Here I often provide links to all sorts of useful things on various issues. So this time I can’t pass by Yuri Nasimovich’s book RIVERS, LAKES AND PONDS OF MOSCOW Actually, this should be a reference book for anyone interested in geography, hydrography, toponymy, local history of Moscow, as well as for those who simply love to walk along abandoned ravines, ponds and other small and big rivers of our city.
A full-fledged study of this issue by Yuri Nasimovich is obvious. In general, if anyone is interested, use it.
Well, for starters, I’ll provide a review chapter on hydrography, geology, topography, flora-fauna and other things of the Moscow River. For those interested - under cat.
Too extensive literature is devoted to the Moscow River, including
a number of monographs in order to try in a short essay to significantly expand
thread this information. Along with the reports listed above (Lushchi-
Khin, 1947; Nesteruk, 1947, 1950; Avilova, Orlov, 1994), note
"Hydrographic sketch of the Moscow River and its tributaries" by V.I. Astrakov
(1879), work by G.F. Buchholz “Moscow River. Section from the city of Zvenigorod
to the mouth..." (1912), "Research of the Moscow River and its description"
I.P. Kravchenko (1930), works by V.D. Bykov “Upper reaches of the Moscow River”
(1948) and "Moscow River" (1951), book by S.B. Yokhelson and F.Ya. Rovins-
whom "Moscow River: Pure Water" (1985). Three detailed articles
in the collection "Nature of Moscow" (1998) are dedicated to animals living
in the Moscow River within the city, - fish (Sokolov, etc.), zooplankton
and benthos (Sokolova and others), planktonic ciliates (Belova). Multi-
information concerning riverine flora and fauna is contained in the Red
book of Moscow (2001). Therefore, we will limit ourselves to citing a number of main
new reference information, listing the tributaries of the Moscow River in
within the city (so full list not previously given) and dis-
kazom about valuable natural objects on its banks, since they are yet
was not given adequate attention. As for the water and surrounding
aquatic flora and fauna, then below is just some information,
which may be of particular interest to the reader.
The Moscow River is a left tributary of the Oka. Its length is 502 km, of which
Moscow city limits - 80 km. The basin area is 17.6 thousand sq. km (Krat-
what geogr. encyclopedia, 1962). Originates in the vicinity of Shap-
Kina in the west of the Moscow region on a hillside 310 m high
above sea level ( highest point Smolensk-Moscow upland
ity in the Moscow region).
The main stream flows to Moscow. east past Mozhaisk, Zvenigorod and
Krasnogorsk. Upon entering the territory of Moscow, it turns sharply
to the southeast and generally follows this direction until
mouth in Kolomna, passing before the cities of Lytkarino, Zhukovsky,
Ramenskoye, Bronnitsy and Voskresensk. Total drop from source to
the mouth is 155.5 m. If you do not take into account the waters of the artificial
origin (transported from other rivers, etc.), then the Moscow River
fed by rain (12%), melt (61%) and groundwater
(27%). Average water consumption, according to data from the mid-20th century. (Bykov,
1951), was 38 cubic meters per second in Zvenigorod, 53.5 in Moscow
cubic m/s, at the mouth - 150 cubic m/s (i.e. annual flow - 4.7 cubic km).
The natural flow of water before the construction of the Moscow-Volga canal was
significantly less. Now water consumption has increased even more due to
ribs of additional Volga waters.
The Moscow River does not enter the city immediately. First she touches
with him on their right bank in Rublev and Myakinin, which signed
on modern maps as two isolated sections of the Moscow-
Kuntsevo district. Then the river borders the city with its left bank
reg - in Mitino, or rather in Roslavka and Spassky, which were included in
composition of Mitina. And finally she finally enters the city in
Strogina. She leaves the city, crossing the Moscow Ring Road at Besedinsky
bridge. The length of the river in the city increased due to its tortuosity.
