380 tons. The flight was supported by 8 NK-87 gas turbine engines. The ekranoplan is armed with six Soviet Moskit anti-ship missiles. At the time of creation, one of the most modern developments. Mosquitoes move from supersonic speed(2.5 thousand km per hour) at a distance that makes them difficult to detect and capture by anti-missile systems (5-7 meters above the sea surface).
The main method of application was the use of a weapon without entering the enemy’s counter zone.
In addition, the Ekranoplan Lun is a vessel by definition and should be compared primarily with ships, and not with airplanes. Compared to the advanced combat vessels produced in the world, the Lun ekranoplan has a tenfold superiority in speed
Recently, the development of ekranoplan construction has been remembered more and more often. In March 2014, scientists from the Far Eastern Federal University announced the start of development of the first experimental model of a passenger ekranoplan. Previously, the Border Service of the FSB of Russia announced its intention to resume the construction of this type of dynamic hovercraft. The country's Ministry of Defense also voiced its interest in ekranoplanes, but state program weapons until 2020, funding for their development has not yet been included.
Russia will resume production of ekranoplanes as strike combat systems with cruise missiles after 2020, a senior representative of the Russian Navy command told RIA Novosti on Wednesday.
At the moment, the only example of the Lun ekranoplane has been decommissioned and mothballed in the Caspian Sea.
“The theme of ekranoplanes is being restored in the shock version, that is, as the Lun carrier of cruise missiles. Construction should begin after 2020 in Nizhny Novgorod", said the agency's interlocutor.
According to him, the Ministry of Defense has issued tactical and technical specifications, and development work is currently underway.
As RIA Novosti reported in May of this year, the head of the Morinformsystem Agat concern Georgy Antsev, the Central Design Bureau for the SEC named after R.E. Alekseeva is developing a project for an ocean-area ekranoplane with a take-off weight of approximately 500 tons.
According to him, now “there is a stage of rebooting the Soviet period, research development, modeling, prototyping.”
Earlier, at one of the specialized exhibitions in the Russian Federation, a project of a coastal zone ekranoplan with a take-off weight of 60 tons was already presented.
At the international military-technical forum "Army-2015", the Alekseev Central Design Bureau presented a civilian model of an ekranoplan.
“Together with the Alekseev Central Design Bureau, we are integrating ekranoplanes into the fleet management system of the future, conducting research in this area. So far, we are carrying out work mainly in the civilian field, but we have also completed several research projects in the interests of the Ministry of Defense. In the next five years, I hope , we will start working on this more closely,” Antsev said.
Earlier, the head of the shipbuilding department of the Russian Navy, captain of the first rank Vladimir Tryapichnikov, said that the “development of ekranoplanes” was included in the shipbuilding program until 2050.
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There are three years left to wait for the promised!
The rocket, which seemed to have silently taken off from a vertical launcher, roared, swirled with a plume of exhaust gases, like a beautiful woman wearing a dress at a social ball, and in a matter of seconds melted into the sky. Soon a short report arrived: “Target hit!” So, in September last year, the small missile ship (SMR) Grad Sviyazhsk, the lead project 21631 Buyan-M, fired its first fire with the Caliber-NK complex.
Small missile ships of Project 21631 are, in fact, combat units of a new class, which, with a relatively small displacement of 949 tons, a length of 74.1 m and a width of 11 m, carry powerful strike weapons - 8 missiles of the integrated Kalibr-NK or Oniks complex " They can accurately hit enemy ships and vessels, as well as military bases, headquarters, government bodies, industrial enterprises and coastal infrastructure of the opposing side, and at considerable ranges. That is, these RTOs are universal ships capable of performing not only tactical and operational, but also strategic missions. They have a shallow draft (2.6 m), so they can operate not only at sea, but also on navigable rivers. The 100-mm automatic universal artillery mount A190-01 “Universal” is designed to combat surface, coastal and air targets. For air defense purposes, including to combat incoming cruise missiles, a 30-mm twelve-barreled AK-630M2 “Duet” installation with high fire performance is used, as well as two “Gibka” installations with four guides each for the “Igla” or “Igla-” MANPADS. M." Two 14.5- and three 7.62-mm machine guns are placed on the RTO to destroy saboteurs and terrorists. Project 21631 MRKs are highly automated ships. That is why, when equipped with a large number of various weapons, it is served by a crew of 29-36 people.
The small missile ship "Grad Sviyazhsk" fires a rocket from the "Caliber-NK" complex
On December 9 last year, the state commission signed an act on the acceptance of the Grad Sviyazhsk MRK into the Russian Navy, and on December 19, that is, just ten days later, the Uglich, the first production ship of this type. In April, these RTOs completed a full cycle sea trials and in June of this year they will be officially included in the Caspian Flotilla (CFL) of the Russian Navy. By the end of this year, this association will be replenished with another “mini-strategist” - the Veliky Ustyug RTO. At the Zelenodolsk plant named after A.M. Three more such ships are being built for Gorky.
The need to strengthen the Caspian Flotilla became obvious when the threat of radical Islamic fundamentalism to the states of the region became clear. Today, no one can predict how the situation in the region will develop after the withdrawal of NATO troops from Afghanistan, who were unable to cope with the Taliban. In addition, recently, attempts to gain a foothold on the shores of the Caspian Sea by powers very far from this region have become increasingly noticeable. Thus, the United States is seeking to create its base in the Kazakh port of Aktau. During a visit to Ashgabat, US Navy Secretary Ray Mabus explored the possibility of stationing American troops somewhere on the Caspian coast of Turkmenistan. The “bouquet” of threats to the security of the Caspian region, unfortunately, is extensive. And this circumstance cannot be ignored.
