What types of tourism are there? Tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment Types of tourism and tours, theory of tourism

The classification of types of tourism includes more than 30 types. From our article you will learn what types of tourism there are.

Automobile tourism (auto tourism)

A popular type of vacation, traveling by car along the main part of the route. Traveling in their own car or in a small group of several cars, tourists most often do not resort to the services of tourism organizers.

Active tourism

A type of travel associated with active methods of movement along a route and performed by a person for recreational and sporting purposes.

Business tour (MICE)

A type of travel that is necessary for business people and may require special services, such as a meeting room or secretarial services.

The abbreviation MICE stands for four areas of business tourism:

Meetings - business meetings;

Incentives - incentive tours (incentive tours) for employees, partners, clients;

Conferences - organization of conferences, participation in exhibitions;

Events - organization of corporate events.

Bicycle tourism

A popular type of active recreation, which has many varieties: from small walks and excursions to complex cycling trips. Cycling routes are laid in different areas: along country roads, along plains and through mountain passes. Special bicycle designs have been developed for cycling tourism.

Domestic tourism

Tourism within the country. A feature of domestic tourism is the temporary departure of citizens of a particular country from their permanent place of residence for recreation, satisfaction of educational interests, sports and other tourist purposes. Carried out only within the national borders of that country. Used to determine tourism by residents within their own country. In international calculations and statistics, domestic tourism may refer to the definition of activities and expenditures by tourism and non-residents in a given country. Domestic tourism does not represent a separate sphere, but is connected with all other sectors of national life.

Water tourism

A type of tourism in which recreation is carried out on the water using kayaks, boats, catamarans, motor ships and other watercraft.

Inbound tourism

Travel within the country by persons not permanently residing there for tourism purposes without engaging in paid activities from a local source.

Gastronomic tourism

Tours for gourmets and lovers of delicious food. Many tourist regions attract travelers with exquisite cuisine or wines. The brochures of travel companies contain information about gourmet dishes typical of the area.

Group tourism

A type of tourism in which a tourist trip is made by groups of people (including families) according to an individual plan or according to a travel company plan, including the definition of areas to visit, duration of stops, overnight conditions, etc. During the group’s travel, a temporary team arises, which provides a high degree of educational impact during meetings, contacts and conversations provided for by the groups’ stay programs on routes or tourist centers. The possibility of obtaining a group rate makes this type of tourism very attractive.

Long-distance tourism

Trips that require a significant amount of time to get to the destination (more than four hours by plane, four days by car and four to five days by boat or train, etc.).

Children's tourism

An organized trip for a group of school-age children (from 7 to 17 years old) accompanied by a leader. In modern conditions, it exists in new forms: educational children's tourism for the purpose of learning a foreign language; health tourism for children in sports and summer camps located both in our country and abroad; excursion and educational children's tourism, etc. There are travel agencies specializing in children's tourism.

Disabled tourism

A type of recreational tourism designed for people with disabilities.

Individual tourism

One person's journey according to his own program. Travel agencies fulfill the orders of individual tourists (determining areas to visit, duration of stops, overnight conditions, etc.). Individual tourism can develop through the channels of kinship and family ties, creative exchanges and visits by invitation. Individual tourism is also practiced under social and youth tourism programs. Services for individual tourism are provided by special, regular or specialized travel agencies.

Intensive tourism

A type of business tourism, i.e. tourist trips (usually group trips) provided by the administration of enterprises and institutions to their employees on exclusively preferential terms or free of charge as a bonus for high production performance.

Caravanning

A common type of automobile tourism is on a caravan or motorhome-type vehicle with a body or trailer specially equipped for housing.

Horse tourism

A form of active recreation, a type of sports tourism.

Cruise

A tourist trip using a particular vehicle not only for transportation, but also for temporary accommodation, food and service.

Cultural tourism

A type of international tourist travel associated with acquaintance of tourists with national cultures, customs, and traditions in the host country.

Medical and health tourism

A type of tourism undertaken for health or medicinal purposes. Resorts provide tourists with complexes of medical and health procedures, massage services, etc.

Ski tourism

A type of sports tourism that involves skiing along the plains and foothills. Ski tourism requires special training of participants and increased attention from organizers.

Youth tourism

A specific type of tourism activity of youth and adolescents, implemented both within national borders and at the regional and global levels.

Museum tourism

A type of tourism, the specificity of which is to use the tourist potential of museums and adjacent areas. Cooperation between museums and tourism is based on the formation of a system of historical, cultural and natural territories.

Nostalgic (ethnic) tourism

A type of tourism that is carried out by people to the places of their historical residence. Participants in nostalgia tourism are mainly elderly people who previously lived in the area.

Educational tourism

A tourist trip in which a tourist combines relaxation with education.

Organized tourism

Travel by one tourist or a group of tourists according to the exact route and regulations established by the travel company. At the same time, tourists and the travel company are bound by mutual requirements and obligations. Vouchers for such tours are usually sold on the basis of advance payment.

Pilgrimage tourism

A type of religious tourism carried out by believers of different faiths to holy places.

Adventure tourism

A type of tourism associated with the organization of non-standard tours to exotic and environmentally friendly natural reserves, with unusual non-traditional means of transport. Adventure tourism includes hiking expeditions, safari tours (hunting, fishing, photo hunting, etc.), circumnavigation (yachting).

Amateur tourism

Travel using active modes of transportation, organized by the tourist independently.

Wedding tourism

A type of tourism designed for newlyweds.

Rural tourism

A type of tourism that involves the temporary stay of tourists in rural areas for the purpose of recreation and/or participation in agricultural work. Mandatory condition: tourist accommodation facilities, individual or specialized, must be located in rural areas or small towns without industrial and multi-storey buildings.

Sports (active) tourism

Type of active recreation; active and targeted types of physical training and exercise, training, such as swimming, running, cycling, etc. The main task is to guarantee the opportunity to engage in the chosen sport.

Student tourism

A type of youth tourism; travel of students and students.

Shopping tourism

A type of tourism aimed at visiting shops (most often shopping and entertainment complexes) and purchasing goods. Often, “shopping tourism” means not just the purchase of goods, but the entire complex, which also includes related entertainment (restaurants, cafes, cinema, etc.).

Ecotourism (ecotourism)

Visiting places with relatively untouched nature and well-preserved cultural and historical heritage.

Homestay

A type of tourism in which the tourist lives in a house with the owners. A tourist can immerse himself in a foreign culture and learn a foreign language more easily in an everyday context. Staying with a local family is becoming increasingly popular among language tour participants, school and exchange students, and individual interested tourists.

Tourist flows, which represent realized tourist demand in physical terms, are characterized by great diversity. Business trips are taken along with ethnic ones, and recreational tours coexist with the pilgrimage movement. Each type of tourism forms its own flows, which have very specific directions and differ in spatial distribution.

§ 1. Geography of tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment

Features of the geography of tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment. Tourist flows for the purpose of recreation and entertainment are the most massive and determine the geographical structure of international tourism as a whole. They originate in the countries of Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region and at the same time gravitate towards them.

An important feature of tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment is that intraregional trips, mainly to neighboring countries, prevail over interregional ones. Throughout the 90s, their ratio in the outbound tourist flow did not change and amounted to 82:18. In Europe, intraregional tourist flows account for up to 90% of all departures, in America and the Asia-Pacific region up to 75%. Only in South Asia does interregional travel dominate in outbound tourism.

According to WTO forecasts, at the beginning of the third millennium the ratio of intra- and interregional tourist flows in the world will change somewhat. Tourist exchange between regions will develop more intensively than within regions. Relatively high growth rates in the number of tourist departures from the Asia-Pacific region to Europe and America are predicted, which will largely determine the overall picture. As a result, the share of interregional tourist trips will increase to 24% by 2020, and the share of intraregional trips will correspondingly decrease to 76%

In addition to the dominant role of intraregional exchanges, two more features of international tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment should be highlighted. One of them is the meridional direction of tourist flows. Tourists from northern countries prefer to relax on the shores of warm seas.

Americans and Canadians are the main visitors to Caribbean resorts. In Europe, bathing and beach tourism is concentrated in the Mediterranean. Norwegians, Danes, Finns, Swedes, and Irish spend their holidays here.

Recently, there has been an increase in oncoming tourist flows from south to north. The growing attractiveness of Northern Europe as a tourist destination is largely due to the devaluation of the currencies of several Scandinavian countries, as well as their established reputation as safe countries with well-preserved natural environments.