river by 2.5 times (although due to the straightening of the channel by canals, the navigable
the path is 10 km shorter). The most pronounced right bends are Se-
Rebryanoborskaya, Mnevnikovskaya (Terehovskaya), Luzhnetskaya (Luzhni-
kovskaya), Kozhukhovskaya, Kuryanovskaya (Batyuninskaya, Maryinskaya);
left - Stroginskaya, Krylatskaya (Tatarovskaya), Filevskaya, Dorogo-
Milovskaya, Zamoskvorechinskaya, Nagatinskaya, Brateevskaya. The same
the names are given to the areas of the floodplain within these bends. Width rus-
la in the city ranges from 120 to 200 m. The hydrological regime is due to
exchanged in connection with the withdrawal of water for the needs of the city (from Rublevskoye Vo-
additional storage facilities), construction of the canal named after. Moscow, Volga transfer
water through the rivers Ruza (above Zvenigorod), Skhodnya and Yauza, by the creation
in the upper reaches of the Ruzsky, Ozerninsky, Mozhaysky and Istrinsky rivers
reservoirs, the discharge of warm urban wastewater, the construction of Karama-
Shevsky and Perervinsky hydroelectric complexes (dams), as well as the dam named after.
Labor communes below the city.
Special mention must be made about the Moscow River valley, since it occupies
a significant part of the city, reaching Shi-
rins 12 km. This is the main geomorphological and landscape object
on the territory of the capital_. _Here the most active external geological
such processes._ _Together with the Yauza valley, it divides three landscapes -
but-geomorphological areas_: Moskvoretsko-Oka Plain with Tep-
Lostan Upland as a northern ledge (right-
region of the Moscow River), Smolensk-Moscow Upland (left bank
Moscow river and the right bank of the Yauza); Meshchera lowland (left bank
Moscow river and the left bank of the Yauza).
In the valley of the Moscow River there are a floodplain and three above-floodplain terraces,
developed premium on the left bank._ _On the right are the ledges of the indigenous bank
ha in three places _ almost approach the riverbed, forming landslides
slopes of the _Fili-Kuntsevo Forest Park_, _Sparrow Mountains_ and _Kolomenskoye_.
This asymmetry of the valley reveals Beer's law for the rivers of the North.
hemispheres: due to the rotation of the planet around its axis, the right bank
is washed away more than the left one. Loams predominate in the floodplain;
floodplain terraces - sands to which the best Moscow-
some pine forests. The third terrace above the floodplain is also characterized by
pebbles associated with the activity of glacial meltwater streams.
The floodplain stretches along the river in a continuous strip, crossing from the shore
To the shore. In the past, there were floodplain meadows, willow forests, and
There are also numerous oxbow lakes, lakes and swamps. All this is partial
preserved in floodplain natural areas, but the very concept
floodplain has lost its meaning, since the channel is limited by embankments, formerly
The nyaya floodplain is partially flooded and partially covered. The river will register
liated, and the floodplain exists only as a historical-geological
education (Likhacheva, 1990). As a result of adding soil, the height
the floodplain in many places equaled the height of the first floodplain
terraces, but the elevation above the river edge remained the same, since
The water level is raised by dams. Near Strogin, due to rising levels,
the waters of the Karamyshevskaya dam turned out to be oxbow lakes and songs
quarries, artificial peninsulas arose - Stroginsky,
Shchukinsky. Here is the widest body of water in Moscow (1.2-1.5
km), which locals call the Big Lake, or Stro-
Ginsky backwater. From it 1 km deep into the Shchukin Peninsula
Another bay juts out - the Clean "lake". Bay in Serebryany Bor
called "lake" Bezdonka. There are also flooded quarries in Crimea.
Latskaya floodplain, but they have no connection with the river. In Mnevnikovskaya
The floodplain still has 5 oxbow lakes. The remains of such
Until recently, there were lakes in the Kuryanovskaya floodplain (for example,
tive of Kolomensky). Probably some ponds were also oxbows.
near the river (at Novodevichy Convent, on Krasnokholmskaya embankment
cut). The river bed meanders along the floodplain and sharply “bounces” to the left,
coming into contact with the steep sliding slopes of Fili-Kuntsevsky
forest park, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. From the floodplain formations
Of particular interest are two lake-like extensions that correspond
the former Sukinu swamp (near the waters of the Southern port) and the former Cha-
Gina swamp (later - Lublin filtration fields). Counts-
Xia that the expansions are associated with the pre-Jurassic left tributaries of the Moscow River
(the second - with the Izmailovskaya Hollow). In addition, here in the remote
In the past, the Moscow River itself flowed.