The Caspian Flotilla is Russia's foremost outpost on the western flank of the Central Asian region. That is why much attention has been paid to its strengthening in recent years. It should be noted here that the Grad Sviyazhsk MRK is not the first ship equipped with the ZK14 universal ship-based firing system (UKSK), designed to launch Kalibr-NK and Oniks missiles. He mastered this new technology in the Russian Navy on a 2nd rank missile ship (it is also qualified as a “patrol ship”) of the Caspian flotilla “Dagestan” of Project 1161 K. In September 2012, during the strategic command and staff exercise “Caucasus-2012” he struck an important target of a mock enemy. From the first shot of the Caliber-NK missile, a small-sized fortified object (approximately 10x10 m), located far from the seashore, was reduced to dust.
According to the commander of the Caspian Flotilla, Vice Admiral Sergei Alekminsky, by 2016 the CFL will have a solid missile and artillery group. It will be based on the Dagestan RK and six MRKs of Project 21631. Even earlier, small artillery ships (MAK) of Project 21630 Buyan (three units) entered service with the flotilla, which served as prototypes for the Buyan-M MRKs. The flotilla's flagship, the patrol ship Tatarstan, is also a missile and artillery ship. It is armed with the Uran anti-ship missile system with a range of destruction of surface targets of up to 130 km (the Uran (X-35) missiles are also part of the coastal missile division of the Bal complex. It is called upon to support the actions of the ships of the Caspian Flotilla from the “firmament of the earth” and protect from invasion from the sea). Here it is impossible not to pay attention to the fact that all of the above-mentioned KFL ships were designed by the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau. Not only are they well suited to theater conditions, but they also have a modular design that allows you to change the configuration of weapons based on common platforms.
Small artillery ship "Makhachkala" project 21630
In view of the continuing terrorist threats, specialized ships were required to neutralize the attacks of sea bandits. Last year, the flotilla was replenished with the first anti-sabotage boat (PrDKa) of Project 21980 “Grachonok” developed by the Vympel Design Bureau. With a displacement of about 140 tons and a full speed of 23 knots, it has a variety of means to detect and destroy underwater saboteurs and terrorists. The underwater environment is monitored using the Kalmar and Anapa hydroacoustic stations. The MTK-201 optical-electronic surveillance system allows monitoring the situation on the sea surface in bad weather conditions, day and night. To destroy underwater swimmers and their means of transportation, a ten-barreled 55-mm anti-sabotage grenade launcher DP-65A and a double-barreled 45-mm grenade launcher DP-64 are used. This arsenal is complemented by a 14.5 mm machine gun and Igla MANPADS. Now at the Zelenodolsk plant named after A.M. Gorky, the construction of the second PrDK for the Caspian flotilla is underway, which will replenish it this year.
The airborne forces of the KFL are also being updated. In addition to the well-known air-cavity landing craft of Project 11770 “Serna”, the industry is also supplying DKA of Project 21280 “Dugong”. Now their production has been mastered by the Yaroslavl Shipyard. The first of them - "Denis Davydov" - has already been transferred to the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the second - "Lieutenant Rimsky-Korsakov" - was launched in April this year, and the third - "Michman Lermontov" - will be launched this month. These DKAs, with a total displacement of about 280 tons, a length of 45 m, a width of 8.6 m and a maximum speed of up to 35 knots, transport three main battle tanks or five armored personnel carriers with troops to the landing site. The lead boat of this type, built at the Volga plant in Nizhny Novgorod, Ataman Platov, has been serving in the Caspian Sea since 2010.
Major changes are noticeable in the auxiliary forces of the KFL. In recent years, they have included three Project 705B road tugs. Currently, the lead rescue vessel SB-45, project 22870, developed by the Vympel Design Bureau, is being tested in the Caspian Sea. It is intended for search and rescue operations of the flotilla. Its standard displacement is 1200 tons, length - 57 m, width - 14 m, draft - 3.2 m, maximum speed - 14 knots. The vessel will receive the most modern means of sea rescue and diving at depths of up to 60 meters. The raid tugs and the rescue vessel were built by the Astrakhan Shipyard, that is, they are of “local origin.” And from the Baltic came the VTR-79 weapons transport project 20360 “Dubnyak”, built in 2010 in Gorokhovets. It serves as a “cartridge belt” for “mini-strategists” of the “Buyan-M” type, supplying them with missiles of the “Kalibr-NK” and “Onyx” complex. This year, the flotilla should receive from the Nizhny Novgorod Motor Ship plant three raid boats for integrated emergency rescue support of Project 23040.
Much attention is paid to the development of the flotilla infrastructure. The bases in Astrakhan and Makhachkala are being modernized. Work has begun to strengthen the banks and deepen the port waters, as well as the approach channels. Modern stationary berthing fronts are being built with all the necessary communications to provide the ships with electricity and water. A complex with gyms and a swimming pool was built in Kaspiysk to conduct special underwater training for personnel.
Stationary hydroacoustic stations for automated detection of underwater objects with determination of their coordinates are located in the water areas of the flotilla's basing points. With the help of these GAS, it is possible to detect and classify underwater targets with high accuracy, and calculate their routes of movement. The Sunflower over-the-horizon radar station was recently put into operation. This radar detects surface and air targets at a distance of up to 450 km.
