Missing in action) - Russian geologist, Arctic explorer.
Biography
Born in the city of Reval (now Tallinn in Estonia). He graduated from school there. After the death of his father in 1872, the family moved to the city of Dorpat (now Tartu), where Eduard entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu) at the Faculty of Natural History. He studied mineralogy, geology, botany, zoology, and medicine.
The first expedition took place off the coast of North Africa. In Algeria and the Balearic Islands he studied fauna, flora, and geology. Returning to Dorpat, he defended his PhD thesis in zoology and was left at the university.
Toll's works attracted the attention of the famous polar scientist A. A. Bunge. He invited Toll on an expedition to the New Siberian Islands. In March - April 1885, having traveled about 400 kilometers along the Yana River, Toll arrived in Verkhoyansk. Having collected a lot of valuable materials, he returned to the village. Cossack in the Ust-Yansky ulus and through the Laptev Strait moved to the New Siberian Islands.
Finding himself in the north of Kotelny Island, 150-200 kilometers away, he saw (or thought he saw) an unknown land. Toll was sure that this was the legendary land of Sannikov. The expedition ended in December 1886.
Search for Toll
Memory
A bay in the Kara Sea was named in honor of E.V. Toll in 1893.
At the polar station of Kotelny Island there is a memorial plaque:
Eduard Vasilyevich Toll first entered the New Siberian Islands on May 2, 1886, and died during the work of the Russian polar expedition in 1902, along with his valiant companions F. G. Zeeberg, N. Dyakonov and V. Gorokhov.
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Summer 1928
Essays
- Toll, Edward V. Die russische Polarfahrt der Sarja 1900/02. Aus den hinterlassenen Tagebuchern / Hrsg. v. Emmy von Toll. Berlin, 1909. 635 pp. 1 portr., 4 plts & 47 text-ills.
- Toll E.V. Sailing on the yacht “Zarya” / Per. with him. M.: Geographgiz, 1959. 340 p.
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Literature
- Wrangel F. F. Russian polar expedition // Notes on hydrography. - 1900. - Issue. XXII. - P. 111.
- Katin-Yartsev V. N. To the Far North. In the Russian polar expedition of Baron E.V. Toll // World of God. - 1904. - No. 2 Part 2. - P. 93.
- Kolomeytsev N. N. Russian polar expedition under the command of Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - T. XXXVIII, issue. 3.
- Mathisen F. A. A brief overview of the voyage of the yacht of the Russian polar expedition “Zarya” during the navigation of 1901 // News of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - 1902. - T. 16, No. 5.
- Kolchak A.V. The last expedition to Bennett Island, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences to search for Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - St. Petersburg. : Type. M. Stasyulevich, 1906. - T. 42, issue. 2.
- Wittenburg P.V. Life and scientific activity of E. V. Toll. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960.
- Burlak V. N. Through the “smoke of the Milky Way” // Burlak V. N. Walking to the cold seas. - M.: AiF Print, 2004. - ISBN 5-94736-053-5.
- Nepomnyashchy N. N., Nizovsky A. Yu. Mysteries of missing expeditions. - M.: Veche, 2003. - 384 p.: ill. - Series “Great Mysteries”. - ISBN 5-7838-1308-7
- Russian sailors/ Ed. V. S. Lupach. - M.: Voenizdat, 1953. - 672 p.
- Tsiporukha M. I. Pioneers. Russian names on the map of Eurasia. - M.: Enas-Kniga, 2012. - 352 p. - Series “What the textbooks are silent about.” - ISBN 978-5-91921-130-3
Notes
Links
- Toll Eduard Vasilievich- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- in the Baltisches Biographisches Lexikon digital dictionary (German)
An excerpt characterizing Toll, Eduard Vasilievich
– Andre, don’t! - said Princess Marya.But he frowned angrily and at the same time painfully at her and leaned over the child with a glass. “Well, I want it,” he said. - Well, I beg you, give it to him.
Princess Marya shrugged her shoulders, but obediently took the glass and, calling the nanny, began to give the medicine. The child screamed and wheezed. Prince Andrei, wincing, holding his head, left the room and sat down on the sofa next door.
The letters were all in his hand. He mechanically opened them and began to read. The old prince, on blue paper, in his large, oblong handwriting, using titles here and there, wrote the following:
“I received very happy news at this moment through a courier, if not a lie. Bennigsen allegedly won complete victory near Eylau over Buonaparte. In St. Petersburg everyone is rejoicing; there is no end to the number of awards sent to the army. Although he is German, congratulations. The Korchevsky commander, a certain Khandrikov, I don’t understand what he’s doing: additional people and provisions have not yet been delivered. Now jump there and tell him that I will take his head off so that everything will be done in a week. I also received a letter from Petinka about the Battle of Preussisch Eylau, he took part - it’s all true. When people do not interfere with someone who should not be interfered with, then the German beat Buonaparti. They say he is running very upset. Look, jump to Korcheva immediately and do it!”
Prince Andrei sighed and opened another envelope. It was a finely written letter from Bilibin on two pieces of paper. He folded it without reading and again read his father’s letter, which ended with the words: “Ride to Korcheva and carry it out!” “No, excuse me, now I won’t go until the child recovers,” he thought and, going up to the door, looked into the nursery. Princess Marya still stood by the crib and quietly rocked the child.
“Yes, what else does he write that is unpleasant? Prince Andrei recalled the contents of his father’s letter. Yes. Ours won a victory over Bonaparte precisely when I was not serving... Yes, yes, everyone is making fun of me... well, that’s good for you...” and he began to read Bilibin’s French letter. He read without understanding half of it, he read only in order to at least for a minute stop thinking about what he had been thinking about exclusively and painfully for too long.
Bilibin was now in the capacity of a diplomatic official at the main headquarters of the army and, although in French, with French jokes and figures of speech, he described the entire campaign with exclusively Russian fearlessness in the face of self-condemnation and self-mockery. Bilibin wrote that his diplomatic discretion [modesty] tormented him, and that he was happy to have a faithful correspondent in Prince Andrei, to whom he could pour out all the bile that had accumulated in him at the sight of what was happening in the army. This letter was old, even before the Battle of Eylau.
"Depuis nos grands succes d"Austerlitz vous savez, mon cher Prince, wrote Bilibin, que je ne quitte plus les quartiers generaux. Decidement j"ai pris le gout de la guerre, et bien m"en a pris. Ce que j" ai vu ces trois mois, est incroyable.
“Je commence ab ovo. L'ennemi du genre humain, comme vous savez, s'attaque aux Prussiens. Les Prussiens sont nos fideles allies, qui ne nous ont trompes que trois fois depuis trois ans. Nous prenons fait et cause pour eux. Mais il se trouve que l "ennemi du genre humain ne fait nulle attention a nos beaux discours, et avec sa maniere impolie et sauvage se jette sur les Prussiens sans leur donner le temps de finir la parade commencee, en deux tours de main les rosse a plate couture et va s"installer au palais de Potsdam.
“J"ai le plus vif desir, ecrit le Roi de Prusse a Bonaparte, que V. M. soit accueillie et traitee dans mon palais d"une maniere, qui lui soit agreable et c"est avec empres sement, que j"ai pris a cet effet toutes les mesures que les circonstances me permettaient. Puisse je avoir reussi! Les generaux Prussiens se piquent de politesse envers les Francais et mettent bas les armes aux premieres sommations.
“Le chef de la garienison de Glogau avec dix mille hommes, demande au Roi de Prusse, ce qu"il doit faire s"il est somme de se rendre?... Tout cela est positif.
“Bref, esperant en imposer seulement par notre attitude militaire, il se trouve que nous voila en guerre pour tout de bon, et ce qui plus est, en guerre sur nos frontieres avec et pour le Roi de Prusse. Tout est au grand complet, il ne nous manque qu"une petite chose, c"est le general en chef. Comme il s"est trouve que les succes d"Austerlitz aurant pu etre plus decisifs si le general en chef eut ete moins jeune, on fait la revue des octogenaires et entre Prosorofsky et Kamensky, on donne la preference au derienier. Le general nous arrive en kibik a la maniere Souvoroff, et est accueilli avec des acclamations de joie et de triomphe.