The first terrace above the floodplain (Serebryanoborskaya), mainly
washed away by the river, and therefore occurs in separate fragments: in the center
the central part of the Serebryanoborskaya bend (pine forest and the 4th line of Ho-
Roshevsky Serebryany Bor), in the Mnevnikovskaya bend (on it
Terekhovo), between Kievsky railway station and Studencheskaya metro station, in Za-
Moskvoretskaya bend (near Tretyakovskaya and Novokuznetskaya metro stations). Her
height - 8-10 m above river level (Likhacheva, Nasimovich, 1998).
The second terrace above the floodplain (Mnevnikovskaya) is the best
expressed in relief in the Lower Mnevniki, but is also present in other places -
tah. Its largest section occupies the space from the stations
Pererva and Depot to Lublin filtration fields. Height - from 12-18
m at the edge to 20-22 m at the rear seam.
The third terrace above the floodplain (Khodynskaya, Borovaya) is expressed in
relief most clearly. Its relative height is 30-35 m,
the edges are up to 25 m. It is separated from the low terraces by a gentle ledge.
It is located on Khodynskoye field, Pokrovskoye-Streshnevo, Kuzmin-
ki. In floodplain areas where there are no other terraces, this
the terrace slopes down steeply to the river and looks like a co-
river bank (Trinity-Lykovo, Karamyshevskaya embankment, area near
Beket pond near Zagorodnoe highway, Simonov Monastery, Brateevo,
Kapotnya). The most famous "hills" of the capital are fragments of this
noah terraces, “cut” by the left tributaries of the Moscow River. So, for example
Mer, Borovitsky Hill is formed by the incision of the Neglinnaya River (on it stands
Kremlin); Red Hill (Lousy Hill) is located at the confluence of the Yauza and
Moscow; "Three Mountains" - between the Studenets stream, the Moscow river and the Pres-river
her. For the section of the 3rd floodplain terrace near Khodynka Field
characterized by recent karst failures. The diameters of the failed holes
Rocks sometimes reach 40 m and a depth of 8 m, although they are usually
less. Areas with manifestations of karst are confined to pre-glacial
buried valleys of the Moscow, Yauza rivers and their tributaries (Kutepov and
al., 1997).
From a geomorphological point of view, the slopes of the right
the indigenous bank of the Moscow River - the cliff of the Teplostan Upland in
river valley. The gentle banks here alternate with steep ledges.
mi, which are adjacent to the right loops of the river. For such areas
characterized by outcrops of Jurassic clays and associated landslide
relief, described in detail in the essay about the streams of the Fili-Kuntsevsky Le-
soparka. Strong pet-
flow of the Moscow River in the city. The river advances to the Teplostanskaya elevation
collapse, and its right banks, “cut” by water, are especially
you, and below such sections the river is thrown back to the opposite
the edge of the valley with material that entered the river with landslides.
In the past, the wide valley of the Moscow River was replete with lakes and lowlands.
swamps. The area on the right bank of the Vodootvodny Canal
is still called Ozerki. Within the city limits, still in the first half-
wine of the 20th century there were floodplain lakes Batyuninskoe (ribbon-shaped, sinuous)
leafy, about 2 km long), Bolshoye Krivoye, Dolgoe, Emelyanovo,
Istruzhino, Kartashikha, Crooked Baba, Crooked, Kruglenkoe, Puddles, La-
gushatnik, Maloye Novinskoye, Nogtevo, Radino, Chernoe and others, and
also swamps Balchug, Kochki, Sukino, Chaginskoye and others. Info-
information about some of the listed objects is given below in accordance with
relevant chapters.
Under the slope of the main bank of the Moscow River there are numerous
springs popular with the local population. There are especially many of them under
right bank, higher (in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, on
Sparrow Hills, in Kolomenskoye). The river “cut through” the thickness of the sedimentary
rocks up to the black clays of the Jurassic period of the Mesozoic, namely
these clays are the main aquiferous horizon of the Moscow
region, which is associated with the abundance of springs.