The flotilla's combat training is being actively carried out. One teaching replaces another. So, at the end of April this year, a sudden check of the combat readiness of the KFL mine-sweeping forces was announced. The Guards minesweeper division was alerted. The ships left their home base - the Zolotoy backwater in Astrakhan - and began conducting a test tactical exercise. It involved ten minesweepers, boats and support vessels. Caspian miners carried out a control and reconnaissance search and eliminated “minefields” with contact and non-contact trawls. Then a group of minesweepers guided the ships through the “minefield.” The sailors carried out artillery firing at floating mines. The actions of the minesweeper group under the command of Captain 1st Rank Kirill Taranenko were highly praised. At the same time, in another area of the Caspian Sea, as part of the final check of the naval forces, a firing exercise was held for a group of missile and artillery ships.
Today the CFL of the Russian Navy is the largest naval association of the Caspian Five states. The flotilla includes 31 combat units: two patrol ships, two small missile ships, four small artillery ships, five missile boats, five artillery boats, one anti-sabotage boat, two base minesweepers, five raid minesweepers, seven landing boats. However, it should be noted that out of five missile boats, four need to be replaced because they are at the limit of their service life. They could be replaced by small missile ships of Project 21632 Tornado or missile boats of Project 20970 Katran. This would make it possible to enhance the combat stability of such valuable units as “mini-strategists” of the Buyan-M type. The Caspian minesweepers, which are also old, also need to be replaced.
Of course, the Coast Guard of the FSB Border Service in the Caspian Sea is a serious help to the CFL. It consists of 12 patrol ships of different ranks, eight patrol boats and two patrol vessels. For the most part, these are modern units. Among them is the newest border patrol ship “Brilliant” of project 22460 “Okhotnik”. Its total displacement is 630 tons, length is 62.5 m, maximum speed is more than 24 knots. The PSKR is armed with a 30mm six-barreled AK-306 artillery mount and is equipped with a variety of detection equipment. In the stern there is a platform for receiving a light helicopter or unmanned aerial vehicle.
The Iranian Navy and the naval units of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) are traditionally second in their capabilities in the hierarchy in the Caspian Sea, although they even surpass the CFL in terms of the number of units. They mainly consist of small speed boats. Some of them are armed with short-range missiles based on ATGMs. Until recently, the main strike force of the Iranian Navy in the Caspian Sea was considered to be three Sina-class missile boats (Iranian version of the French Combattante II-class missile boats), each of which is armed with four Chinese-made S-802 anti-ship missiles with a firing range of up to 120 km. But last year, the Jamaran-class Damavand corvette (“destroyer” according to the Iranian classification) was launched at the shipyard in Ben der Enzeli. Its displacement is about 1500 tons, length is 95 m. It is armed with four Noor anti-ship missiles (Iranian version of the Chinese S-802 anti-ship missiles), an air defense system of an unknown model, one 76-mm, one 40-mm and two 20-mm automatic artillery mounts, four MANPADS, two three-tube 324-mm anti-submarine torpedo tubes and a helicopter. Two diesel engines with 10,000 hp each. allow you to develop a maximum speed of 30 knots. The crew consists of 140 people.
The appearance of an Iranian “destroyer” in the Caspian Sea indicates Tehran’s desire to play an important role in this theater. As the Commander-in-Chief of the Islamic Republic Navy, Admiral Habibollah Sayyari, said at the opening of the first national conference on maritime technologies, Iran is going to expand its presence in the Caspian Sea. In turn, the commander of the 4th naval zone of the Iranian army, Admiral Khordada Hakimi, said that “ Islamic Republic Iran plans to build new frigates for the Caspian Sea.”
And not just frigates. According to the authoritative research group IHS Jane's, construction of a submarine of the second Fateh ("Conqueror") type is underway in Bender Anzeli. Unlike its prototype, which was assembled in Bostana on the shores of the Persian Gulf, the Caspian submarine has a greater length (48 m versus 40 m for the head one). The main characteristics of the submarine are not disclosed, but Iranian media report that the Conqueror-2 uses the latest technologies to reduce hydroacoustic visibility and fire control.
After acquiring from Russia in 2011 two Project 12418 Molniya missile boats, each armed with 16 Uran-E missile launchers, for the Navy and two Project 12200 Sobol patrol boats for the Coast Guard, Turkmenistan immediately moved up in the rankings "Caspian Five" from last to third place. To a certain extent, in terms of striking power, it even challenges Iran's second place.
In October 2010, Turkmenistan signed a contract worth 55 million euros with the Turkish Dearsan Shipyard for the construction of two patrol boats of the NTPB project, each with a displacement of 400 tons, for the BCHR. The prototype was taken from Turkish small anti-submarine patrol ships of the Tuzla type. The hulls of Turkmen border ships were assembled at the shipbuilding and ship repair plant in Turkmenbashi (formerly Krasnovodsk) from parts supplied from Turkey. The lead patrol vessel, named Arkadag (“Patron” - one of the official titles of Turkmenistan President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov), was launched in early 2012. Today, Turkmenistan's defense and military service has four such ships. Their length is 55.75 m. They are armed with a twin 40-mm Oto Melara Twin Compact automatic artillery turret and two 25-mm Aselsan STOP remote-controlled machine guns. Arkadag type PSKR are equipped with Thales Variant 2D surveillance radar. Ten small 15-meter patrol boats of the AMV type (Bars-12) have been ordered from the same Turkish company, most of which have already been delivered.
Last year, Dearsan Shipyard signed a contract to supply Turkmenistan with components for eight more NTPB-type boats, but not for the needs of the Coast Guard, but for the Navy. In the naval version, these ships will carry significantly more powerful weapons. In addition to the 40-mm twin OTO Melara and two 25-mm machine guns, they will receive two twin launchers of anti-ship missiles of an as yet unnamed model, two remote-controlled launchers with MANPADS, two 12.7-mm machine guns and one six-barreled rocket launcher. After the implementation of this program, the Navy of Turkmenistan will become one of the strongest in the Caspian Sea.