In Norway, a clever advertising campaign during the Lillehammer Olympic Games began to bear fruit in the form of a steady increase in tourist arrivals. In Finland and Sweden, against the backdrop of a decline in overnight stays by tourists from Germany, one of the main tourism markets for the Nordic countries, the number of overnight stays by tourists from Spain is growing. Iceland, the least visited country in Northern Europe by tourists, has also entered into intense competition for the international travel market. To attract visitors, it introduced 40 new itineraries in 1996, including whale watching trips. The number of tourists wanting to see these giant marine mammals in the wild is increasing rapidly, averaging 147% per year between 1991 and 1996.

Table 24

Finally, the exchange of tourists between the former metropolises and their colonies is developing, with the clear dominance of the former. The absence of a language barrier and the strengthening of traditional ties, primarily in the economic and cultural spheres, are important prerequisites for expanding tourism relations between them. Exoticism - fabulous, mesmerizing beauty of nature, originality and uniqueness of local culture - this is what attracts Europeans to such remote areas. The British and Dutch, the Spaniards and the Portuguese are driven by interest in the historical past and present of the former colonies.

In 1996, every third European who entered the African continent was French. Most of them chose to holiday in Morocco and Tunisia - formerly French protectorates.

This feature of the spatial distribution of tourist flows is manifested not only on the African continent. In South Asia, the share of tourist arrivals from the UK is twice as high as from other European countries. The vast majority of them are in the former British colonies - India and Sri Lanka.

Tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment in Europe. The largest tourism market for leisure and entertainment has developed in Europe. Two of its subregions stand out especially - Western and Southern. They account for over 60% of all tourist arrivals in the region. The main European flows of tourists are formed here, and this is where they head. According to the WTO, the share of intraregional trips in the inbound tourist flow to Europe is slightly lower than in the outbound one. The values ​​of these shares do not coincide in other tourist regions.

The intraregional nature of tourism in Europe is more pronounced than in other regions of the world. A large number of states in a relatively small area, between which there are close economic, cultural and ethnic ties, an excellent network of land transport communications, simplification of tourist formalities with a wide variety of natural recreational resources and cultural and historical attractions and developed tourist infrastructure - all this contributes to intensive intra-European tourist exchange. It accounts for 4/5 of all arrivals in Europe.

Interregional tourist exchange is less developed. America, especially the USA, plays an important role in it. They are the only non-European country in the top ten for arrivals to Europe.

The most visited tourist country in Europe and the world is France. It receives every fifth holidaymaker on the old continent, mainly from EU countries. The most intense tourist exchange exists with Germany, Great Britain and the Benelux countries.

Amazing landscapes and historic cities, world-famous culture and fashionable goods, excellent cuisine and wines make France a very attractive destination for tourists. The French call their country "L"Hexagone", i.e. "hexagon". Its outlines on a geographical map really resemble this geometric figure. At the same time, this name conveys better than any other the extraordinary diversity of natural conditions and the richness of culture There are few countries in the world that can compare with the “hexagon" and offer such a varied palette of landscapes: the Alps, midlands, karst plateaus, vast plains, shady forests. The sea coasts of France, stretching for 3 thousand km, are also very picturesque: granite cliffs in Britany, long ridges of dunes on the Atlantic coast, velvety sandy beaches and azure coves on the Mediterranean Sea.

Along with the desire to spend a holiday admiring the natural beauty, many visitors are drawn to France by their interest in art and culture. Visiting Paris - the center of the country's political, economic and cultural life - is perhaps every person's cherished dream. But, as experienced travelers say, it is impossible to fully comprehend this city. It is huge, exquisite and unlike any other. Among the many monuments in Paris that are open to tourists on a paid basis, the most visited is the Eiffel Tower. Built according to the design of the French engineer A. G. Eiffel for the World Exhibition of 1889, the tower became a symbol of new times. 15 thousand welded metal parts form an unusually light, openwork and dynamic structure, solemnly rising above Paris.

Long gone are the days when Parisians called the tower a “black giant chimney” when protesting against its construction. Today, the portrait of A. G. Eiffel adorns the 200 franc note. Only the great people of France receive such an honor, and his “brainchild” is loved by everyone. Poems and songs, paintings, films and even ballets are dedicated to the tower. It was a concert venue for Edith Piaf and Charles Aznavour. Mireille Mathieu welcomed its 100 millionth visitor in 1983. Over time, the popularity of the tower only increases. According to the results of a survey conducted on the eve of the 21st century. in a number of countries around the world, everywhere it is considered the personification of United Europe. Only the Germans gave preference to the Brandenburg Gate.

The Eiffel Tower is a monument that has become a legend. Like any celebrity, she is like a magnet, attracting all sorts of adventurers. The tower was conquered by climbers, cyclists and motorcyclists climbed up the stairs, people jumped from it with a parachute, and flew in an airplane between its “legs.” She continues to turn the heads of people who do reckless things.

The Eiffel Tower is unique in many ways. Despite its apparent lightness, the weight of the structure exceeds 10 thousand tons. It is distributed in such a way that each of the four pylons (supports) puts no more pressure on the surface of the earth than a person sitting on a chair. The height of the tower is 318m. For a long time it was the tallest building in the world. From the observation decks, as well as from the bars and restaurants located on it, a beautiful panorama opens up. Over the 110 years of the tower’s existence, 170 million people were able to admire the view of the city and its surroundings. In 1996 alone, it was visited by 5.5 million guests, bringing income to the city in the amount of 25 million francs. fr.

The Eiffel Tower has another, no less important purpose. Immediately after its opening, an antenna was installed on it, which significantly improved radio communications. Today, the tower serves as a repeater for six television channels and eight radio stations. In addition, since the time of A.G. Eiffel, scientific experiments have been carried out on it, for example, measuring the level of air pollution, and a meteorological service has been operating. An entire observatory was created to observe the top of the tower, which deviates from the vertical axis by 10-20 cm under the influence not of the wind, but of the sun, which heats the metal.

The Eiffel Tower does not belong to the state, it is the property of Paris. Its management is entrusted to a company with mixed (public and private) capital, the New Society for the Exploitation of the Eiffel Tower. The company employs 200 people, another 200 work in restaurants and souvenir shops. The society deals with absolutely everything related to the tower: provides security, carries out repairs, and organizes reception of tourists. Almost constantly we have to restore it and renew the coating. Once every seven years the tower is completely painted. Recently, an electronic display was installed on it, on which, from April 1, 1997, the number of days remaining until the year 2000 was displayed. The tower is preparing to enter the third millennium.

Another attraction of Paris, the Louvre, ranks second in terms of the number of visitors. In the past, a fortress, a prison, the residence of French kings, an academy - the Louvre today is the largest museum in the world, a temple of classical art. In the summer of 1991, the museum recorded a record number of daily visitors. And in August it reached 34,211 people. The peak of visits occurred in the morning, when each of the museum's 16 ticket offices served one person in 30 seconds, or 120 people per hour. In 1996, the Louvre welcomed 4.7 million city guests.

The City of Science and Technology "La Villette" (3.9 million visitors in 1996), Versailles - the pinnacle of French palace architecture (2.9 million people), and the Musée d'Orsay, famous for its collection of works, are also very popular among tourists. impressionists (2.1 million people);

Numerous lovers of swimming and beach holidays head to the coastal areas of France. The most famous of them - the French Riviera - is located in the south of the country. A narrow strip of the Mediterranean coast, about 20 km wide and 230 km long, stretches from the city of Menton near the border with Italy in the east to the city of Toulon in the west. It began to be called the Cote d'Azur with the light hand of the poet S. Liejar, who gave this name to one of his works. Writers Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, who visited here more than once, revealed to the world the splendor and romance of these places. Honore de Balzac, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant also stayed on the Riviera.

The Cote d'Azur is closely connected with the historical past and present of Russia. The “Russian invasion” began in 1856, when the aristocracy followed Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. She mastered the Mediterranean, combining state interests with gambling in casinos and attending grand balls in luxurious villas. “There was almost all the “fine fleur”, beings at the highest peak of modern education, all the nobility and models of fashion” - This is how I. S. Turgenev characterized the select society at the resorts of Europe in the second half of the 19th century. By the beginning of the 20th century. An entire Russian colony has grown up on the Cote d'Azur, numbering about 600 property owners. Our great compatriots lived, worked and rested here - F. I. Tyutchev, A. I. Kuprin, N. V. Gogol, A. P. Chekhov, I. A. Bunin, V. V. Mayakovsky, F. I. Shalyapin, S. P. Diaghilev.