Currently, numerous
undeveloped areas that are conventionally classified as
natural. On the right bank are the Stroginsky Peninsula and
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky Peninsula, Stroginsky Cape, Troy-
Tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast with Bolshaya and Malaya Gnilusha,
Krylatskaya floodplain and Krylatsky hills, Fili-Kuntsevo forest park,
Vorobyovy Gory, Neskuchny Garden, Kolomenskoye, Brateevsky Bereg,
Brateevskaya floodplain with the Red Meadow (lower Gorodnya); to the left
coast - Tushinsky coast, the mouth of the Khimki river, Shchukinsky coast with Sobo-
left ravine, Serebryany Bor, Karamyshevskaya embankment, Mnevni-
Kovskaya floodplain with fields and oxbow lakes, Nagatinskaya floodplain,
left bank section of the Kolomenskoye Museum-Reserve, Lyublinskiye
filter fields. Numerous specially protected plants grow here.
common types of herbs (Deistfeldt, Nasimovich, 1995; Red Book of the city
Moscow, 2001), rare species of bryophytes (Ignatov, Ignatova,
1988), there are valuable geological, hydrological and biogeo-
nological objects (Nasimovich, Romanova, 1991; Nasimovich,
1994b), as well as numerous valuable zoological objects
(Red Book of the City of Moscow, 2001), incl. largest in the city
wintering grounds for waterfowl - especially below the Perervinsky waterworks -
la (Avilova et al., 1994).
Declared natural monuments in the Moscow River valley in 1987
section of the Khodynskaya terrace of the Moscow River on Karamyshevskaya embankment,
ravine Kamennaya Kletva (erroneously named in documents by Tatarovsky
ravine), a spring in the Kamennaya Kletva ravine, an entomological complex
lex "Krylatsky Hills" (in the Krylatskaya floodplain near the Rowing Canal),
section of a landslide slope in the Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park, section
Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (square on Kutuzovsky Prospekt),
slopes of the Vorobyovy Gory, section of the Khodynka terrace of the Moscow River in
area of the Kremlin, section of the Mnevnikovskaya terrace of the Moscow River (Klenovy
boulevard in Nagatin), springs below the Temple of the Ascension, landslide
steps under the Church of John the Baptist, floodplain with an oxbow there, va-
moon and outcrops of Aptian sands on the hillside with Dyakovsky
birthplace, outcrops of black Jurassic clays on the “Devil’s Town” (almost
in the same place), and in 1991 - Shchukin Peninsula, Serebryanoborskaya
terrace, two sections of dry meadow in Krylatskoye, 8 objects
Fili-Kuntsevsky forest park (beam and forest area with rare species
grasses, linden and oak trees on the slopes, the hills of the Kuntsevo settlement and
black alder under this fortification, an outcrop of Jurassic clay, as well as
linden grove outside the valley, but next to it). Among the monuments are
births include the most popular springs in the Moscow River valley.
Many natural areas in the Moscow River valley received the status
specially protected: landscape reserve "Krylatsky Hills" (created
July 21, 1998, later liquidated by court decision), monument
nature "Serebryany Bor" (May 12, 1998), natural park "Moscow-
Voretsky" (December 29, 1998, includes the Stroginsky Peninsula,
Stroginsky floodplain, Shchukinsky Peninsula, Stroginsky Cape, Troy-
tse-Lykovsky coast, Krylatsky coast, Krylatskaya floodplain, Krylats-
Kie hills, Fili-Kuntsevo forest park, Tushinsky coast, mouth
Khimki river, Shchukinsky bank, Serebryany Bor natural monument, Kara-
Myshevskaya embankment, Mnevnikovskaya floodplain and a number of neighboring territories
ry outside the Moscow River valley), nature reserve"Valley of the Setun River" (with
estuarine area in the valley of the Moscow River, July 21, 1998), natural
reserve "Sparrow Hills" (July 21, 1998), historical and archi-
Textural and natural landscape museum-reserve "Kolomenskoye"
(1974).