“Le 4 arrive le premier courier de Petersbourg. On apporte les malles dans le cabinet du Mariechal, qui aime a faire tout par lui meme. On m"appelle pour aider a faire le triage des lettres et prendre celles qui nous sont destinees. Le Marieechal nous regarde faire et attend les paquets qui lui sont adresses. Nous cherchons - il n"y en a point. Le Marieechal deviant impatient, se met lui meme a la besogne et trouve des lettres de l"Empereur pour le comte T., pour le prince V. et autres. Alors le voila qui se met dans une de ses coleres bleues. Il jette feu et flamme contre tout le monde, s"empare des lettres, les decachete et lit cells de l"Empereur adressees a d"autres. Oh, that's what they do to me! I have no trust! Oh, they told me to keep an eye on me, that’s good; get out! Et il ecrit le fameux ordre du jour au general Benigsen
“I’m wounded, I can’t ride a horse, and therefore I can’t command an army. You brought your corps to Pultusk, broken up: here it is open, and without firewood, and without fodder, therefore it is necessary to help, and since yesterday we ourselves treated Count Buxhoeveden, we must think about a retreat to our border, which we must do today .
“From all my trips, ecrit il a l "Empereur, I received an abrasion from the saddle, which, in addition to my previous transportation, completely prevents me from riding and commanding such a vast army, and therefore I transferred the command of it to my senior general, Count Buxhoeveden, sending it to to him all duty and everything belonging to it, advising them, if there was no bread, to retreat closer to the interior of Prussia, because there was only enough bread left for one day, and other regiments had nothing, as the division commanders Osterman and Sedmoretsky announced, and All the peasants have been eaten; I myself, until I recover, remain in the hospital in Ostroleka. About the number of which I most dutifully present information, reporting that if the army stays in the current bivouac for another fifteen days, then in the spring there will not be a single healthy one left.
“Dismiss the old man to the village, who remains so disgraced that he could not fulfill the great and glorious lot to which he was chosen. I will await your most merciful permission here at the hospital, so as not to play the role of a clerk and not a commander in the army. Excommunicating me from the army will not make the slightest disclosure that the blind man has left the army. There are thousands of people like me in Russia.”
“Le Marieechal se fache contre l"Empereur et nous punit tous; n"est ce pas que with"est logique!
“Voila le premier acte. Aux suivants l"interet et le ridicule montent comme de raison. Apres le depart du Marieechal il se trouve que nous sommes en vue de l"ennemi, et qu"il faut livrer bataille. Boukshevden est general en chef par droit d"anciennete, mais le general Benigsen n"est pas de cet avis; d"autant plus qu"il est lui, avec son corps en vue de l"ennemi, et qu"il veut profiter de l"occasion d"une bataille „aus eigener Hand “ comme disent les Allemands. Il la donne. C"est la bataille de Poultousk qui est sensee etre une grande victoire, mais qui a mon avis ne l"est pas du tout. Nous autres pekins avons, comme vous savez, une tres vilaine habitude de decider du gain ou de la perte d"une bataille. Celui qui s"est retire apres la bataille, l"a perdu, voila ce que nous disons, et a ce titre nous avons perdu la bataille de Poultousk. Bref, nous nous retirons apres la bataille, mais nous envoyons un courrier a Petersbourg, qui porte les nouvelles d"une victoire, et le general ne cede pas le commandement en chef a Boukshevden, esperant recevoir de Petersbourg en reconnaissance de sa victoire le titre de general en chef. Pendant cet interregne, nous commencons un plan de man?uvres excessivement interessant et original. Notre but ne consiste pas, comme il devrait l"etre, a eviter ou a attaquer l"ennemi; mais uniquement a eviter le general Boukshevden, qui par droit d"ancnnete serait notre chef. Nous poursuivons ce but avec tant d"energie, que meme en passant une riviere qui n"est ras gueable, nous brulons les ponts pour nous separer de notre ennemi, qui pour le moment, n"est pas Bonaparte, mais Boukshevden. Le general Boukshevden a manque etre attaque et pris par des forces ennemies superieures a cause d"une de nos belles man?uvres qui nous sauvait de lui. Boukshevden nous poursuit – nous filons. A peine passe t il de notre cote de la riviere, que nous repassons de l "autre. A la fin notre ennemi Boukshevden nous attrappe et s" attaque a nous. Les deux generaux se fachent. Il y a meme une provocation en duel de la part de Boukshevden et une attaque d "epilepsie de la part de Benigsen. Mais au moment critique le courrier, qui porte la nouvelle de notre victoire de Poultousk, nous apporte de Petersbourg notre nomination de general en chef, et le premier ennemi Boukshevden est enfonce: nous pouvons penser au second, a Bonaparte. Mais ne voila t il pas qu"a ce moment se leve devant nous un troisieme ennemi, c"est le Orthodox qui demande a grands cris du pain , de la viande, des souchary, du foin, – que sais je! Les magasins sont vides, les chemins impraticables. Le Orthodox se met a la Marieaude, et d"une maniere dont la derieniere campagne ne peut vous donner la moindre idee. La moitie des regiments forme des troupes libres, qui parcourent la contree en mettant tout a feu et a sang. Les habitants sont ruines de fond en comble, les hopitaux regorgent de malades, et la disette est partout. Deux fois le quartier general a ete attaque par des troupes de Marieaudeurs et le general en chef a ete oblige lui meme de demander un bataillon pour les chasser. Dans une de ces attaques on m"a importe ma malle vide et ma robe de chambre. L"Empereur veut donner le droit a tous les chefs de divisions de fusiller les Marieaudeurs, mais je crins fort que cela n"oblige une moitie de l"armee de fusiller l"autre.
EDUARD VASILIEVICH TOLL
The name of this man is closely associated with the study of the famous Sannikov Land. Eduard Vasilyevich Toll, a geologist at the Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences and a member of the Russian Geographical Society, devoted his entire life to the study of polar regions unknown in the 19th century.
He was born on March 14, 1858 in Reval into an impoverished noble family. In 1872, after the death of his father, his mother moved to the city of Yuryev (Tartu), where Toll entered the natural history department of the university. Here Toll studied mineralogy, medicine, zoology and biology.
Toll completed his internship on a scientific voyage across the Mediterranean Sea under the guidance of his former zoology teacher, Professor M. Brown. Together with him, Toll visited Algeria and the Balearic Islands. The research itself was carried out on the island of Menorca. After returning from the trip, Toll defended his Ph.D. thesis and was retained at Yuryev University as a laboratory assistant at the Zoological Institute.
One of the problems that interested Toll was the study of the fauna of Silurian deposits on the Baltic Sea coast. Toll's work on this issue attracted the attention of the famous explorer of Siberia, director of the Geological Museum of the Academy of Sciences, academician R.B. Schmidt.
He praised them, which in turn prompted Toll to undertake more serious scientific research.
Among other researchers, Schmidt submitted to the Academy of Sciences a project for organizing a two-year polar expedition to explore the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, etc., especially large islands lying at a short distance from this coast and called New Siberia.
The scientists' project was accepted, and funds were allocated for the expedition. In the spring of 1884, Toll received an offer from the Academy of Sciences to take part in this expedition under the leadership of A.A. Bunge. To prepare for the expedition, in August he was appointed to the position of scientific curator of the Geological Museum.
In December 1884, Toll left St. Petersburg for Irkutsk, and from there, together with Bunge, to Yakutsk. Their further journey passed through the Tukuhansky Pass of the Verkhoyansk Range. On April 30, Bunge and Toll arrived at the starting point of the journey - Verkhoyansk.
Toll was given the task of exploring the geological structure of the banks of the upper reaches of the Yana River, Triassic deposits and the slopes of the Verkhoyansk Range.