The French Riviera has not lost its attractiveness even today. It welcomes both “stars” of various sizes and mass tourists. Thanks to the warm and clean sea, comfortable climate, picturesque coastal strip, large number of historical and cultural attractions and holidays, it is one of the most visited places not only in France, but throughout the world. There are at least 300 fine days a year on the Cote d'Azur. The average air temperature on the coast is +200C. In winter it does not fall below +80C, and in summer it sometimes rises to +380C, but you don’t feel the heat, much less stuffiness. The swimming season lasts a long time - four to five months a year.

The modern style of recreation took shape in the 20s of the 20th century, when Americans arrived on the French Riviera. It is they who “discover” the charm of a summer holiday on the Mediterranean Sea. Sunbathing, swimming, spending the whole day outdoors, and water skiing have become fashionable. They also contributed to the revival of the Riviera after World War II. Large American cars, a gramophone machine, and Coca-Cola appear on the Cote d'Azur. Bikinis triumphantly parade along the beaches.

Nowadays, resort life has become even more diverse. Tourists come not only to swim and sunbathe. They engage in water sports: windsurfing, sailing, snorkeling or scuba diving, water skiing, motorcycles, inflatable banana boats, and parachuting over the sea. The consistently high quality golf courses attract many fans of this sport to the Côte d'Azur. There are all the necessary conditions for horse riding, playing tennis, walking and cycling. Those interested will be taught the popular national French game of petanque.

Tourists are increasingly combining seaside holidays with participation in cultural programs. Their topics are very diverse - from sightseeing tours of the cities of the Cote d'Azur to visits to perfume production, acquaintance with the crafts of the Riviera, its gardens and villas. Art connoisseurs are pleasantly surprised by the long list of museums and art galleries and the richness of their collections. The Côte d'Azur ranks second in France after the Ile-de-France region, which includes Paris, in terms of the number of museums.

The nightlife of the Côte d'Azur is as vibrant as the daytime. Casinos and discos, nightclubs and cabarets, striptease bars await their visitors every evening. Walking through the streets of the old city or driving a car along a mountain road, which offers a wonderful view of the illuminated embankments, bays and coves, can bring no less pleasure than the show programs.

The most prestigious resorts on the Cote d'Azur are considered to be Nice, the administrative, economic and cultural center of the Riviera, and Cannes, where world cinema stars meet during the annual international film festivals. The southernmost and oldest resort of the Cote d'Azur is the city of Hyères. Saint-Tropez is also a famous swimming and beach holiday destination in the French Mediterranean.

Recently, a new trend has emerged in the French inbound tourism market. After the adoption of the Schengen agreements and the abolition of the visa regime between the countries of the United Europe in France, the share of short-term trips is growing, and the share of long-term trips is decreasing. France is still the world's most popular tourist destination, but it is losing its appeal as a long-term holiday destination. More and more Europeans, mainly from neighboring countries, visit it on weekends and spend their main holidays in other countries. In 1997, France had 242 million foreign tourist overnight stays, compared with 350 million in Spain. Many experts believe it will be difficult to close the gap.

Apart from France, the main receiving countries in Europe are Spain and Italy. Together they annually register over 80 million arrivals, mainly for swimming and beach holidays. The main incoming flows are formed in Western European countries. In Spain, every fifth holidaymaker comes from Germany or the UK. Citizens of the republics of the former Yugoslavia, France, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria spend their holidays in Italy.

Today France, Spain, and Italy are strongly involved in intraregional tourist exchange. By 2020, the WTO predicts a change in their tourism priorities. Europeans will travel more frequently to resorts in other regions, and tourist centers in the European Mediterranean will gradually begin to reorient themselves towards abandoned outbound tourism markets, especially Japan, the newly industrialized countries of Asia, and the Americas. To attract tourists, they will strive to update the tourism product and change their brand, intensifying the search for promising market niches. Some of them are already taking appropriate measures today. On the eve of the third millennium, Spain revised its state policy in the field of tourism, which allowed it to significantly strengthen its position in the world tourism market.

The geography of outbound tourism in Europe is similar to the spatial picture of inbound tourism, with the only difference being that the share of America in interregional exchange is decreasing and the share of peripheral regions - Africa, the Middle East and South Asia - is increasing.

The largest outbound tourism market not only in Europe, but also in the world has developed in Germany. In 1996, Germans made about 80 million trips abroad. Their number increases by an average of 5% per year. According to WTO forecasts, by 2020 the volume of outbound tourism in Germany will more than double and amount to 163.5 million trips. German citizens will account for every tenth trip in the world, and Germany will retain its leadership in this indicator.

The German outbound tourism market is characterized by a high spatial concentration of tourist flows. Over 90% of trips are made within the European region. According to the WTO, five of the ten largest tourist flows in Europe originate in Germany.

Table 25
The world's largest tourist flows. Europe, 1996

No.	Flow direction from to		No.	Flow direction from to	Number of arrivals, million units
1	Germany – France Germany – Spain Germany – Austria UK – France Germany – Italy	13,4	6	UK – Spain Netherlands – France Germany – Poland Italy – France Spain – Portugal	8,7

Germans prefer to spend their holidays in the countries of Western and Southern Europe: Spain, Italy, Austria, France, Greece, the Netherlands, Switzerland. Recently, Central and Eastern Europe - Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary - has become a popular tourist destination. One of the main advantages of these countries as tourist destinations is their relative cheapness. For example, many Germans living in border areas come to the Czech Republic for lunch.

Democratization processes have made significant changes in the geography of tourism demand. They contributed to an increase in the share of intraregional exchange between the countries of Western Europe, on the one hand, and Central and Eastern, on the other. The tourist activity of the population of the Czech Republic has increased sharply, which has overtaken France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and other European countries in terms of outbound tourism. According to the Statistical Service of the Czech Republic, in 1999 Czech citizens made 40 million tourist trips abroad. Tourist markets in Poland, Hungary, Romania, Slovenia and other post-socialist countries are developing.

In the Russian Federation, the process of formation of the international tourism market began along with perestroika and was accelerated by the collapse of the USSR and changes in the state, economic and political structure of the country. The first stage of its formation was characterized by an increase in the outbound flow (Table 26).

Table 26
Dynamics of departure of citizens from the USSR (1991), CIS (1992) and Russia (1993 - 1999) abroad

Name indicator	USSR	CIS	Russia
	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Traveled, million trips of them: on tourist visas Traveled to foreign countries *, million trips of them: on tourist visas

* Including the Baltic countries

In 1993, when the State Statistics Committee of Russia organized statistical recording and publication of data on international tourism in the Russian Federation, Russian citizens made 9.2 million trips to 160 countries, including 1.6 million on tourist visas. The volume of departures grew and by 1995 reached its maximum, formally doubling the number of foreign trips to the USSR in 1991. However, it should be taken into account that such a significant increase is mainly due to departures to neighboring countries, which were previously reflected in intra-Union statistics. If we compare comparable indicators of travel to non-CIS countries, primarily on tourist visas, then the Russian Federation reached the level of the USSR in 1996. It surpassed the CIS level of 1992 even earlier. But the low values ​​of departure indicators in 1992 are more likely explained by the under-accounting of departures in connection with the transition from the all-Union to national accounting systems, rather than by a genuine reduction in the departure flow.

A number of factors determined the situation on the Russian outbound market in the early 90s:

The presence of huge pent-up demand after the Russian authorities lifted restrictions on traveling abroad and simplified the procedure for obtaining travel documents. The implementation of a foreign trip now depended on the person himself, his financial capabilities and the presence of a foreign passport;

Gradual expansion of the segment of the population with sufficient solvency for foreign travel. According to the State Statistics Committee of Russia, in 1993, 10% of Russians could be classified as having a high level of income;

Changing the structure of population consumption in favor of non-food goods and services. According to economists' calculations, the share of costs for a minimum set of food products, including 19 items, decreased in the average salary from 90% in January 1992 to 26% by the end of 1993;

Reorientation of citizens from the domestic tourism market to the external one due to a significant increase in the cost of trips to Russian resorts, rising transport tariffs and disorganization of passenger transportation in Russia and the CIS countries, as well as the dangerous situation in traditional recreation areas of the former USSR;

Using foreign trips to solve material and everyday problems. Shopping remains one of the main motives for traveling abroad for many Russians;

Expanding business contacts and cooperation through new commercial structures, intensifying scientific and cultural exchanges.

