There are many definitions of a tourist, reflecting the focus of the regulatory act and certain economic interests of the state by affiliation. Actually, experts have been working on this definition for more than 50 years. The first definitions of a tourist were formulated in 1937 by a special Committee of Experts on Statistics of the League of Nations. It is recommended to consider a tourist as a person who has the following characteristics: movement, temporary stay in a certain place, lack of connection with work and earnings.

A detailed analysis of the definitions of the concept of “tourist” was carried out by D. Frechtling. As a result, he identified four main criteria used in all formulations of the concept of “tourist”: the purpose of the trip; type of vehicle used; duration of stay; distance covered.[Arefyev V.E. Introduction to tourism. Barnaul: AltGU, 2002.] It is generally accepted that the first two criteria are unimportant for practical comparative determinations, and all attention has focused on the last two.

Duration of stay is a fundamental component of the UN definition, according to which a tourist must stay in the place of visit for more than 24 hours, but less than 12 months. Some definitions focus primarily on the criterion of distance. For example, the US National Commission on Tourism Resources determines tourist as "a person who travels more than 50 miles (one way) from his home for business, entertainment, personal, or any other purposes other than commuting to his place of work." The US Census Bureau uses the same definition, increasing the minimum distance to 100 miles.

E. Cohen identified six main dimensions that meaningfully describe the term “tourist” in various studies: consistency, voluntariness, direction, distance, frequency and purpose. He himself defined a tourist as a temporary traveler, traveling of his own free will for the pleasure of novelty and gaining experience during a relatively long trip that involves returning to the starting point. [Birzhakov M.B. Introduction to tourism. M.; St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2007.] This definition has drawbacks - it does not have temporal and spatial boundaries.

In order to solve these problems, at the UN Conference on International Tourism and Travel, held in Rome in 1963, issues of tourism definitions were considered and it was proposed to use the terms “visitors”, “tourists” (overnight visitors) and “excursionists” (one-day non-overnight visitors ). The following definition of the concept " tourist": "A person who arrived in a country in which he does not permanently live and is not engaged in paid professional activities, for the purpose of spending free time for treatment, entertainment, education, recreation, religion, sports, for family or business reasons."

At the same time, under visitor means any person traveling to a place outside his usual environment for a period not exceeding 12 consecutive months, the main purpose of which is not to engage in an activity remunerated from a source in the place visited. The UN Conference recommended that this definition be used for statistical purposes. The concept of "visitor" includes tourists and excursionists.

The concept of “tourist” adopted by international organizations differs from the concept of “excursionist”: a tourist spends more than a day outside his permanent place of residence, an excursionist - less than a day. For example, according to the UNWTO, a tourist is a temporary visitor, that is, a person who is in a country other than his country of residence for any purpose other than carrying out a remunerated activity. The main goals are study, treatment, transit. Thus, a tourist is a person who is away from his permanent place of residence for at least 24 hours and no more than a year.

In accordance with UNWTO recommendations, the category of tourists also includes crew members of foreign aircraft and ships who spend at least one night in the accommodation facilities of the host country. The category of excursionists includes passengers of sea and river cruises living on board the ship, crew members of foreign aircraft and ships who are in the country of temporary stay for no more than one day, as well as transit one-day visitors. Figure 1.2 shows the UNWTO classification of travelers.

Rice. 1.2.

Extending these definitions to domestic tourism, tourist should be considered a consumer of a tour, tourist product or tourist services - a temporary visitor to an area, settlement, territory or country, regardless of his citizenship, nationality, gender, language and religion, staying in a given area for at least 24 hours, but not more than 6 months in during a calendar year or who is outside his place of residence within his country and spends at least one overnight stay in a collective or individual accommodation facility, traveling for pleasure or for educational, medical, business purposes and not engaging in paid activities at the place of temporary stay from a local source.

It is also necessary to identify categories of travelers who are not considered tourists and, accordingly, are not taken into account by statistics. These include:

• persons traveling within their usual habitat;
• migrants - citizens who change their place of permanent residence to another or leave their place of permanent residence for a period of more than a year;
• persons without a fixed place of residence - nomads, homeless people;
• refugees and internally displaced persons;
• persons who travel to engage in paid activities in a place of temporary stay;
• migrant workers and residents of border areas - frontiers;
• representatives of diplomatic structures;
• military personnel traveling for the purpose of military service, as well as members of their families;
• illegal immigrants;
• prisoners extradited from certain countries or regions to their home countries;
• participants of group trips on tourist trains, spending the night in carriages;
• participants in group trips on buses, spending the night in their cabins;
• crew members of ships, trains, spending the night in a cabin or carriage;
• members of aircraft crews who spend the night at the place of visit.