In 38 days of difficult travel, Toll covered more than 1,500 km. Along the entire route, he collected a large collection of geological materials and Triassic fauna.
The consistent development of sediments of the Triassic Sea in the future, established by Toll, served as the basis for broader paleographic concepts of Academician V.O. Obruchev.
On June 30, 1885, Toll joined Bunge and together with him went down by boat to the village of Kazachye, where the expedition spent its first winter.
The further route of the expedition led to the New Siberian Islands. On April 21, 1886, Bunge's expedition arrived in Agertaise. Having carried out the preparatory work, Toll set off on two sledges from Adgertaizakh to Chai-Povarna, where for many years there was a resting place for travelers going from the mainland to Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island and back.
Along the ice of the Dmitry Laptev Strait, Toll and his companions arrived in Maloye Zimovye on Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island. Here Toll made his first big discovery.
Having become acquainted with the ice outcrops, he realized that the ice cover of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island is the oldest powerful glaciation. “I cannot explain the origin of such powerful ice masses otherwise than by the idea of the snow cover that was there, like the modern continental ice of Greenland, although on a much smaller scale.”
From Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, Toll went to Kotelny Island, and from there to Fadtseevsky Island, which was a kind of sandy area, which even on old maps was designated as “sand”. Toll called this area "Bunge's land" in honor of its first explorer.
In mid-May, he crossed the Annunciation Strait on a sled to the island of New Siberia to get acquainted with the section of the Wooden Mountains and the profile of Cape Vysoky. With the end of research on this island, the study of New Siberia ended. His further path lay to the legendary Sannikov Land.
He believed that if all assumptions about the existence of land north of the New Siberian Islands come true, then this could turn out to be a significant archipelago. And if you conduct research on this archipelago, it will be useful not only for understanding the geology of northern Asia, but also for understanding the history of the Earth.
After Toll saw the contours of Sannikov Land from Kotelny Island, it forever became his guiding star in all research works.
In mid-August, Toll returned to his base in Urassali. A month and a half was spent exploring the shores along which Toll traveled by boat or sledge.
In November, he crossed the Sannikov Strait to Maly Lyakhovsky Island, and from there to the mainland.
At the end of January 1887, Toll arrived in St. Petersburg. Soon after the return of all participants in the trip, a report from the leaders of the expedition took place at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences. And here Toll could not bypass the question of Sannikov Land. “Are we really going to give up the last of the fields of action for opening our north again to other peoples? - he said. - After all, one of the lands Sannikov saw has already been discovered by the Americans... We, Russians, taking advantage of the experience of our ancestors, are already better than all other nations by geographical position in being able to organize expeditions to discover the archipelago lying to the north of our New Siberian Islands, and carry them out in such a way that the results were both happy and fruitful.”
After the end of the expedition, Toll was appointed supernumerary curator of the Mineralogical Museum of the Academy of Sciences and began processing the materials collected during the expedition.
To compare paleontological data, Toll was sent abroad in November 1887 for a period of 9 months.
Upon returning from a business trip, Toll was appointed full-time curator of the Mineralogical Museum, and a year later he was enlisted as a geologist of the Geological Committee with instructions to carry out a geological survey of the St. Petersburg province and Courland.
In 1889, his first part, “Scientific results of the expedition of 1885–1886,” was published. However, at the end of February 1890, he fell ill with a severe nervous disorder and left for treatment at a resort in Vienna.
By this time, he met the famous Norwegian polar explorer F. Nansen, who at that time was considering a plan to drift through the North Pole. Toll advised Nansen to move north of the New Siberian Islands, taking advantage of the Lena Current.
After Toll returned from Vienna, the Academy of Sciences again invited him to lead the expedition to Eastern Siberia. Toll agreed to this.
The main goal of the expedition was to find the remains of a mammoth in the tundra east of the mouth of the Yana River and deliver it to the Academy of Sciences. However, upon the expedition’s arrival at the site, it turned out that almost nothing had survived from the mammoth. And Toll decided to take a new trip to the New Siberian Islands. At the same time, he fulfilled Nansen’s request and purchased a batch of Eastern European dogs for his expedition. Subsequently, the famous polar explorer spoke with great warmth about the help Toll provided him. It should be noted that, in providing assistance to Nansen, Toll went beyond the narrow boundaries of his official instructions and thereby gave his campaign to the New Siberian Islands an international character.
In July, Toll made a huge journey of 1200 km on reindeer and a light shuttle made from a whole trunk (“branch”) - from the Holy Nose to the Lena. He overcame the most swampy places and became convinced that it was possible to pass through the tundra at any time of the year.
At the beginning of August 1893, the expedition began to descend down the Lena and through the delta of this great Siberian river passed along the Olenek channel to the mouth of the Olenek.
At the end of the month, the expedition's caravan, consisting of fifty pack and riding reindeer, set off to the west. The reindeer covered 70–80 km of travel per day, and without even changing them, Toll rode 700 km on horseback from the Buolkalakh River to the Dorokha tract.
In October, Toll returned to Buolkalah again.
On November 26, the expedition reached the village of Dudinki on the Yenisei, on December 4 - Turukhansk, and on December 16 - Yeniseisk. On January 8, 1894, its participants arrived in St. Petersburg.
During the second Arctic expedition, which lasted a whole year, its participants covered the distance from the headwaters of the Yana River to the northern shore of Kotelny Island and the distance between the New Siberian Islands and Khatanga Bay.
Toll was the first to describe the plateau between the Anabar and Popichay rivers, and also made a description of the Pronchishchev Ridge, which stretches along the coast of the Laptev Sea, between the mouth of Olenek and Anabar Bay. Toll himself proposed to give a name to this ridge, and he also proposed to name another ridge located between the lower reaches of the Lena and Olenek after A.L. Chekanovsky, who first described it in 1875.
During the expedition, rich zoological, botanical and ethnographic collections were collected. Materials on paleontology for the first time made it possible to study in detail the history of the Anabar and Khatanga region.
For exemplary performance of tasks, the Russian Geographical Society awarded Toll a large silver medal named after N.M. Przhevalsky, and the Academy of Sciences - a large cash prize. For his services in helping Nansen's expedition, Toll was awarded the Norwegian Order.
Subsequently, the Russian Geographical Society sent Toll to Norway to greet the Norwegian traveler on behalf of Russia. In response, Nansen once again thanked Toll for his assistance in his expedition and proposed a toast to the valiant Russian people, who had made a huge contribution to the exploration of the Arctic.
Soon after the end of his second Arctic expedition, Toll left his service at the Academy of Sciences and moved to Yuryev. Here he began processing expedition materials and at the same time began writing an essay on the geology of the New Siberian Islands.
After Toll returned from the second Arctic expedition, he met S.O. Makarov. Makarov himself believed that the ice of the Arctic Ocean was a completely surmountable obstacle if the expedition had at its disposal an icebreaker capable of breaking through the ice to the Pole.
And when the icebreaker Ermak was built, Makarov secured Toll’s secondment to participate in the expedition as a geologist. Toll was entrusted with the responsibility of purchasing instruments for geographical and hydrobiological research in Sweden and Norway. He coped with this task brilliantly.
On May 20, 1899, "Ermak" left Kronstadt and headed northeast to the shores of Norway. The icebreaker anchored in Lokvik Bay near Troms, where the Ermak was already waiting for Toll.
On June 16, the icebreaker headed to the edge of the ice north of Spitsbergen. At the same time, hydrobiological work was in full swing on the icebreaker. Toll, together with the ship's doctor, sorted out the organisms brought by the trawl and placed them in formaldehyde and alcohol. When approaching ice jams, Toll began to study ornithology, hunted seagulls and collected stone material from the ice for his collection.
The expedition was in full swing when Toll unexpectedly received a telegram from St. Petersburg, informing him that the Academy of Sciences was calling him to organize an independent expedition to Sannikov Land.
Toll received a telegram from the Academy of Sciences in Newcastle, where, on Makarov’s orders, he went to purchase the necessary materials to strengthen the icebreaker. He notified Makarov about this and asked to be relieved of his position as expedition geologist. Makarov gave his consent, and Toll left for St. Petersburg.