The Russian outbound market has changed not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. There were shifts in the structure and geography of foreign travel. From the beginning of perestroika until 1991, travel abroad was mainly of a private nature (to relatives and friends). This was explained by the lifting of restrictions on foreign travel by invitation, which was the first step towards simplifying tourism formalities. Almost half of those departing took advantage of such invitations. They prepared the trip on their own, without turning to travel companies for help. Foreign tours for leisure and entertainment, of an organized nature, were few in number and were offered, as before, by trade union structures and Intourist.

In 1991-1992 In the outbound flow, two main directions were clearly identified - to the near and far abroad. These groups of trips differ not so much in distance and geography as in motives. If the structure of the flow to the republics of the former USSR is dominated by private and business visits, then to non-CIS countries - trips for leisure and entertainment, including tours, as well as departures for official purposes.

The main type of travel for Russians to foreign countries is shopping tours. Essentially, we are talking about the so-called “shuttle trade,” which in official language means “import by individuals of consumer goods for subsequent resale without paying taxes obligatory for payment by legal entities engaged in foreign trade activities.” Unlike organizations and enterprises, shuttle traders are exempt from paying customs tariffs, income and other taxes. Duty-free transportation of goods and high competition among sellers have led to the establishment of very low prices for imported products, which are in demand among the middle and low-income segments of the population. Even after tightening restrictions on the “shuttle” business (lowering the maximum amount for which individuals can transport goods duty-free), this activity remains highly profitable.

Hundreds of thousands of people are engaged in “shuttle” trade, mostly qualified specialists, certified engineers and technical workers - people who quit their previous jobs and are not satisfied with the seller’s place in a commercial stall. In 1993, each of them purchased goods worth 1500-5000 US dollars. dollars per trip, ensuring real saturation of the Russian consumer market. The total volume of “shuttle” imports into Russia in 1993 amounted, according to some estimates, from 3 to 5 billion US dollars. dollars, and in 1994t. - already 11.4 billion, or 22.3% of all imports.

Domestic “shuttles” travel mainly to China, Turkey and Poland. Since 1994, these countries, as well as Finland, have been the main destinations of organized Russian tourism.

The number of arrivals of Russian citizens to China has been growing rapidly recently. The gradual simplification of tourist formalities and the creation of free border trade zones contributed to the expansion of group tourist exchanges. Residents of Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Chita, Bratsk, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok make up the bulk of Russian tourists heading to China. The geography of their trips is mainly limited to the northern regions of the country: the provinces of Heimongjiang, Liaoning, Jilin and Xinjiang - Uyghur Autonomous Region. They account for more than 60% of all arrivals. Recently, changes have been taking place in this tourist destination. Although shopping trips still dominate, demand is growing, especially in the Moscow tourist market, for excursion and educational programs - the Beijing-Shanghai tour and a sightseeing trip to China.

Shop tourists also visit Greece, Italy, and Egypt. They began to develop the markets of South and Southeast Asia and, for this purpose, rushed to Singapore, Hong Kong (Hong Kong), India, Thailand, South Korea and Pakistan.

A wide selection of various inexpensive goods attracts shopping tourists to the United Arab Emirates. Initially, they were only interested in visiting clothing markets, but gradually the pattern of behavior of the “shuttle traders” changed, and shopping tourism in the UAE began to take on civilized forms; They are increasingly staying in the comfort and convenience of four- and five-star hotels and combining shopping with leisure. After intense work, shopping tourists seek to relax and head to the coast, where they engage in various sports, including scuba diving. In addition, they developed a taste for purely secular entertainment. They can be found at camel races and horse races or seen among visitors to theme parks and cultural and historical centers of the emirates.

The diversification of targets was reflected in the duration of shopping tours in the UAE. "Shuttle traders" are no longer satisfied with a short stay in the country designed only to purchase goods. To find some free time for relaxation, they lengthen the trip from four to seven days. At the same time, the cost of tours is increasing due to the demand for better and more diverse services. There are also other shifts in the development of shopping tourism - an increase in the frequency of trips to two or three trips per month and the formation of a permanent contingent of clients, which makes up the vast majority of the tourist flow in the UAE.

The geography of outbound tourism in Russia in the early 90s remains in its basic outline to the present day. Along with shopping tours, Russian citizens travel abroad for seaside holidays; among them, one- to two-week trips to Cyprus and Malta, Italy, Greece, Spain and the Canary Islands, Bulgaria, Tunisia, Egypt, France and Thailand are popular. Compatriots go on sea cruises and themed tours, for example Disneyland - USA, France. They tour the capitals of European countries. As a rule, these trips are designed for a week. Tourists visit Paris, London, Vienna, Madrid, Rome, Amsterdam, Brussels. There is also a demand for exotic tours (Kenya, Tanzania, Samoa, Latin American countries, etc.) and trips to cultural and sporting events.

Initially, the average duration of the trip was seven days, and its cost (without international transport) was 300 US dollars. dollars. The figures given are averages. In real life, along with cheap shopping tours, Russian citizens make very expensive foreign trips. This is how one of the Austrian publications describes the behavior pattern of wealthy tourists from Russia: “They can be seen in St. Anton, on Vienna’s Kärtnerstrasse with its luxurious shops, in the best places at the Salzburg Concert Hall. They live only in five-star hotels and cannot imagine dining without traditional caviar. Russian luxury tourists are storming Austria. They buy only the best and most expensive, paying little attention to how much it costs. Each Russian spends an average of 4,670 shillings per purchase in the country, outpacing representatives of any other nation in terms of these indicators ".

After the peak in 1995, the total outbound flow from Russia decreased by almost 50%, and then stabilized at the level of 11-12 million trips per year. Its narrowing occurred as a result of a sharp decrease in travel to the CIS countries for private and business purposes. The departure of Russian citizens through organized tourism, on the contrary, continued to grow until 1998.

In 1997, the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) conducted a sample survey of the Russian population on participation in tourism. The survey results showed that the country's tourism market has great potential, which is poorly tapped. The overwhelming majority of Russians (60%) rested without leaving home. Among those who did take the trip, foreign countries were one of the most popular travel destinations. The main tourist flows were formed in large cities, among which Moscow especially stood out. Muscovites traveled to non-CIS countries more often than residents of the North 3 times, Siberia and the Far East 6 times, the South of the country 11 times and many times more often than the population of the Volga region and the Urals.

In 1998, Russian citizens, according to their self-assessment, were going to be more actively involved in tourism. However, these forecasts turned out to be too optimistic. The financial crisis that broke out in August 1998 led to noticeable changes in the tourism market. They were more qualitative than quantitative in nature. Although the number of trips abroad on tourist visas has decreased, it is not much.

After August 1998, when the real cost of a foreign tourist trip in rubles immediately increased by 3-4 times, and the income of the population fell sharply, potential travelers began to give preference to cheap tours and services. Price has become the main selection criterion, so many tourists have switched from more expensive foreign resorts to domestic Russian resorts. Since this time, the revival of domestic tourism in Russia begins.

Inbound tourism, an inexhaustible source of foreign exchange earnings and a profitable form of export trade, is poorly developed. Russia, possessing unique historical and cultural values ​​and natural attractions, receives less than 1% of the world's tourist flows. Inbound tourism is hampered by many factors: political and economic instability, worsening crime situation and terrorist attacks. Serious damage to tourism in Russia was caused by the collapse of the USSR into a number of independent states and, as a consequence, the destruction of a single tourist space. Now each region has its own laws and regulations. Customs, visa and other formalities and additional fees are introduced at borders and in recreation areas. The number of routes, which previously, as a rule, passed through several republics, has been reduced.

The situation is aggravated due to the lack of the necessary material base. In terms of the number of hotel beds, Russia is 22 times behind the United States. Existing accommodation facilities are distinguished by an extremely low level of comfort and technical equipment, which makes domestic tourist services uncompetitive. Only high-class hotels in Moscow and St. Petersburg can provide service that meets international standards. However, their services are extremely expensive. Only a sixth of the capital's guests can use them.

Problems with inbound tourism arise due to massive anti-advertising of Russia launched in the West. Negative information about the socio-political situation in it does not leave the pages of the foreign press, forming the image of our country as a high-risk zone. In Russia itself, until recently, no concerted actions were taken to create and maintain its tourist image. The state allocated practically no funds for advertising campaigns and did not help awaken the interest of potential foreign visitors.