On the right they flow or flow into the river (including gully-beams
systems as temporary watercourses): Northern and Middle Troy-
Tse-Lykovsky ravines, Silver ravine (Southern Trinity-Lykovsky ovule-
rag), Gnilusha (Big Gnilusha), Small Gnilusha, Verkhnetatarovsky
ravine with a stream in the lower reaches (with Mnevnikovsky Istok), Kamennye Za-
times with a stream in the lower reaches, Krylatsky stream in Kamennaya Kletva, ov-
river at the Krylatsky Bridge (temporary watercourse), 21 permanent watercourses
current in the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park (see streams of the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park)
park), Filka, Kobyliy ravine (formerly a temporary watercourse), Bu-
danka, ravine on Potylikha (see Potylikha), Setun, Vorobyov streams
mountains (12-13, including Ostroumovsky Stream), streams of the Neskuchny Garden
(Andreevsky and Ekaterininsky, as well as two unnamed temporary
watercourse in the hollow and ravine), Kozhevnichesky Vrazhek, ravine along
Zhukova proezd, Danilovka, Chura, Kotlovka, Rastan, Zhuzha, Kolo-
Mensky stream (in Golosovo ravine), Popov and Mashinin ravines (with
temporary watercourses), streams in Kolotushkin and Dyakovsky ravines -
gakh, 12 streams of Dyakovskie Zaraz, numerous streams of Brateevsko-
th coast, Gorodnya. In total there are at least 80 permanent watercourses, of which
There are 20 of them with established folk names, as well as 4 temporary
watercourses with their own names.
On the left, the following flow or flow into the Moscow River: the Baryshikha River (outside the Moscow Ring Road),
Skhodnya, Khimka, Sobolev ravine (with significant permanent water flow)
com), Icy ravine (filled up), Khodynka (starting from there and further to
Yauza all watercourses in underground collectors), Ermakovsky stream,
Studenets, Presnya, Protok (temporary watercourse), Pometny Vrazhek,
Babylon (long ago destroyed), Chertory, Lazy Enemy, Neglinnaya,
Sorochka, Rachka (assigned to Yauza), Yauza, Sara (formerly temporary
watercourse), Subbottom (from it and further all watercourses in collectors), Ni-
puppy, Puddle (formerly a temporary watercourse?), Plintovka, Noskov ru-
whose, Kapotnensky ravine. There are a total of 20 permanent watercourses, all with
names that came before us, as well as 4-5 temporary watercourses with
own names.
In total, the Moscow River hosted at least 100 permanent
watercourses, including 40 with names that have come down to us, as well as
a large number of temporary watercourses (streams in ravines and ravines) and in
including a little less than a dozen famous names. Of these in
present time on the surface at least on some segment of the pro-
cabins 80 right and 7 left tributaries with constant flow. Many
of these, in turn, have an extensive network of tributaries. They
are described in subsequent chapters in order from top to bottom
the Moscow River and other rivers, starting from the right and ending with the left. Together with
they describe lakes, ponds, springs and other objects in their bass-
Seinakh.
Undeveloped areas of the Moskvoretsky banks are characterized by bo-
rich local flora. Plant species diversity in the valley
The Moscow River is higher than in the rest of the city. This is explained
in that to ubiquitous species (for example, forest)
specific riverine species characteristic of valleys are added
big rivers These species gravitate towards characteristic riverine biotopes -
willow trees, alder forests, low-lying swamps, damp floodplain meadows,
floodplain sands and dry steppe meadows on steep slopes. Bi-
otopic diversity is due to complex terrain, different
exposure of slopes, opening of ancient geological layers (light-
lofty chalk sands, black Jurassic clays), mineralized outcrops
groundwater, sudden changes in illumination, moisture
soil composition and composition, erosion, which frees up areas for new
plants. Landslide processes that did not allow
completely build up the steep slopes of Trinity-Lykov, Krylatsky,
Kuntsev, Vorobyovy Gory and Kolomenskoye. Local plant species
which are not found in other parts of the city, are available on the Shchukinsky Peninsula
drov, in Serebryany Bor, under the slopes of Trinity-Lykov, on Krylats-
some hills and in the Fili-Kuntsevo forest park, i.e. over a vast territory
toria, which in 1998 became part of natural park"Moscow-
Retsky". The reader can see numerous examples of such plants
found in the Red Book of the City of Moscow, published in 2001. In
in the past, exceptionally interesting floristically
there were river sections further down the river - on the Vorobyovy Gory, near Si-
monastery.