Toll's expedition was necessary primarily for strategic reasons: it was necessary to transfer a squadron of the Baltic Fleet to the Far East to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The shortest route lay along the northern coast of Asia. In addition, American industrial and trading companies have already tried to use the natural resources of the Anadyr region. The Americans were already developing plans for an expedition along the coast of Siberia to the mouth of the Indigirka River, where they were attracted by fishing for sea animals, mammoth ivory and valuable Russian mineral resources. Canadian industrialists also began to develop plans for an expedition to Sannikov Land. Through the Siberian sector of the Arctic, German scientific expeditions, backed by large German trade and financial circles, also rushed to the North Pole.
Toll's prediction, which he once expressed at a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, was coming true - if the Russians do not develop these lands, others will come there.
All this forced the Russian government to allocate significant funds for the expedition (about 150 thousand rubles in gold).
Toll himself thought for a long time about the plan of the expedition and realized that he would have to spend not one, but two winterings in the high latitudes of the Arctic. The first wintering was to be spent off the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, north of the Khatanga Bay, and the second - on the islands located north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. The choice of place for the first wintering was explained by the fact that the eastern part of the Taimyr Peninsula was completely unexplored, and research should have provided the necessary information.
The spring waters of the Khatanga, Anabara, Olenek and Lena rivers contributed to an earlier ice-free sea between the eastern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands. Toll did not rule out the possibility of staying in the Arctic for the third year if the second wintering expanded the research area and increased the productivity of the expedition. After wintering north of the New Siberian Islands, Toll hoped to reach Vladivostok through the Bering Strait and the northern part of the Pacific Ocean, where he intended to complete the expedition.
Toll's plan was adopted by the commission of the Academy of Sciences and approved by its president. In July 1899, Toll was sent to Norway in order to find a suitable vessel for the upcoming expedition. On Nansen’s recommendation, Toll’s choice was the whaling barque Harald Harfather. At the suggestion of the President of the Academy of Sciences, after the purchase, the bark was renamed the yacht “Zarya”.
On March 24, 1900, Toll gave a lecture at the Kronstadt Naval Assembly about his past and planned expeditions, and spoke about the tasks assigned to its participants.
After the end of the lecture, Makarov ascended to the department, who called Toll the successor of the great Russian sailors of the past, who were guided by the motto: “Strength is not in strength - strength is in love,” since only selfless love for science gives the researcher the strength to endure all the difficulties and hardships along the way. “Going in search of the unknown Land of Sannikov,” Makarov concluded his speech, “let the brave researcher E.V. Toll knows that the sailors fully sympathize with him, deeply appreciate his work and sincerely wish him complete success and well-being in the upcoming expedition.”
At the end of May 1900, Zarya arrived from Bergen to St. Petersburg. Relying on the broad support of the Russian scientific community, Toll energetically prepared the expedition. He received a lot of valuable advice from Norway from Nansen.
The expedition included not only sailors, but also scientists: zoologist A.A. Belynitsky-Birulya, physicist F.G. Seeberg, appointed astronomer and magnetologist on the expedition, Doctor of Medicine G.E. Walter, appointed bacteriologist and second zoologist.
On June 21, 1900, Zarya left St. Petersburg and by the beginning of August was already in the Kara Sea. In the area of the Minin Skerries and the Mikhailov Peninsula, the ship landed on underwater rocks three times, but thanks to the energy of the crew, it was safely removed from the reefs. Toll led his ship to the Taimyr Peninsula and approached it on September 20.
Here the Zarya found itself surrounded on all sides by floating ice and was forced to stay for its first winter. Thus, Toll’s hopes that the expedition in 1900 would have time to circumnavigate the Taimyr Peninsula were not realized.
During the winter, special instruments were installed for meteorological and hydrological observations, studying the aurora, and the development and movement of sea ice on a small granite island located one mile from the Zari site and called Observation Island.
At the same time, it was decided to organize several expeditions along the seashores and deep into the Taimyr Peninsula. Due to the fact that Toll himself needed to remain on the Zarya, these expeditions were led by his assistant, fleet lieutenant N.N. Kolomiytsev.
One of Toll’s main tasks during his first winter was the zoning of the Taimyr Peninsula. The lands of the tundra and Cape Taimyr began to bear the names of people who once explored the peninsula: Minin, Midzendorf, Khariton Laptev, Pronchishchev, Chelyuskin. Most of these names have forever entered geographical science.
Despite the fact that at first Toll had no intention of leaving Zarya, he still could not resist exploring this land himself.
On October 23, 1900, he set out for Gafnerfjord, where he arrived four days later. A kind of depot was set up here for storing food for four people for one month. The depot was made in case of further trips into the interior of the territory.
In April-May 1901, a new excursion to the Gafnerfjord was organized in order to study the mouth of the Taimyr River, which Lieutenant Kolo-tsev, sent here, could not find due to the discrepancy between the available maps and its actual location. However, this time it was not possible to find the mouth of the Taimyr.
Toll continued further searches in July, and only then were they crowned with success - the mouth of the Taimyr was found.
The day after Toll returned from the expedition, a strong force six wind set in motion the entire mass of ice surrounding the Zarya, and it, along with the ice, began to move after an 11-month winter.
On September 1, Toll, along with other members of the expedition, landed near Cape Chelyuskin to explore the extreme northern tip of Asia. From Cape Chelyuskin the expedition set off in search of Sannikov Land. At the same time, Toll did not abandon the thought of a place for a secondary wintering, since the frequent ice made the Zarya’s navigation more and more difficult.
The question increasingly arose before him: should he leave or wait for the right moment to land on shore? Finally, Toll decided to go to Sannikov Land, and if wintering there turned out to be inconvenient, to go down south to Nerpicha Bay, to Kotelny Island. However, a day later the situation changed and “Zarya” found itself surrounded on all sides by ice. Open water remained only in the southwest, and Toll made the final decision to go to Kotelny Island.
On Kotelny Island, Toll began preparing for expeditions to Sannikov Land and Bennett Island. He was especially concerned about the fact that the coal reserves were quickly being used up, and this could negatively affect the entire course of the expedition.
When preparing an expedition to Sannikov Land, a group led by naval lieutenant F.A. was first sent to Bennett Island. Mathisen. If they found Sannikov Land, Toll intended to personally go to Bennett Island.
Mathisen visited the northern shores of the Kotelny and Faddeevsky islands and reported to Toll that no traces of Sannikov Land were found on the horizon. This forced Toll to personally take charge of the further expedition to the uncharted land and for this he himself went to Bennett Island.
On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, along with the astronomer Seebert and two mushers, left the Zarya and set off, paving the way through heavily destroyed ice, into the unknown.
In his last instructions to Lieutenant Mathisen, Toll ordered “the remainder of the coal of 15 tons to be used to divert the Zarya to Tiksi Bay to the mouth of the Lena.” However, months passed, and the Zarya crew did not receive any news from Toll.
The situation was complicated by the fact that the ship itself was again surrounded by ice and could not approach Bennett Island, and none of Mathisen’s efforts brought results.
Finally, Mathisen decided to open the package that Toll had given him before leaving for the expedition. In it, Toll entrusted him with all further leadership of the personnel and scientists in the event that he himself could not be removed from Bennett Island. On September 12, “Zarya” arrived at Tiksi Bay, where it made its eternal mooring. Three days later, the steamship Lena arrived, onto which all the material collected over the two years of the expedition was loaded.
The expedition members who returned to St. Petersburg spoke at a meeting of a special commission about the sad fate of Toll and his companions. Alarmed members of the Academy of Sciences began to study possible ways to save the expedition.
Makarov also offered his rescue services, convincing the Academy members that he was able to cross the Arctic ice on the icebreaker Ermak. However, the commission stated that the icebreaker was not suitable for such a task.