The Navy and Coast Guard of Kazakhstan now have a fairly large composition, but there is no talk of any qualitative strengthening of them. To a certain extent, this is explained by the fact that in the event of any threat at sea, Astana can always rely on the help of one of its closest allies - Russia.
Over the past two years, the Kazakh Navy has been replenished with two Project 250 Bars-MO missile and artillery ships, built by the Ural Zenit plant (the third was launched this month). They were created on the basis of border patrol ships of Project 300 “Bars”, which, in turn, are the Kazakh version of Project 22180 developed by the St. Petersburg Northern Design Bureau. Their displacement is about 250 tons, length - 41.75 m, width - 7.8 m, draft - 2.5 m, maximum speed - 30 knots, and economical cruising range - 1200 miles. The lead ship, the Kazakhstan, is armed with two twin 23-mm artillery mounts designed for self-defense and a 12-barreled Grad MLRS. The armament of the second Barsa-MO, called Oral, differs from the main one. It carries the Barrier-VK missile system with laser-guided ZhK-2V anti-tank guided missiles, and the Arbalet-K turret anti-aircraft launcher with Igla MANPADS. Both of these systems were supplied by the Kyiv design bureau "Luch". In front of the superstructure there is a 30-mm six-barreled AK-306 artillery mount.
As can be seen from the given characteristics, these ships can only be classified as “missile” ships with a stretch. "Kazakhstan" is a small landing fire support ship, and "Oral" is a typical quasi-missile boat, since ATGMs are capable of hitting small ships only at short distances. But, undoubtedly, the construction of the first Kazakh warships at the national shipyard is a significant step in the development of naval technologies.
A useful acquisition for the Kazakh Navy will, of course, be the Project 10750E road minesweeper (RTSH), developed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau, which is currently being built at the Sredne-Nevsky Shipyard. With a displacement of about 140 tons, a length of 31.45 m, a width of 6.5 m and a speed of 11 knots, which is provided by two MAN diesel engines with a power of 279 kW each, this small ship with a crew of 14 people carries a variety of mine action weapons. These are the latest Sea Bat sonar mine detection station with a range of up to 500 m, the Alister 9 autonomous underwater vehicle for the initial search for mine-like objects, the K-Ster Inspector remote-controlled uninhabited underwater vehicles for classifying detected objects and the K-Ster Mine Killer for destroying mines. RTShch can also use traditional mine action means - contact and non-contact trawls. All this complex equipment is controlled by the Diez-10750E automated mine action system.
The ship also carries a 30mm AK-306 artillery mount, a 12.7mm Kord machine gun and an Igla MANPADS. If necessary, it can be used as an anti-sabotage boat. The Project 10750E minesweeper is best suited for operations in the shallow waters of the northern and northeastern Caspian Sea. It fully meets the requirements for ships of this class. It would not be harmful to think about purchasing such RTShch for the Russian Navy. And not only for the Caspian Sea.
Unfortunately, nothing new can be said about the Azerbaijani Navy in the Caspian Sea. Despite Baku’s repeated statements about plans to create, jointly with Turkish firms, enterprises for the construction of ships for the civilian fleet, as well as ships and boats for the needs of the Navy, these intentions have not yet translated into practice. Existing ships are deteriorating, but new ones are not appearing.
Let's briefly summarize. Three states of the “Caspian Five” - Russia, Iran and Turkmenistan - are actively engaged in naval construction. Kazakhstan, although sluggishly, is forming its Navy and Coast Guard primarily on the basis of domestic industry. There is stagnation of the naval forces in Azerbaijan, although the financial resources of this country make it possible to create a fairly effective navy capable of changing the weather in the southern waters of the Caspian Sea.
Let us pay attention to such a trend as the construction of large attack surface ships and submarines in Iran. In addition to the assembly of Fateh-class submarines in Bandar-Anzeli, it was previously reported that several ultra-small Ghadir-class submarines with a displacement of 123 tons were transferred by road from the Persian Sea to the Caspian Sea.
I have often heard statements from naval experts that the Caspian Sea is too shallow for the operation of submarines. Indeed, the average depth of the northern part of this largest lake in the world barely exceeds 4 meters. However, the average depth of the Caspian Sea is 208 m, and the maximum in the South Caspian depression is 1025 meters. For comparison: the average depth of the Baltic is only 51 m, with a maximum depth in the Landsort Basin of 470 meters. However, no one has ever disputed the possibility of using submarines in the shallow Baltic.
The appearance of submarines significantly changes the situation in the Caspian basin, since the navies of the states in the region do not have the necessary anti-submarine forces and means. Today there is an urgent need to have ASW ships in this theater. To standardize and reduce costs, you can use Buyan-M as a prototype. Moreover, the Zelenodolsk Design Bureau has already demonstrated at the International Naval Show last year in St. Petersburg the Sarsar project based on the Project 21631 small missile launcher. This ship, with a displacement of about 900 tons, is equipped with a pedestal sonar and carries an anti-submarine complex "Packet-NK" or two 533-mm twin-tube torpedo tubes for firing anti-submarine torpedoes, as well as artillery and anti-aircraft weapons.