Almost everything that has been said about riverine flora can also be applied to
riverine fauna. The Red Book of Moscow contains references to
animals, amphibians and insects that are known only in
native park "Moskvoretsky".
The flora and fauna of the river itself is also rich, although water pollution in
limits such wealth to a significant extent. Influence
this contamination in animals has been well studied in recent years
(Belova, 1998; Sokolov et al., 1998; Sokolova et al., 1998), and we
we have the opportunity to compare the old and modern animal world th-
family section of the Moscow River.
Based on archaeological and historical materials, it is possible
conclude that in the past in the Moscow River and its tributaries within the hundred-
more than thirty species of fish were encountered, among which were
some valuable commercial species, such as beluga, sterlet, sturgeon, sevru-
ha, white fish, Caspian salmon, taimen, as well as pike, bream,
chub, catfish, pike perch, podust, ide, dace, roach, asp, crucian carp,
perch, catfish (Sokolov et al., 1998). Beluga could reach a length
200-300 cm, sturgeon - 130-180, pike - 80-95, bream - 42-47 cm. In addition
fish, in the middle of the 19th century the Caspian mi-
leg. According to N.I. Mocharsky (1887), the most fishy reservoir of the Sub-
of Moscow in the last century there was the Moscow River, and it was precisely within the boundaries of the city
kind, since here grain grain fell into the river from unloading
barges, horse droppings with the remains of undigested oats and food waste
boiled production. A lot of organic waste ends up in
the river now. In addition, the rivers are polluted with inorganic and
including very toxic substances. They also talk about thermal
pollution, as a result of which water does not freeze in every winter
mu, and there are separate polynyas near the mouths of collectors in any
frosts. All this determines the specificity of the modern animal
world of urban rivers.
A story about the fauna of any water body is more correct than anything else.
go start with the smallest animals that are food for
larger animals. Of these organisms in 1994 in the Moscow River there were
Planktonic ciliates, which belong to the sub-
kingdom of protozoa and swim freely in the water column, moving
with the help of numerous cilia (Belova, 1998). Ciliates pi-
are protected by bacteria, tiny algae and decomposing
plant weeds, and therefore play an important role in water purification
(glue food particles with mucus, after which they settle to the bottom,
saturating sludge with organic substances). According to the species composition of infuso-
ry can judge the cleanliness of the reservoir. Moreover, they are important because
that they themselves are eaten by small crustaceans and fish larvae. That's why
the number of larger organisms depends on their number. IN
In the Moscow River, 102 species and varieties of ciliates were discovered. Shown
that the smallest ones predominate. As we get closer to
in the city center, species characteristic of clear waters are replaced by vi-
waters of polluted waters. Similar results were also obtained as a result of
from the study of slightly larger zooplankton - rotifers,
microscopic cladocerans and copepods, although they are smaller
sensitive to changes in conditions (Sokolova et al., 1998).
In 1993-1994, the composition of benthic invertebrates was also studied
animals in the Moscow River (Sokolova et al., 1998). In the Rublev area, where
The Moscow River enters the city, 59 species were identified, among which were
various mollusks, bell mosquito larvae, tubifex worms
(tubicides). Starting from the Dorogomilovsky Bridge in the benthos there are
Only tubifex worms, of which there are a lot, are included. So, at the mouth of the Yauza
the number of these oligochaete worms reached 600,000 specimens
lars per square meter, and weight - 1.3 kg per square meter.
Tubifex live on silt with a high organic content
substances. They feed by passing this sludge through their intestines, as well as
They build protective tubes from it. Their abundance is considered a sign
severe organic water pollution. Downstream (from
Saburova) the number of tubifex worms begins to decrease, which means
talks about the partial self-purification of the river.
Even more interesting results were obtained from the study of fish (Sokolov and
al., 1998). During a special survey in 1993-1994 on
35 species of fish were recorded in the urban section of the Moscow River, but
their species diversity drops sharply from peripheral areas
Moscow to the center. Near Strogin and Kuntsev there are from 24 to
27 species, at the mouth of Setun and at the Cathedral of Christ the Savior - 10-13, in
the mouth of the Yauza and at the Krasnokholmsky bridge - only 2-5, and then the number
species increases again due to the gradual self-purification of the river and
reaches 20 at the exit from the capital. Self-cleaning occurs as a result of
activity of various living organisms, most of them
which to one degree or another need light. Therefore, in underground
In collectors, such self-cleaning practically does not occur.