Many members of the expedition, led by Mathisen, proposed returning to the Zarya anchorage and using a simple whaleboat to get to Bennett Island.
On April 28, 1903, members of the rescue expedition arrived in Tiksi Bay and, after waiting for the ice to move away from the shores, on August 15 they set out to the open sea.
On August 17, the expedition landed at Cape Preobrazheniya and immediately discovered traces of Toll’s expedition. There were also bottles in which Toll and Seeberg’s notes about what they saw on the island were kept. However, they did not say anything about the disasters that befell the expedition members.
Using these notes, the members of the rescue expedition reached Toll's main base. Here, among a pile of ice and stones, a box was discovered containing Toll’s original report on the progress of the expedition. The only thing from which one could draw a conclusion about their further route was an indication that Toll and his companions were planning to go south. This report was dated 26.X - 8.XI.
The rescue expedition members were shocked by this information. What could have prompted Toll to do this? Apparently hunger. The birds flew away, the deer went onto the ice, and the bears could not be seen. All that remained was either to die of hunger and scurvy during the winter, or to decide on a 150-kilometer journey across the ice in the polar night at thirty degrees below zero to the New Siberian Islands.
On August 25, the members of the rescue expedition left Bennett Island, taking with them everything that remained from Toll's expedition.
Those who knew Toll could not believe that such an experienced and energetic researcher could not find a way out of the situation. It was assumed that he could have landed on the mainland east of the Yana River or on the eastern shore of the Taimyr Peninsula. Even Nansen believed that Toll and his companions were carried by drifting ice to Franz Josef Land. However, these versions were not shared by the commission of the Academy of Sciences. But having learned about the equipment of Toll’s party and the conditions in which it was on Bennett Island, Nansen himself abandoned his assumption.
On November 24, 1904, a commission of the Academy of Sciences, at a meeting in which some of the expedition members took part, after studying all the circumstances of the incident, decided “that all party members should be considered dead.”
A bay on the northwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula is named after Toll, and the Tollievaya River is located on the same peninsula. On Kotelny Island, the strait and the middle plateau bear his name. The central dome of Bennett Island is called Toll's Mountain.
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Toll Eduard Vasilievich
Russian polar explorer. Member of A. A. Bunge's expedition to the New Siberian Islands in 1885-1886. The leader of the expedition to the northern regions of Yakutia, explored the area between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers (1893), led the expedition on the schooner "Zarya" (1900-1902). He went missing in 1902 in the area of Bennett Island.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian industrialist and traveler Yakov Sannikov saw a large land to the southwest of Kotelny Island - one of the New Siberian Islands. However, he himself did not reach it - Sannikov’s path was blocked by huge ice holes that remained open for almost the entire year. A native of Tallinn, geologist Eduard Vasilyevich Toll set himself the goal of finding this land...
Toll graduated from one of the oldest Russian universities - Yuryevsky (Tartu). He made his first trip to the Mediterranean Sea: he accompanied his former zoology teacher, Professor M. Brown, on a scientific expedition. During this trip, Toll studied the fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and became acquainted with the geological structure of some islands.
In 1885-1886, Toll was an assistant to Alexander Alexandrovich Bunge in an academic expedition organized by the Russian Academy of Sciences for "studies of the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, etc., especially large islands lying not too far from this coast and called New Siberia". Eduard Vasilyevich conducted a wide variety of research - geological, meteorological, botanical, geographical.
In the spring of 1886, Toll, at the head of a separate detachment, explored the islands of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky, Bunge Land, Faddeevsky (the spit in the north-west of Faddeevsky Island Toll called the Anzhu Arrow) and the western coast of New Siberia. In the summer, Toll traveled around the entire Kotelny Island on a sledge for a month and a half, and in completely clear weather on August 13, he saw him and his companion in the north "the contours of four mountains that connected to the low land in the east". He decided that this was Sannikov Land.
Toll suggested that this land was composed of basalts, just like some other islands of the New Siberian archipelago, for example Bennett Island. It was, in his opinion, 150-200 kilometers to the north from the already explored islands.
Seven years later, Toll's second expedition took place. This time he was its leader. The main goal was to excavate a mammoth discovered on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. Eduard Vasilyevich himself believed that the expedition could bring more diverse and important results than just mammoth excavations, and he turned out to be right in achieving broader powers. Excavations of the remains of a mammoth turned out to be not so interesting: only small fragments of the skin of the fossil animal, covered with hair, parts of the legs and the lower jaw were discovered. Other results of the expedition, which lasted a year and two days, were much more important.
In the spring of 1893, Toll, continuing Chersky’s geological research in Northern Siberia, visited the Kotelny Islands and again saw Sannikov Land. Returning to the mainland, Toll, together with the military sailor-hydrographer Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shileiko, rode reindeer through the Kharaulakh ridge to the Lena in June and explored its delta. Having crossed the Chekanovsky Ridge, they walked west along the coast from Olenyok to Anabar, and traced and mapped the low (up to 315 meters) Pronchishchev Ridge (180 kilometers long), rising above the North Siberian Lowland. They also completed the first survey of the lower Anabar (more than 400 kilometers) and clarified the position of the Anabar Bay - on previous maps it was shown 100 kilometers east of its true position. Then the travelers split up - Shileiko headed west to Khatanga Bay, and Toll - to Lena to send collections. Returning to Anabar again, he walked to the village of Khatanga and between the Anabar and Khatanga rivers for the first time explored the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau (Khara-Tas ridge), and in the area between the Anabar and Popigaya rivers - the short Syuryakh-Dzhangy ridge. The expedition collected extensive botanical, zoological, and ethnographic collections.
The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the results of Toll's journey, awarding him a large silver medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky. The Academy of Sciences awarded Eduard Vasilyevich a cash prize. The name of the researcher became known; he participates in the work of the International Geological Congress in Zurich, the Russian Geographical Society sends him to Norway to greet the famous traveler and navigator Fridtjof Nansen on behalf of the Society at the celebrations organized in his honor.
In Norway, Toll studied ice sheet glaciers characteristic of Scandinavia. Returning to Russia, the scientist left his service at the Academy of Sciences and moved to Yuryev, where he began to write a large scientific essay on the geology of the New Siberian Islands and a work on the most important tasks in the study of the polar countries.
During these same years, the scientist conducted various studies in the Baltic states. Later he sailed on the first Russian icebreaker "Ermak". And all this time Toll dreamed of an expedition to Sannikov Land.
In 1900, Toll was appointed head of an academic expedition organized on his initiative to discover Sannikov Land on the whaling yacht Zarya. Enthusiastic researchers set off on their journey. On June 21, the small ship departed from Vasilyevsky Island.
Toll was sure that Sannikov Land really existed. This was indirectly confirmed by the research of the American captain De Long and the Norwegian Nansen.
In the summer, Zarya sailed to the Taimyr Peninsula. During wintering, the expedition members explored a very large area of the adjacent coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Nordenskiöld archipelago; at the same time, Fyodor Andreevich Matisen walked north through the Matisen Strait and discovered several Pakhtusop islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago.
The captain of the Zarya, Nikolai Nikolaevich Kolomeytsev, left the ship due to disagreements with Toll and in April 1901, together with Stepan Rastorguev, walked about 800 kilometers to Golchikha (Yenisei Bay) in 40 days. On the way, he discovered the Kolomeytseva River flowing into the Taimyr Gulf, and his satellite in the Pyasinsky Gulf - Rastorgueva Island. F. Mathisen became the new captain of Zarya.
In the fall of 1901, Toll sailed on the Zarya, rounding Cape Chelyuskin, from Taimyr to Bennett Island almost in clear water, and in vain he searched for Sannikov Land north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. For the second wintering, he remained off the western coast of Kotelny Island, in the Zarya Strait. It was impossible to approach Sannikov Land because of the ice.