So, we can highlight the following criteria that distinguish tourists from other categories of travelers:

• trips are made outside the place of permanent residence;
• the time of stay at a tourist destination ranges from 24 hours to a year (six months);
• the target component of the trip is clearly defined;
• impossibility of engaging in activities paid for from a local source in the place of temporary stay.

Tourists are divided depending on the types of tourism into two types: international and domestic.

International tourist- a visitor traveling to a country other than the country of his usual residence and outside the person's main environment, for a period not exceeding 12 months, the main purpose of which is not to engage in an activity remunerated from a source in the place visited, and staying at least one night in a group or private accommodation facility in the country being visited.

Domestic tourist. Its definition is much more complicated. To this day, UNWTO specialists do not have a common point of view on this issue. Some countries are trying to give their own definition of a domestic tourist. Thus, the UNWTO Commission on National Tourism Resources defines a domestic tourist as a person who leaves his place of permanent residence in order to visit a place located no closer than 50 miles (80.5 km) from his place of residence. This trip can have professional, entertainment, personal, or other purposes, excluding individual daytime travel to the place of work. For a local tourist there is no need to stay at the destination for more than 24 hours, this means that he can stay overnight at the destination or return home the same day.

N.I. Kabushkin and A.P. Durovich give the following definition: “Domestic tourist is a visitor permanently residing in a country, traveling to a specific place located in his country, outside the usual environment of that person, for a period not exceeding 12 months, the main purpose of which is not to activities paid from a source in the visited place, and spending at least one night in a collective or private accommodation facility in the visited place." [Guliev N.A., Kulagina E.V. Introduction to the specialty: Tourism. Omsk: OGIS, 2002.]

All tourists can be classified according to the following criteria: depending on their activity or lifestyle. Traditionally, tourists are divided into six groups based on their activity during vacation. [Dmitrienko Yu.V., Karmashkova N.V., Chernova T.V. Fundamentals of tourism business. Khabarovsk: DVGUPS, 2003.]

Lovers of a relaxing holiday. Its representatives go on vacation to free themselves from everyday stress and relax in a calm and pleasant environment. They are afraid of strangers and large crowds of people. Relaxed holidaymakers are drawn to the sun, sand and sea.

Pleasure lovers. This is a type of very adventurous tourists who, during their holidays, are busy looking for a variety of pleasures and prefer a social atmosphere. In relation to them, words such as flirting and long distances are most often used.

Lovers of active recreation. These tourists love nature and create active stress for their bodies. They prefer measured movement and being in the fresh air. Their vacation can be combined with treatment.

Sports lovers. Unlike active vacationers, tourist-athletes have all their attention focused on competitions. Sports are very important to them - their hobby. They are not afraid of physical activity.

Vacationers for the purpose of knowledge and study. This type of tourist is interested in improving their educational level and learning new things. There are three subgroups: Pr, P and Pd. Tourists of the Pr type visit places described in guidebooks. Type P pays attention not so much to recognized attractions, but to searching for places where he can feel their atmosphere. For him, feelings and moods come to the fore. Tourists of the PD type have pronounced cultural and socio-scientific interests; they are very attracted to nature.

Adventure lovers. Few thrill-seekers go on a journey alone and expose themselves to truly serious risks. The type of adventurers includes those tourists who are looking for unusual experiences with a certain amount of risk. For them, risk is an opportunity to test themselves.

Classifying tourists into groups depending on their lifestyle suggests a more in-depth approach to identifying types, since it considers a person and his behavior not in isolation, but in connection with his life position, attitude towards various things and his desires.

When identifying groups of tourists depending on their lifestyle, the basis is not some separate criterion, but a person’s general attitude towards his life. This is very difficult to do, since trends and the economic situation in society are subject to strong changes over time. Depending on the lifestyle, four groups of tourists are distinguished: pleasure-seekers, tendentious, family and exclusively leisure tourists. With such a classification, it should be borne in mind that the identified groups are constantly changing, and the boundaries between them are very vague.

Lovers of pleasure. Representatives of this group have very high demands on the quality of their vacation. For them, traveling is a way of self-expression. They want to enjoy their vacation, allow themselves some weaknesses, or give themselves exercise.

tendentious tourists. For them, rest is an opportunity to find and express themselves as an individual. These are vacationers with high demands, but unlike those “enjoying life,” they do not need luxury conditions. They are looking for unity with nature, silence and the possibility of psychological relief, are aware of environmental problems, and are interested in the politics and culture of the region they are planning to visit.