Most of all in the central part of the city there are roaches, which give
the dirtiest sections of the river account for up to 90% of the catch; there is also a lot of bream,
perch and bleak (Sokolov et al., 1998). Roach presented in the city
two forms - molluscivorous and herbivorous. The first feeds-
It is mainly inhabited by the bivalve mollusk zebra mussel and is found
from Strogin to Novospassky Bridge in the Tagansky district. Second pi-
is formed by algae and is distributed in the central and lower
married areas. Within the city center, therefore, there is
Both forms exist.
The rather high number of whitefins in the city is surprising.
minnows. Usually these fish are considered indicators clean water, A
here they were caught even in the Yauza River (place not specified),
why the fish looked healthy, which indicates the emergence
in Moscow of a special “industrial race” of the gudgeon (Sokolov and
al., 1998). In roach, the formation of such a race has not yet occurred,
since this fish in the city is sick and is characterized by numerous
deviations from the norm: abnormal coloring up to complete
disappearance of pigmentation, shortened “pug-shaped” head,
lesscopically enlarged eyes or other disorders of the visual organs
changes up to their complete disappearance, curvature of the spine,
violation of fins up to their complete disappearance, double
lateral line or breaks in it, changes in body shape and structure
ry scales, disorders of internal organs and metabolism (particularly
leanness, high fat content due to high-calorie feed), tumors.
Such fish are sometimes called “mutants,” but the authors propose the name
call them "monsters", believing that the term "mutants" is more applicable to
"industrial race" of the gudgeon (Sokolov et al., 1998).
- (05/26/1817, Moscow 11/25/1881, St. Petersburg) Studied in architecture. EKS school (later MDAU), in 1838 received the title of architect. pom. 3rd grade In 1839 he was appointed architect. pom. on the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace. In 1845 58 he served as a draftsman on the commission... ... Large biographical encyclopedia
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I Moscow is a river in the Moscow and partly in the Smolensk region of the RSFSR, a left tributary of the Oka (Volga basin). Length 502 km, basin area 17,600 km2. It originates on the Moscow Upland. Food is snow (61%), ground (27%) and rain... ...
Moscow. I. General information. Population of M. is the capital of the USSR and the RSFSR, the center of the Moscow region. The largest political, scientific, industrial and cultural center in the country and one of the most important in the world, the city is a hero. M. is one of the largest in number... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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Moscow is a famous city, adorned with majestic buildings, green gardens and ancient winding streets - the living embodiment of bygone times. But the Russian capital is famous not only for its architecture.
Nature is generous to these places, and numerous reservoirs located in the most beautiful areas complete it unique look. Let's get acquainted with them and open a list of water bodies in Moscow - ponds, lakes and canals.
Troparevsky Pond
In the territory landscape park“Teply Stan”, in the south-west of the capital, there is an artificial reservoir - Troparevsky Pond. It appeared in the post-war period, occupying a ravine located at the source of the river. Ochakovki. And although the dry formulation “Moscow water bodies” does not suit this charming body of water at all, let’s start the description with it. Troparevsky Pond is the only flowing pond in a vast area where you can enjoy a good rest in nature. The Ochakovka River and the Kukrinsky Stream, flowing into the pond, do not allow the water to stagnate. The shore of the reservoir is adequately landscaped: the coastlines have been updated, the embankment has been restored, benches, sun loungers and bridges have been installed on the beach, there are cozy cafes, free Wi-Fi operating in the beach area, boat and catamaran rentals.
Safe access to the water and regular monitoring of its condition allow families to spend weekends here with their children. Those who wish in the coastal zone are provided with leisure: There are playgrounds for children, volleyball and football fields.
Golitsynsky pond
On the right bank of the Moscow River, Moscow reservoirs are represented by the Golitsyn Pond. Located in the famous park named after. Gorky, it is a favorite vacation spot for Muscovites. This magnificent corner of nature will bring unforgettable pleasure to everyone, because it has everything you can dream of. The embankment of the pond has been restored and improved; in the immediate vicinity of the water there are comfortable sun loungers, wooden benches and tables. On the beach you can successfully combine relaxation with work: the range of services includes free Wi-Fi. This body of water is the most romantic in Moscow. Here you can ride a boat and feed the feathered inhabitants - ducks and swans, who are accustomed to humans and gladly accept his treats.