The commander of the CFL, Vice Admiral Sergei Alekminsky, does not rule out that in the foreseeable future the flotilla will have ultra-small and small submarines. Russia has a lot of choice here. The designers of the Malachite SPMBM have developed a whole line of MPL designs with a displacement from 130 to 1000 tons. For example, with a displacement of 370 tons, a diving depth of up to 200 m and a submerged speed of 12 knots, it has a cruising range of 2000 miles. The submarine is equipped with two 533 mm and four 400 mm torpedo tubes. Can also carry four mines. Its crew consists of four people. Additionally, the boat transports six special forces soldiers. But the P-750 project MPL with a displacement of 960 tons and a maximum speed of 17 knots is armed with 4-8 cruise missiles of the "Caliber-PL" complex for hitting sea and coastal targets, four 533-mm and eight 400-mm torpedoes, 12- 24 mines and Igla MANPADS. Its cruising range is 3,000 miles, and its diving depth is up to 300 meters. Such submarines will be able to control not only the surface of the Caspian Sea and its depths, but also the surrounding shores.
CASPIAN MILITARY FLOTILLIA: formation of the Russian Navy, created by decree of Emperor Peter I in 1722 and intended for action Viy on the Caspian Sea; formation of the Soviet Navy, created on June 27, 1931.
1) Formation of the Russian Navy, created by decree of Emperor Peter I in 1722 and intended for operations on Caspian Sea and in the delta of the Volga River.
The creation of a flo-ti-lia is preceded by a long-term struggle for the island of the Caspian Sea, window-cha-tel-but completed in 1556, after the joining of the As-t-ra-khan-sko-go khan-st-va to the Russian to the state. The first attempt to create a hundred-year-old for-mation of military fleet forces in the Caspian Sea was presented Pri-nya-ta in 1669, when the ship "Eagle", yacht, boat, was built by order of Tsar Aleksey Mi-hai-lo-vi-cha and 2 shnya-you arrived in As-t-ra-han. However, in 1670 they were seized by S.T. Ra-zi-na. At the end of the Northern War of 1700-1721 in the winter of 1721/22, in the cities of Nizhny Novgorod, Tver, Ug-lich, Yaro-slavl The construction of ships for the Caspian military flotilla was underway. In July 1722, a float (274 vessels) with a de-san set out on the Persian voyage of 1722-1723, the result of which was -ro-go-lo for-the-war-of-the-cities of Der-bent, Baku with-lying-schi-mi to them about-las-tya-mi. After the death of Peter I, Russian wars in the Caspian Sea came to an end. In As-t-ra-ha-nor there were limited forces left that would ensure the safety of the public. commercial shipping system on the Caspian Sea. The rise of the Caspian military flotilla took place in 1781, when, according to the foretelling of the Empress Eka-te-ri-ny II in As-t-ra-han at -there was a number of military ships. At the end of the 18th - beginning of the 19th centuries, the fleet took active part in the wars and campaigns of Russian troops in the Caspian region -no, you-sa-zhi-va-la sea de-san-you, fire-nem k-ra-bel-noy ar-til-le-rii oka-zy-va-la so-de-st-vie howl-skam in ov-la-de-nii seaside-ski-mi kre-po-sty-mi. In 1796, the action of the co-workers of the Caspian military flotilla helped the ov-la-de-niu of the Russian army in the city of Der-bent and Ba-ku. After the Russian-Persian war of 1804-1813 (see Russian-Persian wars), the Russian empire under-re-la mo-no-pol-noe to maintain a military fleet in the Caspian Sea. Since 1867, Baku became the main base of the Caspian military fleet. As the development of sta-nov-ki in the region progressed, the composition of the flo-ti-lia gradually decreased, and by the beginning of the 20th century, it consisted of 2 boats and several armed steamboats. In November 1917, the personnel of the Caspian military flotilla transferred to the side of the Soviet government, participating in combat operations about -tiv of Turkish troops and detachments of mu-sa-va-ti-sts (Azerbaijani na-tsio-na-lists), in battles along the island of the city-ro-da- mi Pet-rovsk-Port (now not Makhach-ka-la), Len-ko-ran and Der-bent. In July 1918, part of the ships of the Caspian military flotilla went to As-t-ra-khan, the rest remained in Baku and were included as part of the fleet of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic. For co-operation of the Red Army army in April - June 1918 in As-t-ra-ha-ni sfor-mi-ro-van Military fleet As-t-ra-khan-sko -th edge, strengthened dos-tav-len-ny-mi with Bal-ti-ki mi-no-nos-tsa-mi and submarines, who in October was re-named into the As-t-ra-khan-Caspian military fleet. In July 1919, after unification with the Volga Military Fleet, it received the name Volga-Caspiy - military fleet. In April 1919, with the help of Ang-li-chan, the Caspian Fleet of the AFSR was created (see White Fleet), the main base was in the city of Pet -rovsk-Port. At the station of the Red Army troops in the North Caucasus in April 1920, you-well-di-lo co-slave of the Caspian Fleet of the All-Soviet Union of Socialist Republics of the Republic of Uzbekistan to Baku, and then go to the Iranian port of En-ze-li, which was under the control of British troops. In May 1920, on the basis of the Volga-Caspian military fleet, the Caspian military fleet of the RSFSR and the Red Fleet of the Soviet Azerbaijan were formed -ja-na, the forces of which taught in the En-ze-liy operation of 1920, as a result of which- a swarm of ships and military property of the Caspian military flotilla were returned to the RSFSR and Soviet Azerbaijan. In July 1920, the Caspian Military Fleet of the RSFSR and the Red Fleet of the Soviet Azerbaijan were transformed into the Maritime Forces of the Caspian Sea seas.
2) Formation of the Soviet Navy, created on June 27, 1931 from the Naval Forces of the Caspian Sea.