Along with limiting factors, there are also those that contribute to the development of inbound tourism in Russia. This is the high purchasing power of foreign currencies; the presence of untapped markets and wide areas of capital investment that attract companies from abroad; ensuring freedom of movement in most of the country, including such promising tourist areas as the Far East, Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, the Urals, the North of Russia, as well as Nizhny Novgorod, where foreigners were previously closed, and other factors. Although they cannot yet reverse the generally unfavorable situation for the country in the inbound tourism market, they are helping to increase the number of arrivals and improve the structure of tourist trips.

The 90s were marked by overall positive dynamics - an average stable trend in the growth of tourist trips to the Russian Federation (Table 27). Against this background, 1999 stands out especially: it set a record number of arrivals.

Table 27
Dynamics of arrivals of foreign citizens to the USSR (1991), CIS (1992) and Russia (1993 - 1999)

Name indicator	USSR	CIS	Russia
	1991	1992	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999
Arrivals, million trips of them: on tourist visas From foreign countries *, million trips of them: on tourist visas

* Including the Baltic countries

The data obtained, taking into account entry from the CIS countries, indicate that the balance of tourist flows has a positive balance. Since 1996, the volume of arrivals to the Russian Federation has exceeded the departure of Russian citizens abroad: A well-known trend, however, is still short-term in nature and is due to a reduction in departure.

The main countries supplying organized tourists to foreign countries are Poland, Finland and China - at the same time the most popular tourist destinations among Russian citizens. They account for over half of all arrivals from foreign countries on tourist visas. Over the past five years, the Poles who visit Russia most often are those who are engaged in shopping.

Significant changes are taking place in the geography of inbound tourism in Russia. If earlier the flows of foreign tourists were concentrated around Moscow, Leningrad and Kyiv, with the two Russian capitals recording up to 80% of all tourist arrivals from abroad, today they are more evenly distributed throughout the country. All new subjects of the Federation are showing interest in the development of international tourism and are gradually beginning to be drawn into this promising field of activity. The Khabarovsk Territory and the Amur Region attract the Chinese with shopping opportunities. The Republic of Sakha is visited by tourists from Germany, the USA, and the UK on cruise ships. German tourists go on nostalgic tours around the Kaliningrad region. In the Murmansk region, Americans and British prefer fishing, tourists from Scandinavian countries prefer skiing in the Khibiny Mountains, and among Asian tourists, especially the Japanese, mineralogical tours are in demand. The Irkutsk region is more advanced in Western markets thanks to its main attraction - Lake Baikal. It has been welcoming foreign tourists for 40 years.

Despite the difficulties Russia is experiencing, experts predict a progressive increase in its importance in the global tourism market. It is expected that by 2020 it will be among the top ten most popular tourist destinations.

Tourism for the purpose of recreation and entertainment in America. The Americas region, which ranks second in terms of arrivals after Europe, attracts tourists from all over the world. The incoming tourist flow is distributed among four subregions of North America, the island states and territories of the Caribbean, South America and Central America. Seven out of every ten tourist arrivals in the Western Hemisphere come from North America. She remains the leader despite the slow decline in her share. At the same time, the share of the countries (territories) of the Caribbean, Central America and especially South America is increasing.

South America is rapidly increasing the number of tourist arrivals. It has unique natural sites and historical and cultural monuments, thanks to which the South American destination is becoming increasingly popular among American and European tourists.

This continent is home to the highest Angel Falls on Earth (Venezuela), the world's largest Amazon River (Brazil), the vast virgin rain forests of the Amazon, and the highest mountain peaks of the Andes. Among the cultural attractions, the surviving evidence of the ancient Inca civilization, the iconic cities of Machu Picchu and Cusco, the Nazca Plateau, and cities of the era of colonialism are of particular interest. The huge tourism potential of this continent is still extremely poorly used. As it becomes more involved in tourism, South America's share of international arrivals to the region will increase.

In America, as in Europe, the overwhelming majority of tourist flows are concentrated within the region. The exchange of tourists is especially intensive between the three countries of North America: the USA, Canada and Mexico (Table 28). Moreover, the tourist flow from the United States to Mexico, according to the WTO, is the largest in the world.

Table 28
The world's largest tourist flows. America, 1996

No.	Flow direction from to	Number of arrivals, million units		No.	Flow direction from to	Number of arrivals, million units
1 2 3 4 5	USA – Mexico Canada – USA USA – Canada Japan - USA USA - UK	20,3 15,3 13,0 5,0 3,3		6 7 8 9	UK – USA USA – France USA – Italy USA – Puerto Rico USA – Germany	3,1 2,6 2,4 2,2

The most capacious market for inbound and outbound tourism in the Western Hemisphere has developed in the United States. All major tourist flows in the Americas originate or, conversely, end in this country.

Recently, the number of tourist arrivals in the United States has stabilized at 46-47 million trips per year. Two out of every five trips are taken for recreational purposes. Travelers are attracted by unique natural sites, whose unique beauty and grandeur are covered in legends and greatly enhanced by advertising.

Tourists come to the United States to visit the Valley of Geysers and see manifestations of “living geology” in Yellowstone National Park; visit the Carlsbad Caverns with giant stalagmites; admire the grandiose panorama of the Grand Canyon - “America's great landmark,” as President Theodore Roosevelt called it, or enjoy relaxing on the sandy beaches of California. But not only the rich natural heritage is of interest to visitors. Trips to the US capital Washington and New York with the concrete skyscrapers of Manhattan, Columbia University, Wall Street banks, the famous Brooklyn Bridge and the Metropolitan Opera are very popular among foreign guests. Many surprises and discoveries await tourists in other American cities and states, for example Los Angeles, where the Disneyland amusement park and the Hollywood film studio are located.

These attractions attract both foreign visitors and Americans themselves. Every year, American citizens make over 1 billion trips (domestic and international), mainly for recreation, health, entertainment, exploring natural, historical and cultural monuments, as well as visiting relatives and friends. The routes of most of them run within the country, and abroad, as noted above, through the territory of neighboring Mexico and Canada. Interregional tours are in less demand among Americans.

Europe has remained the priority direction of interregional exchange for many years. Tourist flows from the USA are sent to the UK, France, Italy, Germany, and Spain. Every fourth trip of Americans abroad is to European countries, but the Old World's share of their departures is steadily declining.

In the early 90s, the European Travel Commission, together with American Express, The New York Times, SAS (Scandinavian Airlines) and the national tourism administrations of Denmark, Finland, France, Spain and the UK, conducted a special survey of the US outbound tourism market. Its purpose was to identify the reasons why Americans are postponing trips to Europe. 2000 people were surveyed, 200 of them made a trip to the Old World.

46% of respondents identified the economic one as the main limiting factor, regarding a holiday in Europe as too expensive. They are particularly concerned about rising prices for hotel accommodation, transport and food. Among other important factors preventing a more intensive exchange of tourists between America and Europe, the lack of sufficient free time was cited. As a rule, American trips overseas are long and are organized in such a way as to visit several European countries at once. 6% of respondents indicated the danger of terrorist attacks as the main reason. However, since the previous survey, the proportion of these individuals has decreased sharply.

Despite the presence of a constraint in the development of interregional tourism, American interest in Europe is growing. Only 5% of respondents (compared to 11% in 1988) indicated the absence of such.

Among other directions of tourist flows emerging in the United States, the Asia-Pacific region stands out. It is popular with Americans as well as Europeans. But the distribution of tourist arrivals from America among the countries (territories) of the region is somewhat different. Most often, American tourists visit China, including Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Japan, as well as the Republic of Korea and Singapore. East Asia is more attractive to Americans than Southeast Asia.

The remaining tourist regions of the world - Africa, the Middle East and South Asia - are very poorly developed by the Americans.

The regional preferences of tourists from the United States determine the pattern of outbound tourism in the Western Hemisphere. In other countries in the region, travel priorities may be different. Thus, intraregional tourism is more popular among Canadians than among Americans, and South Asia, especially India, is popular among long-distance destinations.

According to the WTO forecast, until 2010, the intensity of tourist exchanges between America and other regions of the world will increase. Europe, the Asia-Pacific region and the Middle East have good prospects in the American inbound tourism market.

Tourism for leisure and entertainment in the Asia-Pacific region. International tourism in the Asia-Pacific region is a relatively young phenomenon. In some countries, the tourism industry began to develop recently - in the 80s. At this time, a picture of inbound tourism is emerging in the region, which has remained relevant over the past 20 years.