On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, astronomer Friedrich Georgievich Seeberg and two Yakut industrialists Nikolai Dyakonov and Vasily Gorokhov went out on sleds with dog sleds dragging two canoes to Cape Vysokoy in New Siberia. From there, first on an ice floe drifting northward, and then on kayaks, they moved to Bennett Island to explore it. In the fall, Zarya was supposed to remove the detachment from there. Toll gave the captain the following instructions: “...If in the summer of this year the ice near the New Siberian Islands and between them and Bennett Island does not completely disappear and thus prevents the Zarya from sailing, then I suggest you leave the ship in this harbor and return with the entire crew of the ship by the winter route to the mainland, following the well-known route from Kotelny Island to the Lyakhovsky Islands. In this case, you will take with you only all the documents of the expedition and the most important instruments, leaving here the rest of the ship's inventory and all collections. In this case, I will try to return to the New Siberian Islands before frost sets in, and then winter route to the mainland. In any case, I firmly believe in a happy and prosperous end to the expedition..."
Zarya was unable to approach Bennett Island at the scheduled time due to ice conditions. The captain did everything possible, but was forced to abandon further attempts. In addition, the deadline set by Toll himself had expired - the ship was supposed to approach the island before September 3.
In the fall, after unsuccessful attempts to get to Bennett Island, "Zarya" came to the then completely deserted Tiksi Bay, southeast of the Lena Delta. A few days later, the steamship Lena approached the island, onto which the extensive scientific material collected by Toll’s expedition over two years was loaded.
On the Zarya, the boatswain was naval sailor Nikifor Alekseevich Begichev, who had served in the navy since 1895. On August 15, 1903, he and several rescuers on a whaleboat from the yacht "Zarya" went out into the open sea and headed for Cape Emma on Bennett Island. As it was believed at that time, Toll and his companions were forced to spend the winter on Bennett Island, and saving them was not so difficult...
The transition turned out to be relatively easy and quick. The sea was open. There was no ice. A day later, on August 17, the whaleboat approached the southern coast of Bennett Island. Traces of Toll's expedition were found almost immediately: one of the expedition members used a hook to lift the lid of an aluminum pot lying on the coastal shallows. According to the agreement, Toll was to leave information about the expedition at Cape Emma. And the next day, after the first night on the island, several people went to this appointed place...
Before reaching the cape, members of the rescue expedition found two Toll sites. Traces of fires and chopped branches of driftwood that served as fuel were found on them. And on Cape Emma, documents were immediately found: in a pile of stones folded by a man’s hand, there was a bottle with three notes.
“On July 21, we sailed safely in kayaks. We will set off today along the eastern coast to the north. One party of us will try to be in this place by August 7. July 25, 1902, Bennett Island, Cape Emma. Toll.”
The second note was entitled "For those who seek us" and contained a detailed plan of Bennett Island. Finally, the third note, signed by Seeberg, contained the following text: “It turned out to be more convenient for us to build a house on the site indicated on this sheet. The documents are there. October 23, 1902.”
In the spring, on dogs pulling a whaleboat on a sled, Begichev crossed from the mouth of the Yana to Kotelny Island; in the summer, on a whaleboat he went to Bennett Island, where the search expedition found Toll’s abandoned winter quarters. Rescuers found on the shore two arctic fox traps and four boxes containing geological collections collected by Toll. There was a small house nearby; it was half filled with snow, which froze, turning into an ice block. On the rough plank floors were found an anemometer, a box with small geological samples, a tin of cartridges, a nautical almanac, blank notebooks, cans of gunpowder and canned food, a screwdriver, and several empty bottles. Finally, from under a pile of stones, a canvas-lined box was pulled out, containing Toll’s brief report addressed to the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From this document it was clear: Toll did not lose faith in the existence of Sannikov Land, but due to the fog he was unable to see it from Bennett Island.
When food supplies were already running out, Toll and his three companions decided to make their way to the south... In November 1902, they began their return journey across the young ice to New Siberia and went missing. What made travelers take such a risky step as crossing sea ice into the polar night with only 14-20 days of food? Obviously, Toll was confident that the yacht "Zarya" would definitely come to the island, and then, when it became clear that there was no more hope for this, it was too late to engage in fishing: the birds flew away, the deer escaped pursuit onto the ice...
On November 22, 1904, at a meeting of the Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it was determined, in particular, "that in 1902 the temperature dropped to -21° by September 9 and until the time E.V. Toll left Bennett Island (November 8) invariably fluctuated between -18° and -25°. At such low temperatures in the space between the island Bennett and the Novosibirsk archipelago are piled up with high, insurmountable hummocks. The ice-covered and treacherously snow-covered gaps between the hummocks in the darkness of the polar night become even more dangerous than when traveling in the daytime. Vast holes, covered with a thin layer of ice crystals, are completely invisible in the thick fog. When moving through an ice hole, the kayak is covered with a thick layer of ice, and the two-bladed oars, when frozen, turn into heavy ice blocks. In addition, the ice “fat” is compressed in front of the bow of the kayak and makes movement even more difficult, and the frozen kayak easily overturns. Under such circumstances, a crack in ice only 40 m wide presented an insurmountable obstacle to the party’s passage.”
The commission came to the conclusion that “all party members should be considered dead.” And yet, despite this verdict, the commission appointed a bonus "for finding the whole party or part of it" and another award of smaller size, "for the first indication of undoubted traces of her". Alas, these prizes were never awarded to anyone...
According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land still existed, but at the end of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century it was destroyed by the sea and disappeared like the Pasilievsky and Semgiovsky islands, composed of fossil ice.
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From the book Dictionary of Modern Quotes authorToll Eduard Vasilievich Toll Eduard Vasilievich, Russian geologist, Arctic researcher. Graduated from Dorpat (now Tartu) University (1882). In 1885-86 he participated in the expedition of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences to the New Siberian Islands led by A. A. Bunge;
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Toll Eduard Vasilievich (1858-1902), Russian polar explorer. Member of the expedition of A. A. Bunge to the New Siberian Islands in 1885-1886. The leader of the expedition to the northern regions of Yakutia, explored the area between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers (1893), led the expedition on the schooner "Zarya" (1900-1902). He went missing in 1902 while crossing fragile ice in the area of the island. Bennett.
Toll graduated from one of the oldest Russian universities - Yuryevsky (Tartu). He made his first trip on a scientific expedition to the Mediterranean Sea.
In the 19th century, the search for Sannikov Land occupied the minds of many researchers. A native of Tallinn, geologist Eduard Vasilyevich Toll also set out to find this land...
In 1885-1886 Toll was an assistant to A.A. Bunge on an academic expedition to “explore the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, etc., especially large islands lying not too far from this coast and called New Siberia. .." In the summer of 1886, Toll traveled on sledges along the coast of the entire island of Kotelny for a month and a half and, in completely clear weather, on August 13, together with his companion in the north, saw “the outlines of four mountains that connected with the low-lying land in the east.” He decided that this was Sannikov Land.
Toll suggested that this land was composed of basalts, just like some other islands of the New Siberian archipelago, for example Bennett Island. It was, in his opinion, 150-200 kilometers to the north from the already explored islands.
Seven years later, Toll's second expedition took place. This time he was its leader. The main goal was to excavate a mammoth discovered on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. Eduard Vasilyevich himself believed that the expedition could bring more diverse and important results than just mammoth excavations and achieved broader powers. Excavations of the remains of the mammoth were not so fruitful: only fragments of the fossil animal were discovered. Other results of the expedition were much more important.
Toll, continuing Chersky’s geological research in Northern Siberia, visited the Kotelny Islands and again saw Sannikov Land. Returning to the mainland, Toll rode reindeer across the Kharaulakh ridge to the Lena and explored its delta. Having crossed the Chekanovsky Ridge, they walked west along the coast from Olenyok to Anabar, and traced and mapped the low (up to 315 meters) Pronchishchev Ridge (180 kilometers long), rising above the North Siberian Lowland. They also completed the first survey of the lower Anabar (more than 400 kilometers) and clarified the position of the Anabar Bay. The expedition collected extensive botanical, zoological, and ethnographic collections.