By June 1941, in its co-sta-ve there were 5 cannon-boats, 4 ca-te-ra, a separate be-re-go artillery ba- ta-ray, 12 sa-mo-le-tov, radio-ro-ta of the Troops for surveillance, information and communications and a number of bus-re-go-hours -tey. From the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, the Caspian military flotilla provided economic and military sea transport. In August 1941, Soviet troops were transferred to Iran on her ships. In the Battle of Moscow in 1941-1942, she participated in the sfor-mi-ro-van-naya from the personal so-sta-va flo-ti-lia 75 -I separate naval rifle brigade, which became the second-ranking 3rd Guards naval rifle brigade. In August 1942, the Caspian military flotilla was included in the active forces of the Navy. By this time, its combat strength had been increased to 40 battle ships and boats, which co-produced Are you trans-ports, are you carrying out combat tra-le-tion, are you fully responsible for air defense in the zone? she is answered-st-ven-no-sti and more. In total, in 1942-1943, 21 million tons of oil products and about 3 million tons of other cargo were transported. By 1943, there were 175 ships in the Caspian military flotilla. The activities of the flo-ti-lia were especially significant during the Battle of Stalin-Grad in 1942-1943 and the Battle of for the Caucasus 1942-1943. For military services, the Caspian military flotilla in 1945 was awarded the Red Sign. After the collapse of the USSR, the division of ships, other military equipment, military property and conservation was carried out -th in-fra-struc-tu-ry between the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan, and in May 1992, the Caspian military flotilla was already in co-sta-ve of the Russian Navy (the main base is in the city of As-t-ra-khan).
Commanders of the Caspian military flotilla (since 1931): F.S. Averichkin (1931-1932), G.I. Lev-chen-ko (1932-1933), G.P. Ki-re-ev (1933), D.P. Isakov (1933-1938), A.G. Go-lov-ko (1938-1939), Rear Admiral F.S. Se-del-ni-kov (1939-1944), Rear Admiral F.V. Zo-zu-lya (1944-1946), Admiral S.G. Ku-che-rov (1946-1951), Rear Admiral A.V. Kuz-min (1951-1955 and 1956-1960), Rear Admiral S.E. Chur-sin (1955), Rear Admiral G.G. Olei-nik (1955-1956 and 1960-1967), Rear Admiral G.K. Cher-no-bai (1967-1971), Rear Admiral Ya.M. Ku-del-kin (1971-1973), Rear Admiral L.D. Ryabtsev (1973-1977), Vice Admiral G.G. Ka-sum-be-kov (1977-1984), Rear Admiral V.V. Tol-ka-chev (1984-1987), Vice Admiral V.E. Lya-shen-ko (1987-1991), Rear Admiral B.M. Zi-min (1991-1996), Vice Admiral V.V. Ma-so-rin (1996-2001), Rear Admiral Yu.V. Startsev (2002-2004), Rear Admiral V.P. Krav-chuk (since 2005).
The birth of the Russian fleet
The Caspian Sea was used by Slavic tribes even before the appearance of the first state in Rus'. Along it, merchants sailed to Asian countries and exchanged goods with colleagues from another part of the world.
But soon the rich eastern lands attracted the attention of military leaders, as a result of which campaigns began on the Caspian Sea in order to seize rich booty. The last campaign took place in 1174 and ended in the complete defeat of the Slavs. Their fleet was completely destroyed and, as a result, they discouraged sailing in this direction for almost three hundred years.
The next time a delegation of merchants from Rus' set off across the Caspian Sea was only in 1466. The trip turned out to be successful, and permission was received to create his own flotilla. But the process stalled due to the “time of troubles.”
Representatives of the Romanov dynasty who came to power attempted to strengthen their position in the Caspian Sea and built for this warships. But the final victory was achieved by Peter the Great, who in 1722 defeated the Persians and issued a decree on the formation of a naval base in Astrakhan.
After the death of Peter, the power lost access to the Caspian Sea for some time, but new conquests made it possible to regain a strategically important region. The importance of the area especially increased after the discovery of oil fields there. This happened at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, and the headquarters of the flotilla moved to Baku in 1867.
Caspian Flotilla as part of the USSR Navy
A few decades later, the first tankers appeared and industrial hydrocarbon production began. The October Revolution made its own adjustments to the development of the flotilla.
The USSR Caspian Flotilla was formed on October 3, 1918. It became part of the Red Army, and the main task was to protect the state’s borders from foreign invaders. The British fleet was considered one of the strongest in the world, so some ships from the Baltic were transferred to the Caspian Sea to strengthen its position.
By the end of 1918, the fleet consisted of 1,170 sailors. The base returned to Astrakhan, and all forces were divided into river and sea fleets so that operations could be carried out effectively.
The Caspian military flotilla played an important role during the Great Patriotic War. The ships covered the supply of Azerbaijani oil to refineries, where it was used to make fuel for combat vehicles and other needs of the front. And the river fleet took a direct part in the hostilities.
It was the gunboats from the Caspian that covered the defenders of Stalingrad with fire from the Volga. For the successful conduct of combat operations, 13 sailors were awarded the highest rank of Hero Soviet Union. And on August 27, 1945, the flotilla was the first of the naval forces to receive the Order of the Red Banner from the state.
After the war, the flotilla's task was to stabilize the situation in the region. They also did not forget about improving the material and technical base. The convenient location within the country made it possible to calmly experience the latest designs weapons.
After the collapse of the USSR, it was necessary to completely withdraw the fleet from Baku and relocate it to Makhachkala. Some of the ships were sent to Astrakhan to the main forces.
How are things going in the Caspian Navy Flotilla these days?
Currently, the Caspian Flotilla of the Russian Navy guards the maritime border of the state and is constantly being improved. Through joint exercises with foreign partners, experience is exchanged and the foundations of collective security in the region are developed.