The Golitsynsky pond is rich in a variety of fish, which were once released for cleaning purposes. Once established, silver carp reach significant sizes. Fishermen are frequent guests here, because fishing allowed. Golitsynsky Pond is one of the most picturesque corners of the capital, successfully combining the beauty of Russian nature with the achievements of civilization.
Serebryano-Vinogradny Pond
This reservoir is one of the oldest and most famous in the list of “Moscow Water Objects”. It is located in the floodplain of the river. Serebryanki near the place where in the 17th century stood the estate of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the father of Peter I the Great. It was the founder of the Romanov dynasty who connected the river with two small reservoirs with dams, thereby surrounding it with water on all sides. In this pond, Tsarevich Peter first sailed on a small boat, which was later jokingly called the “grandfather of the Russian fleet.”
This historical place today it is a monument of landscape gardening art. The reservoir and coastal area were cleaned and restored, dams were replaced with bridges, children's swings were installed, basketball and volleyball courts were built, and the banks and beach area were strengthened. The sandy beach, two boat stations, sports equipment rentals and sports facilities have long been appreciated by vacationers. For those arriving by car, there are two comfortable parking areas. The beach area is fenced with a decorative grille, ensuring the safety of vacationers.
Patriarch's Ponds
The list of water bodies in Moscow would be incomplete without the famous Patriarch's Ponds. Despite the plural, today it is one body of water, surrounded by a small, neat park. Patriarch's Ponds is a surprisingly quiet place in the very center of the capital, with rich history and literary fame. In addition, it seems to be created for walking, relaxing and thinking.
Fish were introduced into the reservoir, which was improved and cleaned in 2003. Besides her, swans and ducks have taken root here. They surrounded the pond, reconstructed the square and turned this quiet corner into a cultural heritage site.
Chistye Prudy
Moscow is a diverse city. In the bustle of a huge metropolis, there are many surprisingly calm places filled with old-Moscow energy. For example, Chistye Prudy- spread out in the middle Chistoprudny Boulevard a pond guarded by centuries-old linden trees, elegant chestnut trees and trimmed lawns.
Surrounded by blocks of old buildings and well-fitted modern buildings, the pond and the adjacent park are a historical place that preserves the memory of bygone times.
Vorontsov Ponds
The decoration of the South-West of the capital is a park with 5 reservoirs located on the territory of the Vorontsovo estate. These are well-groomed, picturesque places, occupying almost 40 hectares - a real earthly paradise. Trees preserved from the 18th century frame a cascade of reservoirs, fortified coastline, excellent park interior, several cozy cafes and playgrounds good at any time of the year. Vorontsovsky ponds are an excellent place for active recreation.
Borisov Ponds
Moscow's water bodies are complemented by the Borisov Ponds - the reservoir, named after Boris Godunov and existing for several centuries, is the largest in the capital. Its area covers almost 86 hectares.
The beach on the northern shore is excellently landscaped, however, the water of the pond contains harmful substances that do not allow swimming, as prohibited signs indicate. However, swans and ducks live on the pond, and on the clean sand of the beach you can have a great rest while sunbathing.
Moscow channels
Having listed the main artificial reservoirs of the capital, let us remember the water arteries - canals. Here they are:
Channel named after Moscow.
Drainage.
Golovinsky.
Krylatskoye (rowing canal).
Lakes
The capital is also rich in natural reservoirs. are represented by the White, Holy, and Black lakes, connected by man-made channels that form the Kosinskoye Three Lakes. White Lake is the largest in the complex, reaching an area of 27 hectares and a depth of 19 m. Black Lake is connected to White Lake by an artificial channel. Muddy bottom and spring recharge - good conditions for fish reproduction. famous for its healing water containing many chemical elements. Moscow lakes are excellent places for recreation and fishing.
In one article it is impossible to talk about all the reservoirs of the capital; we have listed only the most famous of them.