In the Asia-Pacific region, as in the Americas, tourist arrivals are concentrated predominantly in one subregion. However, their concentration levels are lower. They are more evenly distributed throughout East, Southeast Asia and Oceania.

The main tourist flows are directed to East Asia. More than half of all arrivals occur in this subregion. The second most important subregion is Southeast Asia. Together they register 90% of tourist arrivals. Australasia and Oceania have a small market share.

The spatial structure of tourist arrivals in the Asia-Pacific region largely depends on the state of the international tourism market in China. It accounts for a third of all arrivals in the region, and including the territories of Hong Kong (Hong Kong) and Taiwan - over 50%.

The history of tourism in China is full of ups and downs. In 1923, a tourism department was created in one of the commercial banks. Later, it spun off into an independent enterprise - the Chinese Travel Bureau. It opened about 20 branches in major cities in China and also had branches in several countries in Southeast Asia. However, being an economically backward country, and also in a state of civil war, China could not become an attractive tourist destination.

After the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (1949), a new period began in the history of Chinese tourism. The flow of Chinese from abroad, from Hong Kong and Macau, has grown rapidly. They came to China to meet relatives, go on excursions and get acquainted with the situation in the country. In addition, cooperation in the field of tourism with the USSR and Eastern European countries expanded. Business connections were established with tourism organizations in France and some other Western countries. In 1956-1958 Over 10 thousand tourists visited China.

The 60s were marked for China by progress in politics and economics, as well as positive changes in the international arena. In 1964, Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai toured 14 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. China and France established diplomatic relations. An airline opened (linking China with Pakistan). All this contributed to the growth of tourist arrivals. In 1965, the number of foreign tourists visiting China reached a record high - 13 thousand people.

The "Cultural Revolution" of 1966 led to the curtailment of tourist exchanges. Only in 1971 did China resume tourism cooperation with Romania and Yugoslavia. In the same year, the first group of American tourists visited the PRC - a total of 30 people.

The real revival of Chinese tourism began in the late 70s, when China took a course of reform and opening up. The country has entered the global tourism market. At first, the National Tourism Administration did not conduct extensive advertising campaigns, however, there were a lot of people who wanted to visit China. Their flow steadily increased. In 1988, the number of tourist arrivals increased 37 times compared to 1979.

In 1979-1988. The main tourist flows heading to China were formed in Japan and the USA. Every third visitor was Japanese, and every fifth was American. They accounted for half of all tourist arrivals in China. Next in descending order were the countries of Western Europe - France, Great Britain and Germany and Southeast Asia - Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines. Then came Australia and Canada. The ten listed countries accounted for 85% of the inbound flow to China. Of these, four countries are located in the Asian region.

In 1989, the number of arrivals to China fell sharply, while at the same time there were changes in the structure of the incoming flow of tourists. Two years later, when tourist exchange resumed, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Mongolia, and Russia were among the countries generating tourist flows to China. China has gradually reoriented itself towards intraregional tourism. This trend became especially clear in the mid-90s. At that time, neighboring countries accounted for 60% of the incoming tourist flow.

Changes occurred not only in the geography of inbound tourism in the PRC, but also in the demands of foreign tourists. If earlier Americans and Europeans traveled along the route Beijing - Shanghai - Xi'an - Guilin, and those who left the PRC through Hong Kong (Hong Kong) also visited Guangzhou, then in recent years there has been a noticeable interest in these cities, with the exception of Beijing decreased, but trips that allow you to admire wildlife, get in touch with the living life of modern China, or get acquainted with the progress of reforms in the country have become more popular.

Tourists take cruises along the river. Yellow River, take trips along the Three Gorges of the Yangtze or the ancient China Canal. They travel to get an idea of ​​Chinese cuisine or take part in a kite festival, see the steppes of Inner Mongolia or climb snowy peaks, and get acquainted with the art of calligraphy. Tourist demand has become more diversified.

Some tourists want a trip to open a new page in their biography. They like to linger for a long time in one place, delving into people's life. In China, thematic excursions have been developed for them: “Live one day as an ordinary Shanghainese”, “Visit the inhabitants of Beijing one-story dwellings “siheyuan”. They can also visit the Jingdezhen factory and personally make a souvenir from porcelain.

The popularity of China, whose tourism industry is able to satisfy the most diverse needs of visitors, is growing every year. If in 1990 it ranked 12th among the countries of the world in terms of tourist arrivals, in 1995 it moved to 8th, then in 1999 it entered the top five. According to WTO data, 14 million arrivals were registered in China in 1999, and taking into account arrivals to Hong Kong (Hong Kong) - 21 million. Currently, China tops the list of Asian countries in this indicator, and at the beginning of the third millennium it will lead not only in the Asia-Pacific region, but throughout the World. According to the WTO forecast, in 2020 the inbound flow to China (including Hong Kong) will reach 196 million arrivals, more than 2 times more than the USA and France, 3 times more than Spain, 4 times more than Italy and the UK.

In addition to China, popular tourist destinations in the Asia-Pacific region are the newly industrialized countries (territories) of Asia: Hong Kong (Hong Kong), Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Republic of Korea, Indonesia and Taiwan. The economic breakthrough they have made recently is aimed at a sharp increase in business travel to the region. It was business tourism that gave impetus to the development of the hotel business and the entertainment industry.

Today, these countries (territories) attract tourists primarily for their exotic nature and the possibility of swimming and beach holidays. In addition, Hong Kong and Singapore offer excellent shopping. Thailand has become a fashionable tourist destination, especially with the development of a new beach area on the southern coast and the organization of cultural and educational trips to the north of the country. Entertainment tourism is well developed in the Republic of Korea, Thailand and Taiwan.

Japan is among the top ten countries in the region in terms of arrivals. It receives flows of visitors for various tourism purposes, including recreation and entertainment. The Japanese entertainment industry is recognized as the second largest in the world, second only to the American one.

It should be noted that the tourism business in the region is established and operates successfully only in developed and newly industrialized countries. Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Mongolia, despite all efforts, have an insignificant market share.

The main outbound tourism markets in the Asia-Pacific region have developed in the same countries as the inbound tourism markets, with some changes in the list of leaders. Japan has been holding first place in terms of the number of tourist departures for a long time. It accounts for a third of all departures from the Asia-Pacific region. Every year, the Japanese make up to 30 million trips abroad, including, according to various estimates, from 60 to 80% for pleasure - shopping, outdoor recreation, exploring historical and cultural attractions, attending cultural and entertainment events and playing sports.

The Japanese satisfy their need for rest and entertainment without leaving their homeland or traveling short distances to China, Hong Kong, the Republic of Korea, and Singapore. At the same time, Japan's interregional tourism ties are strengthening. The intercontinental tourist flow to the USA is the most intense. However, in general, long-distance travel, especially to the Middle East, Africa or South Asia, is not so popular among the population. According to the WTO, most of the tourist flows from Japan, included in the top ten, are directed into the Asia-Pacific region (Table 29).

Table 29
The world's largest tourist flows. Japan, 1996

No.	Flow direction from to	Number of arrivals, million units		No.	Flow direction from to	Number of arrivals, million units
1 2 3 4 5	Japan - USA Japan – Hong Kong Japan – Italy Japan – China Japan – Republic of Korea	5,0 2,4 1,7 1,5 1,5		6 7 8 9 10	Japan – Singapore Japan – Uam Japan – Thailand Japan – Taiwan Japan – Australia	1,2 1,0 0,9 0,9 0,8

Regular surveys among the population have made it possible to identify factors hindering the development of long-distance tourism in Japan. Like the Americans, residents of the Land of the Rising Sun pointed to a lack of money, free time and a threat to personal safety. However, the differences in national cuisines and existing language barriers are of much greater concern to the Japanese when choosing a travel route. In a 1997 survey, they were named as the main obstacle by 37 and 36% of respondents, respectively.

In some countries of the region, the population's preference for short-distance travel is even more pronounced than in Japan. In the mid-90s, 90% of Malaysia's outbound tourism market was made up of trips to neighboring Singapore.

Over the past 15-20 years, as economic and cultural ties between the countries of East and Southeast Asia and Oceania strengthened, the intraregional flow has steadily expanded. In the late 1990s, seven out of every ten trips were made within the region and only three outside it, mainly to Europe and the Americas.