It was here that the newest warship with stealth technology was first launched and tested. He can covertly approach targets almost closely and complete the assigned task without unnecessary noise. This happened in 2006 and after successful tests mass production began.
The ships of the Caspian Flotilla today are equipped with the most advanced technical means that allow them to effectively combat surface, underwater, air and ground targets.
The high-precision guidance system leaves virtually no chance for enemies to hide. So you don’t have to worry about the safety of maritime borders.
The bases of the Caspian Flotilla are located in Astrakhan, Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Nikolsky and Labor Front. The main directorate, headquarters, and auxiliary fleet directorate are located in Astrakhan. The garrison here is approximately 5 thousand people, which includes not only sailors, but also service personnel.
The emergency rescue service is located in Nikolskoye. A group of support vessels, a hydrographic service and a special separate detachment are stationed in Makhachkala to intercept underwater sabotage groups and special equipment.
Another group of support vessels was located in the village of Trudfront, and Kaspiysk sheltered a coastal missile division of the marine corps, the 412th separate battalion of the marine corps, and a separate radio engineering center.
Today, the flagship of the Caspian flotilla is the Project 11661 missile ship “Tatarstan” (No. 691). Tactical and technical characteristics of the Tatarstan missile system:
- Displacement - 1500 tons;
- Crew - 93 people;
- Cruising speed - 21 knots;
- Autonomy - 20 days;
- Maximum range - up to 4000 miles;
- Draft - 3.6 m.
The armament of the Tatarstan patrol ship includes Kh-35 anti-ship missiles (2x4 Uran anti-ship missile launchers), OSA-MA anti-aircraft systems (20 9M33 missiles), Igla MANPADS, anti-submarine torpedo tubes (533 mm), artillery (1x76 mm and 2x30 mm) and anti-sabotage weapons, as well as electronic warfare systems and other electronic weapons.
The Caspian Flotilla includes the following combat units:
- patrol ships of the near sea zone - 2 units;
- small warships - 8 units;
- combat boats - 6 units;
- landing craft- 8 units;
- minesweepers - 7 units;
- military transport vessel - 2 units;
- hydrographic vessel of small and medium class - 12 units;
- physical field control vessel - 1 unit;
- demagnetization vessel - 1 unit;
- water tanker - 1 unit;
- tugboat - 12 units;
- fire-fighting boat - 4 units;
- diving vessel - 5 units;
- passenger boat - 1 unit;
- communications boat - 2 units;
- floating workshop - 1 unit;
- self-propelled dry cargo barge - 1 unit;
- oil waste collector - 2 units;
- large ship shield - 1 unit.
Such an extensive fleet of equipment is designed to perform the following tasks:
- Combating terrorism, maritime piracy and extremism on religious or ethnic grounds.
- The fight against poachers in the coastal strip and rivers of the Astrakhan region.
- Protection of national interests in the region with oil fields and industrial production of hydrocarbons.
- Monitoring and elimination of emergencies in river navigation.
- Protection of trade routes in the entrusted region.
At the same time, the marines of the Caspian Flotilla are often used in combined units during combat operations. In particular, black berets took part in both Chechen campaigns in the hottest spots.
These days, infantrymen are used for raids on militants in the Republic of Dagestan and surrounding areas.
Combat operations of the Russian Caspian Flotilla in Syria
Since October 7, 2015, the Caspian Flotilla has been taking part in the operation of the Russian armed forces in Syria. The country's leadership decided that it was necessary to prevent the spread of extremism and restore constitutional authority, since the situation threatens the collective security of the entire Middle East region.
The contingent of specialists is limited in number, but the fire support is quite effective, so that the terrorists suffer significant losses.
The Caspian Flotilla's missile strike against ISIS became one of the most successful episodes of the civil war in Syria. The ships fired 26 medium-range cruise missiles at pre-reconnaissance terrorist positions.
As a result of an accurate hit on targets, militant factories for assembling weapons and explosives, warehouses with ammunition and fuel, and training camps for new extremists were destroyed. Reconnaissance confirmed the exact defeat of all targets.
The missile ships of the Caspian flotilla worked clearly and smoothly on November 20, 2015, when 18 cruise missiles were launched at seven designated targets. All of them were hit, and the enemy suffered significant damage in equipment and manpower. At the same time, no one from the flotilla personnel was at risk, since the targets were located one and a half thousand kilometers from the launch site. The missiles successfully passed over the territories of Iran and Iraq, landing in a precisely designated location.
When is the Caspian Flotilla holiday?
Caspian Flotilla Day is celebrated on November 15th, starting with Peter the Great signing a decree on the creation of a garrison in Astrakhan. On this day, all sailors, officers, service personnel and veterans are congratulated with warm words by the country's leaders.
Representatives of other military formations also convey their kind words. And from the authorities, especially distinguished fighters are awarded awards, certificates and prizes. They also remember their comrades who died during various operations.
The 290th anniversary of the founding of the flotilla was celebrated especially magnificently. The event took place in 2012 and everyone could see the achievements of the unit and the battle path traversed.
The three hundredth anniversary is just around the corner, so we can expect a grandiose performance that the sailors will prepare for the audience. Over such a long period of existence, they have developed their own traditions, which are observed by all generations and sacredly revered by every person who served.
The flags of the Caspian Flotilla will instill fear in enemies for a long time and provide reliable cover for the Motherland. Serve in navy not only honorable, but also very interesting, because during your service you can visit distant countries and see many interesting places.
Sea romance attracts only young people who are strong in body and spirit, since alone with the elements in open water you can only rely on yourself and the reliability of your ship. Therefore, it is worth testing yourself for strength and choosing the marine fleet for military service.