The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the results of Toll's journey, awarding him a large silver medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky. The Academy of Sciences awarded Eduard Vasilyevich a cash prize. The name of the researcher became known; He participated in the work of the International Geological Congress in Zurich, greeting the navigator Fridtjof Nansen on behalf of the Society.
In Norway, Toll studied ice sheet glaciers characteristic of Scandinavia and dreamed of an expedition to Sannikov Land. Toll was sure that Sannikov Land really existed. This was indirectly confirmed by the research of the American captain De Long and the Norwegian Nansen.
In 1900, Toll was appointed head of an academic expedition organized on his initiative to discover Sannikov Land on the whaling yacht Zarya. Enthusiastic researchers set off on their journey. In the summer, Zarya sailed to the Taimyr Peninsula. Captain "Zarya" N.N. Kolomeitsev, due to disagreements with Toll, left the ship and in April 1901, together with Rastorguev, traveled about 800 kilometers to Golchikha (Yenisei Bay) in 40 days. On the way, he discovered the Kolomeytseva River flowing into the Taimyr Gulf, and his satellite in the Pyasinsky Gulf - Rastorgueva Island. F. Mathisen became the new captain of Zarya.
In the fall of 1901, Toll sailed on the Zarya, rounding Cape Chelyuskin, from Taimyr to Bennett Island in clear water, and in vain looked for Sannikov Land north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. For the second wintering, he remained off the western coast of Kotelny Island, in the Zarya Strait. It was impossible to approach Sannikov Land because of the ice.
On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, astronomer Friedrich Georgievich Seeberg and two Yakut industrialists N. Dyakonov and V. Gorokhov went out on sleds with dog sleds dragging two canoes to Cape Vysokoy in New Siberia. From there, first on an ice floe drifting northward, and then on kayaks, they moved to Bennett Island to explore it. In the fall, Zarya was supposed to remove the detachment from there. Toll gave the captain the following instructions: “...If in the summer of this year the ice near the New Siberian Islands and between them and Bennett Island does not disappear completely and thus prevents the Zarya from sailing, then I suggest you leave the ship in this harbor and return from the entire crew of the ship on the winter route to the mainland, following the well-known route from Kotelny Island to the Lyakhov Islands. In this case, you will take with you only all the documents of the expedition and the most important instruments, leaving here the rest of the ship's inventory and all collections. In this case, I will try to return before the onset of frost to the New Siberian Islands, and then on the winter route to the mainland. In any case, I firmly believe in a happy and prosperous end to the expedition..." "Zarya" was unable to approach Bennett Island at the appointed time due to ice conditions and came to a deserted place at that time Tiksi Bay, southeast of the Lena Delta. A few days later, the steamship Lena approached the island, onto which the scientific material collected over two years by Toll’s expedition was loaded.
On the Zarya the boatswain was Begichev, who had served in the navy since 1895. On August 15, 1903, he and several rescuers on a whaleboat from the yacht "Zarya" went out into the open sea and headed for Cape Emma on Bennett Island. As it was believed at that time, Toll and his companions were forced to spend the winter on Bennett Island and saving them was not so difficult...
Toll was supposed to leave information about the expedition at Cape Emma. Before reaching the cape, members of the rescue expedition found two Toll sites. And on Cape Emma, documents were immediately found: in a pile of stones folded by a man’s hand, there was a bottle with three notes. “On July 21, we sailed safely in kayaks. We will set off today along the eastern coast to the north. One party of us will try to be in this place by August 7. July 25, 1902, Bennett Island, Cape Emma. Toll.”
The second note was entitled "For those who seek us" and contained a detailed plan of Bennett Island. Finally, the third note, signed by Seeberg, contained the following text: “It turned out to be more convenient for us to build a house on the site indicated on this piece of paper. The documents are located there. October 23, 1902.”
In the spring, a search expedition found Toll's abandoned winter quarters. Rescuers found on the shore two arctic fox traps and four boxes containing geological collections collected by Toll. There was a small house nearby. A box was found there containing Toll's brief report addressed to the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From this document it was clear: Toll did not lose faith in the existence of Sannikov Land, but due to the fog he was unable to see it from Bennett Island.
When food supplies were already running out, Toll and his three companions decided to make their way to the south... In November 1902, they began their return journey across the young ice to New Siberia and went missing.
On November 22, 1904, at a meeting of the Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, they came to the conclusion that “all party members should be considered dead.” However, the commission appointed a prize “for finding the entire batch or part of it” and another prize, of a smaller size, “for the first indication of undoubted traces of it.” Alas, these prizes were never awarded to anyone...
According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land still existed, but at the end of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century it was destroyed by the sea and disappeared like the Pasilievsky and Semgiovsky islands, composed of fossil ice.
Reprinted from the site http://100top.ru/encyclopedia/
Toll Eduard Vasilievich
(1858-1902)
Russian polar explorer. Member of A. A. Bunge's expedition to the New Siberian Islands in 1885-1886. The leader of the expedition to the northern regions of Yakutia, explored the area between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers (1893), led the expedition on the schooner Zarya (1900-1902). He went missing in 1902 in the area of Bennett Island. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian industrialist and traveler Yakov Sannikov saw a large land to the southwest of Kotelny Island, one of the New Siberian Islands. However, he himself did not reach it; Sannikov’s path was blocked by huge ice holes that remained open for almost the entire year. A native of Tallinn, geologist Eduard Vasilyevich Toll set himself the goal of finding this land... Toll graduated from one of the oldest Russian universities, Yuryevsky (Tartu). He made his first trip to the Mediterranean Sea: he accompanied his former zoology teacher, Professor M. Brown, on a scientific expedition. During this trip, Toll studied the fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and became acquainted with the geological structure of some islands. In 1885-1886, Toll was an assistant to Alexander Alexandrovich Bunge in an academic expedition organized by the Russian Academy of Sciences to explore the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, etc., especially the large islands lying in not too far from this coast and called New Siberia... Eduard Vasilyevich conducted a wide variety of geological, meteorological, botanical, and geographical studies. In the spring of 1886, Toll, at the head of a separate detachment, explored the islands of Bolshoy Lyakhovsky, Bunge Land, Faddeevsky (the spit in the north-west of Faddeevsky Island Toll called the Anzhu Arrow) and the western coast of New Siberia. In the summer, Toll traveled on sledges along the coast of the entire Kotelny Island for a month and a half and, in completely clear weather, on August 13, together with his companion in the north, he saw the outlines of four mountains, which connected with the low-lying land in the east. He decided that this was Sannikov Land. Toll suggested that this land was composed of basalts, just like some other islands of the New Siberian archipelago, for example Bennett Island. It was, in his opinion, 150-200 kilometers to the north from the already explored islands. Seven years later, Toll's second expedition took place. This time he was its leader. The main goal was to excavate a mammoth discovered on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. Eduard Vasilyevich himself believed that the expedition could bring more diverse and important results than just mammoth excavations, and he turned out to be right in achieving broader powers.