1997-1998 have been very difficult for the Asia-Pacific region. The brunt of the global financial crisis fell on Asian countries. In the tourism sector, intra-regional tourist exchange and those countries (territories) that were involved and actively participated in it in prosperous years suffered the most. The number of arrivals to Singapore, Hong Kong, Australia, Indonesia, New Zealand, and Japan has decreased.

At the same time, countries focused on receiving tourists from foreign countries have more easily adapted to new conditions. By setting special prices for travel packages, they were able to attract more tourists from Europe and North America. After the devaluation of the national currency, South Korea has turned into a real shopping paradise for shopping tourists. In Thailand, a well-thought-out global advertising campaign supported at the government level yielded good results.

The uneven development of the international tourism market in the Asia-Pacific region makes it difficult to predict its condition. Nevertheless, WTO experts pin their hopes on reviving intra- and interregional tourist exchanges. They believe that in the first decades of the third millennium, East and Southeast Asia and Oceania will maintain their position as one of the fastest growing tourism regions in the world.

Tourism for leisure and entertainment in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. The most significant changes in the structure of international tourism over the past 10 years have occurred on the African continent. In the late 1980s, the share of arrivals from regions with close ties, especially Europe, was higher than the share of intraregional travel. However, already in the early 90s in Africa, intraregional exchange began to predominate while maintaining strong contacts with Europe. The number of arrivals to Africa in 1999 was 25 million, including 10.5 million from Africa itself, 9 million from Europe and 5.5 million from other regions of the world (see Table 24)

The most advanced countries in the international tourism market are the countries of Northern, Eastern and Southern Africa - Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco, specializing in bathing, beach and educational tourism, Zimbabwe and Kenya, organizing safaris in numerous national parks, game reserves and game reserves, and the Republic of South Africa . It is less known among Russian tourists, but after the fall of the apartheid regime it became one of the most promising tourist destinations on the “dark” continent. It is distinguished by comfortable natural and climatic conditions: mild tropical and subtropical climate, plenty of sun. The Republic ranks first in the world in terms of the number of sunny days per year. The amazingly beautiful landscapes cannot leave anyone indifferent. According to some estimates, as South Africa's gold reserves deplete, tourism will replace the gold mining industry in the flow of foreign currency into the country.

Africa, with its rich natural and cultural potential, has the necessary prerequisites for the further development of international tourism. However, to expand their participation in global tourism exchanges, most countries in the region must overcome chronic infrastructure gaps, improve the quality of tourism services, eliminate the threat of terrorist attacks and take measures to reduce overall crime rates.

The Middle East plays a minor role in the leisure and entertainment tourism market. The prospects for its development, despite the rapid growth in tourist arrivals in recent years, remain uncertain. They depend on the process of peaceful resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict and the achievement of political stability in the region.

For South Asia, the forecast cannot be called optimistic either. Until 2020, it will not be able to overcome the existing gap, and the gap with other regions will increase. WTO experts recommend that South Asian countries pay attention to interregional tourism, long-distance and ultra-long-distance travel, and focus marketing efforts on developing the largest outbound tourism markets in Europe, North America, and the Asia-Pacific region.

Today, the development of tourism is gaining momentum more and more rapidly. This is greatly facilitated by the development of transport infrastructure, nationwide globalization, and the development of social relations. More and more unusual and interesting types of tourism are beginning to appear, capable of bringing a lot of new knowledge and impressions to travel participants.

It is believed that the term “tourism” was invented by the wonderful writer Mark Twain, combining the words “tour” (in French - “travel”) and “adventurism”. Today there are a huge number of different types of recreation.

The main goals of modern tourism are educational, recreational, and entertainment. People go on vacation to have a wonderful rest and improve their health in health resorts. They go to sporting events, honeymoons, and business trips. There is something for everyone in the countless travel industry destinations.

Excursion tourism

The name clearly indicates that recreation is directly related to educational goals. Today this is one of the most common types of tourism. Accompanied by experienced guides, you can walk through a number of interesting cultural sites, listen to fascinating lectures, becoming more erudite and savvy. The most popular tours among Russians are tours to Germany, the Czech Republic and Eastern European countries.

Recreational tourism

As a rule, this is a trip that allows you to combine business with pleasure - good rest and treatment in one bottle. This type of tourism is also very common in the world. In a number of countries it is an independent economic sector and exists along with other types of tourism. A striking example is holidays in the sanatoriums of the Crimea and the Caucasus, famous for their famous health resorts.

Guests are offered a range of procedures aimed at improving their health. These are massage rooms, gyms, therapeutic exercises, soy, mud and mineral baths. Swimming in all kinds of springs. All these procedures have an excellent healing effect on health and improve physical condition.

Business tourism

Business tourism is a kind of travel that is primarily related to the performance of duties in a particular field of activity. This could be visiting branches, partner companies, conducting business negotiations, presentations. There is an unwritten rule that the host organizes a cultural and entertainment program for guests. A unique opportunity to spend time on a business trip with additional benefit by touching the culture of another country or city.

Sports tourism

Tours to participate in all kinds of sports competitions. In this case, the services of travel agencies are used by team managers or ordinary fans. The most interesting and popular events are the Olympic Games, world and European football championships.

Target tourism

Targeted tourism is activities whose purpose is to attend various public events. For example, we can recall the world famous carnivals in Brazil.

Extreme tourism

Extreme tourism involves significant physical activity and even some dangers. I remember the movie “Now I will live in incredibly wild conditions.” In this case, there may be travel to the jungles of Thailand or Cambodia to undergo a survival school created by nature itself. These types of tourism are very popular now in Europe.

VIP tourism

VIP tourism includes visits to the most expensive resorts, such as Courchevel, Baden-Baden, GOA or the Kingdom of Monaco. Such tours, as a rule, include the most expensive services, for example, renting yachts and cars. High service, top-class food, and accommodation in luxury hotels are provided.

Water tourism

Water tourism - an excursion on a motor ship, yacht and other equally attractive vessels. This branch of tourism, of course, includes diving, water skiing, swimming in the open sea, swimming with various types of animals, and much more. In my opinion, one of the most romantic and enjoyable types of vacation.

Ski tourism

Ecological tourism

Ecotourism is a trip to ecologically clean places where almost no human has ever set foot. Study of flora and fauna, cultural attractions related to the preservation and improvement of the ecological environment. And just the joy of communicating with pristine nature!

Wedding tourism

Wedding tourism is the most beautiful, romantic type of tourism. Created, of course, for newlyweds who want to spend a stunning honeymoon in a warm, welcoming country, with an abundance of sea, sun, wonderful nature, and amazing cultural attractions!

Mountain tourism

Mountain tourism is one of the most famous types of tourism. Mountain tourism - walking routes, difficult overcoming passes, steep slopes, rocky areas, mountain rivers and glaciers. There are routes of varying complexity and preparation, where both experienced climbers and people without specialized training can participate. Mountains are, in essence, overcoming oneself, repeatedly strengthening one’s character, cultivating courage and spiritual strength.

Rural tourism

Rural tourism is becoming a very popular type of tourism in Europe and America. It is also called agricultural. With this type of vacation, the tourist goes to the countryside, lives in a wooden house, and, if desired, even takes part in agricultural work. Tobish plunges headlong into the magic of simple, unpretentious rural life.

This type of recreation attracts mainly Europeans due to its proximity to pure nature, familiarity with peasant life, and eating organic products. It’s wonderful to spend the summer with your family in the village, engage in active recreation, in the fresh air, visit a real village bathhouse, eat fresh vegetables straight from the garden and fresh milk. Life here flows slowly and measuredly, but every day in the lap of nature is especially unique and beautiful in its own way.

Marine tourism

It is carried out on regular passenger sea liners or specialized ones. As a rule, the route is chosen in such a way that the ship periodically calls at interesting ports of different cities, where exciting excursions and. The best conditions are usually provided on board ships.

Ski tourism

Ski tourism is one of the most common types of sports tourism. Involves passing routes and trails of varying degrees of difficulty. This route also includes ski slopes on specialized slopes. Of course, these types of tourism require appropriate high-quality equipment and significant physical training.

Ethnic tourism

It is more typical for older people who want to walk through places where they previously lived or were simply happy to visit again. It allows you to see not only local attractions, but also all kinds of memorable places, cemeteries, etc. These types of tourism are also called nostalgic.

Walking through the places of your childhood, remembering the deeds of bygone days, you can rethink a lot, learn about yourself and your ancestors in a new, hitherto unknown way. Such memories are the most beautiful and give a lot of warmth. You understand that your father’s house, which you once left, always remembered and missed you, and now, having waited for the moment, it welcomes you again, opening its arms. He also cordially invites you to come in, look at old photographs, and walk through the attic that was once so close and dear. You can clearly feel that time has no power over such feelings as love, joy, wonderful joyful moments in life. They are undeniably eternal.