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November 15 marks the 295th anniversary of the formation of the Caspian Flotilla - one of the oldest operational formations of the Russian Navy(Navy), naval components of the Southern Military District.
The main base is Astrakhan, the base and deployment locations are Makhachkala and Kaspiysk in Dagestan, the villages of Nikolskoye and Labor Front in the Astrakhan region.
The flagship is the Tatarstan missile patrol ship (project 11661K, Gepard type).
Currently, the flotilla includes more than 70 ships and vessels, including:
- 2 patrol ships of project 11661K ("Tatarstan" and "Dagestan");
- 3 small missile ships of project 21631 (Grad Sviyazhsk, Uglich, Veliky Ustyug);
- 4 small artillery ships of project 21630 (Astrakhan, Volgodonsk, Makhachkala) and 12411 (MAK-160);
- 1 missile boat;
- 5 artillery boats;
- 2 basic minesweepers;
- 5 raid minesweepers;
- 6 landing boats;
- small hydrographic vessel "Anatoly Guzhvin";
- rescue and tugboat "SB-45", etc.
The flotilla includes several brigades and divisions of ships, parts of the marine corps, coastal missile and artillery troops, etc.
In 2017, two new raid tugs were accepted into the flotilla: "RB-410" (built according to project 705B by the Astrakhan branch of the Zvezdochka shipyard) and "RB-937" (project 90600, rolled off the slipways of the "Pella" shipyard in St. Petersburg). The newest training complex for training divers and military rescuers was received and installed in Kaspiysk.
It is expected that the flotilla will soon be replenished with Project 12061 Murena hovercraft landing craft. According to Navy Commander-in-Chief Vladimir Korolev, by 2020 the flotilla will be 76% equipped with the latest weapons and military equipment.
This year, work began on the construction of new facilities for training marine units of the Caspian Flotilla at the Adanak training ground (Dagestan). total area The updated landfill will be about 40 square meters. km, work should be completed at the end of 2019. At the same time, it is planned to complete the first stage of modernization and construction of new bases for the association’s ships (in particular, the berthing front and ground facilities in Kaspiysk).
Flotilla training and combat missions
- At the end of 2016, the total sailing time (time spent at sea) of the crews of ships and vessels amounted to more than 2.8 thousand days, which was 20% higher than in 2015. At the sea ranges, the Caspians performed about 600 combat exercises, including 450 artillery firing at sea and coastal targets, about 100 mine action and mine laying.
- From September 2016 to September 2017, more than 60 inspections of the flotilla's combat readiness were carried out.
- During the winter training period (from December 1, 2016 to June 1, 2017), the naval forces and flotilla troops completed more than 500 combat exercises (twice as many as in the same period of the previous year). One of the units confirmed the title of shock.
- The flotilla participated in international maritime and field training competitions as part of the International Army Games (Army-2017).
From the history of the flotilla
- It was formed on November 15 (November 4, old style) 1722 by decree of Emperor Peter I, simultaneously with the founding of a military port in Astrakhan. The flotilla and port served to protect the Caspian coasts - the northern and part of the western.
- Among the first operations of the flotilla was participation in the Persian campaign of Peter I (1722–1723), by the end of which the flotilla included up to 80 large ships.
- In 1867, the port of Baku (now the capital of Azerbaijan) became the main base of the flotilla. Before the October Revolution of 1917, the flotilla protected trade and fisheries in the Caspian Sea, and also represented Russian commercial and industrial interests in Iran. For military merits, the flotilla was awarded the St. George ribbon, which the personnel wore on their caps.
- After the October Revolution, in April 1918, the Military Fleet of the Astrakhan Territory was created, which was reorganized into the Caspian Military Flotilla on June 27, 1931.
- During the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945, Caspian sailors fought near Sevastopol, Kerch, Mariupol and other sectors of the front, escorting transports with oil, military cargo, etc. Hundreds of flotilla sailors were awarded orders and medals, eight of them were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
- On April 27, 1945, for military merits during the Civil and Great Patriotic Wars, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Caspian Flotilla was awarded the Order of the Red Banner.
- In the 1950s–1980s, the flotilla was one of the most important stabilizing factors in the region. New types of weapons, including cruise missiles, were tested at its sea ranges.
"Russian Ministry of Defense"
- Following the collapse of the USSR and the transformation of the former republics into sovereign states, on April 16, 1992, the division of forces, assets and ships of the flotilla between the Russian Federation and Azerbaijan took place. 70% of forces and assets went to Russia and were relocated from Baku to Makhachkala and Astrakhan, which became its main base. Azerbaijan received the right to dispose of the remaining 30% of the ships, coastal infrastructure and housing stock of the flotilla.
- In 2010, the Russian Caspian Flotilla became part of the Southern Military District formed the same year as a naval component. Its main task is to ensure the national and state interests of Russia in the region.
- On the night of October 6-7, 2015, a month after the start of the Russian military operation in Syria, the ships of the flotilla (Dagestan, Grad Sviyazhsk, Uglich and Veliky Ustyug) from the Caspian Sea launched a massive strike with 26 winged long-range missiles of the "Caliber-NK" complex against objects " Islamic State"(a terrorist organization banned in the Russian Federation). The targets were located at a distance of more than 1.5 thousand km on Syrian territory. According to the Russian Ministry of Defense, all of them were hit with an accuracy of 3 m. On November 20, 2015, the flotilla ships were hit by 18 Caliber missiles -NK" seven more objects on terrorist positions in Syria.
- Commander of the Caspian Flotilla is Rear Admiral Sergei Pinchuk (since September 20, 2016).
The material was prepared according to TASS-Dossier data