Excavations of the remains of a mammoth turned out to be not so interesting: only small fragments of the skin of the fossil animal, covered with hair, parts of the legs and the lower jaw were discovered. Other results of the expedition, which lasted a year and two days, were much more important. In the spring of 1893, Toll, continuing Chersky’s geological research in Northern Siberia, visited the Kotelny Islands and again saw Sannikov Land. Returning to the mainland, Toll, together with the military sailor-hydrographer Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shileiko, rode reindeer through the Kharaulakh ridge to the Lena in June and explored its delta. Having crossed the Chekanovsky Ridge, they walked west along the coast from Olenyok to Anabar, and traced and mapped the low (up to 315 meters) Pronchishchev Ridge (180 kilometers long), rising above the North Siberian Lowland. They also completed the first survey of the lower Anabar (more than 400 kilometers) and clarified the position of the Anabar Bay on previous maps; it was shown 100 kilometers east of its true position. Then the travelers split up: Shileiko headed west to Khatanga Bay, and Toll to Lena to send collections. Returning to Anabar again, he walked to the village of Khatanga and between the Anabar and Khatanga rivers for the first time explored the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau (Khara-Tas ridge), and in the area between the Anabar and Popigai rivers the short ridge of Syuryakh-Dzhangy. The expedition collected extensive botanical, zoological, and ethnographic collections. The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the results of Toll's journey, awarding him a large silver medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky. The Academy of Sciences awarded Eduard Vasilyevich a cash prize. The name of the researcher became known; he participates in the work of the International Geological Congress in Zurich, the Russian Geographical Society sends him to Norway to greet the famous traveler and navigator Fridtjof Nansen on behalf of the Society at the celebrations organized in his honor. In Norway, Toll studied ice sheet glaciers characteristic of Scandinavia. Returning to Russia, the scientist left his service at the Academy of Sciences and moved to Yuryev, where he began to write a large scientific essay on the geology of the New Siberian Islands and a work on the most important tasks in the study of the polar countries. During these same years, the scientist conducted various studies in the Baltic states. Later he sailed on the first Russian icebreaker Ermak. And all this time Toll dreamed of an expedition to Sannikov Land. In 1900, Toll was appointed head of an academic expedition organized on his initiative to discover Sannikov Land on the whaling yacht Zarya.
Enthusiastic researchers set off on their journey. On June 21, the small ship departed from Vasilyevsky Island. Toll was sure that Sannikov Land really existed. This was indirectly confirmed by the research of the American captain De Long and the Norwegian Nansen. In the summer, Dawn passed to the Taimyr Peninsula. During wintering, the expedition members explored a very large area of the adjacent coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Nordenskiöld archipelago; at the same time, Fyodor Andreevich Matisen walked north through the Matisen Strait and discovered several Pakhtusop islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago. Captain Zari Nikolai Nikolaevich Kolomeytsev, due to disagreements with Toll, left the ship and in April 1901, together with Stepan Rastorguev, walked about 800 kilometers to Golchikha (Yenisei Bay) in 40 days. On the way, he discovered the Kolomeitseva River flowing into the Taimyr Gulf, and his satellite in the Pyasinsky Gulf, the island of Rastorgueva. F. Mathisen became the new captain of Zarya. In the fall of 1901, Toll walked on Zarya, rounding Cape Chelyuskin, from Taimyr to Bennett Island almost through clear water, and in vain he searched for Sannikov Land north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. For the second wintering, he remained off the western coast of Kotelny Island, in the Zarya Strait. It was impossible to approach Sannikov Land because of the ice. On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, astronomer Friedrich Georgievich Seeberg and two Yakut industrialists Nikolai Dyakonov and Vasily Gorokhov went out on sleds with dog sleds dragging two canoes to Cape Vysokoy in New Siberia. From there, first on an ice floe drifting northward, and then on kayaks, they moved to Bennett Island to explore it. In the fall, Zarya was supposed to remove the detachment from there. Toll gave the captain the following instructions: ...If this summer the ice near the New Siberian Islands and between them and Bennett Island does not disappear completely and thus prevents Zara from sailing, then I suggest you leave the ship in this harbor and return with the entire crew of the ship in winter to the mainland, following the well-known route from Kotelny Island to the Lyakhovsky Islands. In this case, you will take with you only all the documents of the expedition and the most important instruments, leaving here the rest of the ship’s inventory and all collections. In this case, I will try to return to the New Siberian Islands before the onset of frost, and then by winter route to the mainland. In any case, I firmly believe in a happy and prosperous end to the expedition... Zarya was unable to approach Bennett Island at the appointed time due to ice conditions. The captain did everything possible, but was forced to abandon further attempts.
In addition, the deadline set by Toll himself had expired; the ship should have approached the island before September 3. In the fall, after unsuccessful attempts to get to Bennett Island, Zarya came to the then completely deserted Tiksi Bay, southeast of the Lena Delta. A few days later, the steamship Lena approached the island, onto which the extensive scientific material collected over two years by Toll’s expedition was loaded. At Zara, the boatswain was naval sailor Nikifor Alekseevich Begichev, who had served in the navy since 1895. On August 15, 1903, he and several rescuers on a whaleboat from the yacht Zarya went out to the open sea and headed for Cape Emma on Bennett Island. As it was believed at that time, Toll and his companions were forced to spend the winter on Bennett Island and saving them was not so difficult... The transition turned out to be relatively easy and quick. The sea was open. There was no ice. A day later, on August 17, the whaleboat approached the southern coast of Bennett Island. Traces of Toll's expedition were found almost immediately: one of the expedition members used a hook to lift the lid of an aluminum pot lying on the coastal shallows. According to the agreement, Toll was to leave information about the expedition at Cape Emma. And the next day, after the first night on the island, several people went to this appointed place... Before reaching the cape, the members of the rescue expedition found two Toll sites. Traces of fires and chopped branches of driftwood that served as fuel were found on them. And on Cape Emma, documents were immediately found: in a pile of stones folded by a man’s hand, there was a bottle with three notes. On July 21, we reached safely in kayaks. Let's go north along the east coast today. One party of us will try to be in this place by August 7th. 25 July 1902, Bennett's Island, Cape Emma. Toll. The second note was entitled For those who seek us and contained a detailed plan of Bennett Island. Finally, the third note, signed by Seeberg, contained the following text: It turned out to be more convenient for us to build a house in the place indicated on this piece of paper. There are documents there. October 23, 1902. In the spring, on dogs pulling a whaleboat on a sled, Begichev crossed from the mouth of the Yana to Kotelny Island; in the summer, on a whaleboat he went to Bennett Island, where the search expedition found Toll’s abandoned winter quarters. Rescuers found on the shore two arctic fox traps and four boxes containing geological collections collected by Toll. There was a small house nearby; it was half filled with snow, which froze, turning into an ice block. On the rough plank floors were found an anemometer, a box with small geological samples, a tin of cartridges, a nautical almanac, blank notebooks, cans of gunpowder and canned food, a screwdriver, and several empty bottles.
Finally, from under a pile of stones, a canvas-lined box was pulled out, containing Toll’s brief report addressed to the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From this document it was clear: Toll did not lose faith in the existence of Sannikov Land, but due to the fog he was unable to see it from Bennett Island. When food supplies were already running out, Toll and his three companions decided to make their way to the south... In November 1902, they began their return journey across the young ice to New Siberia and went missing. What made travelers take such a risky step as crossing sea ice into the polar night with only 14-20 days of food? Obviously, Toll was confident that the yacht Zarya would definitely come to the island, and then, when it became clear that there was no more hope for this, it was too late to engage in fishing: the birds flew away, the deer escaped pursuit onto the ice... November 22, 1904 year at a meeting of the Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, in particular, it was determined that in 1902 the temperature by September 9 dropped to 21° and until the time E.V. Toll left Bennett Island (November 8) it invariably fluctuated between -18° and -25°. At such low temperatures, high, insurmountable hummocks are piled up in the space between Bennett Island and the Novosibirsk archipelago. The gaps between hummocks covered with ice and treacherously covered with snow in the darkness of the polar night become even more dangerous than when traveling during the daytime. Vast holes covered with a thin layer of ice crystals are completely invisible in the thick fog. When moving through the ice hole, the kayak is covered with a thick layer of ice, and the two-bladed oars, frozen, turn into heavy blocks of ice. In addition, the ice fat is compressed in front of the bow of the kayak and makes movement even more difficult, and the frozen kayak easily capsizes. Under such circumstances, a crack in the ice only 40 m wide presented an insurmountable obstacle to the passage of the party. The commission came to the conclusion that all party members should be considered dead. And yet, despite this verdict, the commission appointed a prize for finding the entire party or part of it and another prize, of a smaller size, for the first indication of undoubted traces of it. Alas, these prizes were never awarded to anyone... According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land did exist, but at the end of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century it was destroyed by the sea and disappeared like the Pasilievsky and Semgiovsky islands, composed of fossil ice.
Bibliography
To prepare this work, materials from the site http://rgo.ru were used