Pilgrimage tourism

It is a type of religious tourism. Pilgrimage trips are made by believers of various faiths. These are travel to Holy places, visiting churches, monasteries, Holy places. A good example would be visiting the wonderful historical monasteries of Moscow and the Moscow region.

Adventure tourism

Directly related to conducting exciting trips to exotic and unusual places on our planet in all kinds of nature reserves and reservations. Such tours often use an unusual type of transport. The most popular types of such tourism are safari tours and yacht trips.

Children's tourism

It offers various children's recreation programs that are designed to develop children's horizons, improve their health and reveal all kinds of talents. Ultimately, such tours are aimed at developing the younger generation.

Various children's camps are widespread in the Russian Federation, offering all kinds of thematic programs for children. These camps can be subordinated to one program: tent camps, where they teach elements of tourism, archaeological camps, where children are engaged in excavations of sites of primitive people, sports camps, equestrian camps. Particularly notable among them are children's recreation centers abroad, offering a language program and immersion in a new culture.

Camps are usually located in the south, in warm countries. Such children's camps have a rich excursion and tourism program, allow you to spend a lot of time with peers, develop foreign languages, and make many good friends.

Traveling a lot around the world, a person gradually comes to understand that all roads, in fact, return to ourselves. It is a long journey through millions of kilometers, but it inevitably leads to its nature. You can travel all over the world, and only after going through a lot in life, you will feel that true happiness is always so close to us, closer than we always thought.

This type includes short-term or long-term rest for the purpose of physical or psychological recovery of the body. The duration of the tour does not matter. In addition, this group includes resort holidays, in which the natural properties of the territory are used for treatment or recuperation.

Tourism for the purpose of acquaintance with culture

Tourism focused on understanding another culture is divided into educational and pilgrimage. Educational tourism covers visits to historical, cultural or geographical attractions. Tourists, who come for educational purposes, are most often interested in the socio-economic condition, lifestyle, traditions, and folklore of the local population. The purpose of pilgrimage tourism is to visit places of religious significance.

Public trips include trips for the purpose of visiting relatives, acquaintances, friends (visiting friends and relatives - VFR), as well as club tourism. The peculiarity of this type of tourism is that the traveler consciously integrates into the group if there is a social, entertainment or sports program that is interesting to him.

If we take into account modern approaches to determining the subjects of activity in tourism, then this division should be supplemented by the department of nostalgic (family) tourism - a form of organizing trips for people connected by family relations. It is of particular importance for countries where part of the population lives or has lived abroad. Experts trace certain changes in this type of tourism. If previously our main focus was traveling to visit relatives or the place of birth, then over time, direct relatives are replaced by subsequent generations, family ties are lost, and most often the motive for travel becomes to get acquainted with the homeland of our ancestors. This changes the nature of demand, in particular, the demand for accommodation in hotels increases, rather than with relatives, and the requirements for the stay program are changing.

Sports tourism implies travel for the purpose of actively participating in sporting events or passively (as fans) or persons wishing to join a prestigious, outstanding event in sports

Economic (business) tourism - travel carried out for professional and commercial interests: visiting stock exchanges, fairs, exhibitions, conferences, conventions, etc. with the aim of performing professional or military service tasks. Traveling for business purposes is considered one of the most important components of modern tourist exchange. The development of business tourism is primarily associated with the internationalization of business. Di catching trips are extremely important for a travel agency from an economic point of view, since they do not depend on seasonal factors. Their number, on the contrary, decreases somewhat at the height of the tourist season. International business tourism includes trips of delegations or individuals to participate in international negotiations, parades, holidays, coronations, and inauguration ceremonies of heads of state. But employees of embassies and consulates, trade missions and other organizations working abroad are not considered tourists.

A type of business tourism are trips in specialized groups according to professions, the demand for which has been constantly growing in recent years. In nature, they are close to educational, but a special program for the identification of various objects and enterprises, as well as the homogeneous professional composition of the group, determine the advisability of identifying such trips as a separate type of tourism.

Political tourism is divided into diplomatic tourism, participation in congresses, as well as tourism associated with political events and activities, for example, a trip with the desire to attend or witness the flight of political figures or leaders of different powers.

Educational tourism - travel for the purpose of obtaining or improving knowledge, common ones - for learning a foreign language by the method of "immersion" and direct communication with native speakers

Exotic tourism is associated with the desire to see, know and feel something unusual that is not inherent in everyday life - climatic conditions, unusual flora and fauna, cuisine of different peoples, architecture, national customs, etc.

Ecotourism has become widespread in our time. Nowadays, events promoting environmental tours (for example, how to relax and spend time in nature without harming it) are increasingly being held. In international practice, there is such a thing as a “blue flag.” This sign is assigned to environmentally friendly areas. Naturally, tourists prefer to relax in places where nothing threatens their health.

In tourism activities, specialized tourism, timeshare and alternative tourism are also distinguished.

Specialized tourism is tourism that is carried out for the purpose of studying the specific features of a particular place, acquiring individual experience, fulfilling sports standards, active recreation, etc. In domestic practice, this is usually amateur and sports tourism; in international practice, the following types are distinguished: adventure ( “soft” and “hard”), ecotourism, ethnic (nostalgic) rural (green), farm tourism and imperial tourism etc.

Timeshare is a type of tourism that is carried out through long-term collective rental of a plot of land (with real estate) for recreation

Alternative tourism is a special type of tourism, the essence of which lies in the combination of classic and non-standard recreation. For example, a combination of educational and extreme types of tourism

Satisfying the needs of various types of vacationers and, accordingly, the demand for tourism services and tours in various forms and types of tourism requires managing the supply in the market of tourism services and the ground is based on mastery of management techniques for various parts of the tourism object.

Test questions and assignments

1. What is the importance of tourism classification in the professional activity of a manager?

2. By what criteria are forms of tourism distinguished?

4. By what criteria are types of tourism distinguished?

5. Which type of tourism do you consider the most difficult in the work of a tourism manager?

By purpose, tourism is divided into recreational or ordinary holidays and business tourism. Also, tourism can be both internal - within one's own country, and external - with travel abroad. The travel agency will offer you one of the following types of tourist holidays:

• Bus tours- inexpensive bus travel, mainly for excursions. In Russia and the CIS countries, bus tours to Europe are very popular, primarily because of their low cost.
• Ski tours- a trip for the purpose of skiing. In Russia, both vacations within your own country (for example, in Sochi in winter) and trips to foreign ski resorts are popular.
• Shopping tours- a trip to purchase things. To Greece for fur coats, to Italy and Spain for traditional sales. On a trip like this you can buy a lot of quality things for very little money.
• Weekend tours- weekend vacation, primarily within the country and even in your region. But there are also short weekend beach tours to the Black Sea, Turkey, Egypt or European resorts.
• Medical tours- recreational holidays in boarding houses and sanatoriums.
• Medical tourism- travel for the purpose of treatment of illnesses or, for example, childbirth. For example, in Thailand there is very cheap and high-quality dentistry, and in Israel there is treatment for oncological diseases.
• Excursion tours- trips on excursions. Memorable places and attractions.
• Educational tours- training (most often abroad). For example, trips to Cyprus to learn English are very popular.
• Event holiday- a trip to see an event (for example, a concert)
• Beach holiday- the most popular type of recreation in Russia. The resorts of the Black Sea, European countries on the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea in the off-season, and in winter the countries of Southeast Asia and India are popular.
• Rest as a Savage on the Black Sea or independent travel abroad- vacation without the participation of a third party, that is, tour operators and travel agencies. In recent years it has become increasingly popular.
• Cruise vacation. There are both river cruises on the Volga and other rivers, and ocean cruises.
• Sex tourism. Tourism for the purpose of obtaining physical pleasure. Turkey and Egypt are popular among women, while Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia are popular among men.
• Pilgrimage or religious tourism. Traveling to visit religious shrines or perform rituals. In Russia, trips to Jerusalem among Christians and to Mecca among Muslims are popular.

We looked at the types of recreation that travel agencies will offer you. However, there are other types of travel, including exotic ones: disability tourism - for people with disabilities, gastronomic - gastronomic tour to get acquainted with local cuisine, military - to places of military operations, extreme, etc.