Family tourists. This group includes exclusively families with children. Family tourists love to spend their holidays with family, friends and relatives. They relax in a calm and comfortable environment, buy services at competitive prices, and do not like to be disturbed. Most often they serve themselves.

Entirely vacationers. The most important condition for tourists of this type is the opportunity to relax. This group includes relatively passive tourists who spend their holidays in the traditional way: they are content with silence, sleep for a long time, love to eat tasty and plentiful meals, and take short walks or short trips. Fans of such holidays do not like to experiment and try to maintain their habits during the holidays.

Depending on the purposes of the study, various typologies of tourists. The most common is the typology of the German specialist G. Hahn, who identifies the following types of tourists:

S-type(German) Sonne, Sand, See- sun, sandy beach, sea). A typical vacationer who prefers passive relaxation at seaside resorts, tranquility and comfort; avoids fuss, but welcomes contacts with pleasant people.

F-type(German) Ferme und Flirtorientierter Eriebnisur Lauber- a vacationer who prefers long-distance travel and flirting). This type is characterized by a craving for a constant change of faces, events, and impressions. He will only spend his holidays where there is something going on, as slow roasting on the beach with family or alone is not for him. The credo of such a tourist is society, pleasure, and a change of impressions.

W-1-type(German) Wald und Wanderorientiert- lover of forest walks and hikes). A vacationer who prefers active recreation, hiking, etc. His credo is physical activity in the fresh air, regardless of the weather. On vacation, he strives to maintain good physical shape, but does not play sports professionally.

W-2-type- more of an athlete than an amateur. Withstands long-term and large, even extreme, loads. When choosing a tour, the criteria for conditions for doing what you love are dominant. Selection criteria such as “landscape, culture, history” are secondary (for example, an amateur pilot, a passionate climber, etc.).

A-type(German) Abentener- adventure). Adventure lover. Risk, new sensations, testing one’s strength in unexpected situations, danger - these are what determine the choice of travel destination for this type of tourist.

B-type(German) Bildung und Besichtigung- education and sightseeing). Curious tourists are divided into three subgroups:

• “experts” who “collect” the attractions they visit;
• “emotional” lovers of culture and nature;
• “specialists” who deepen their knowledge in certain areas of culture, history, art, etc.

Goals and motivation of tourists. Let us now consider the incentives for tourism that attract foreign tourists. Experts include the following main motives:

• learning and getting to know a new culture and way of life, food and customs;
• acquaintance with entertainment, nightlife, the opportunity to visit good restaurants, discos and other entertainment venues;
• the opportunity to experience a slightly different lifestyle, have fun, freely spend money that has been accumulating for a long period, and feel at least a little like a person of a higher level;
• change of general environment, stress relief, relaxation;
• visiting theaters, performances, festivals, carnivals;
• meeting new interesting people;
• studying the conditions for potential business in a given country;
• shopping goals, purchasing souvenirs and gifts;
• seaside recreation, sports; winter sports and recreation;
• treatment, health purposes;
• religious purposes, pilgrimage;
• meetings with relatives and friends.

Pleasure and relaxation- natural needs of a person, allowing him to restore physical and mental strength, relieve stress accumulated during routine work over a long period. Typically, normally working people have between one and five weeks of rest each year.

The second most important ones are determined health And medicinal goals: visiting resorts, sanatoriums, medical and health institutions, health trips, staying at medicinal waters, other types of treatment.

Followed by professional and business purposes: this includes seconded specialists, for example, those sent to assemble and install equipment; participating in meetings, meetings, conferences, congresses and conventions, trade fairs and exhibitions; incentive trips for enterprise employees (incentive tourism); giving lectures and concerts; preparation of tourist travel programs (promotional tours); concluding agreements for accommodation and transport; working as tour guides and other positions in the tourism industry; participation in professional sporting events; paid training, education and research activities.

V.A. Kvartalnov, developing the idea of ​​program tourism, identifies eight main groups of motives that serve as the basis for developing tourism service programs and highlighting the most important areas of tourism.

Taking care of maintaining health. This group of programs includes tours with treatment, massage and other procedures for families, people with disabilities, non-smokers or quitters, tours with recreational sports (swimming, aerobics, therapeutic exercises, etc.).

Playing sports as a means of psychological relaxation and increasing vital activity. This includes tours that allow you to engage in sports during your vacation that most people do not have the opportunity to engage in regularly throughout the year. These are alpine skiing, tennis, golf, gliding, horse riding, sailing, surfing, windsurfing, scuba diving, kayaking and catamarans.

Education. Here we can highlight, first of all, the study of foreign languages ​​and conversational practice, which includes daily classes, as well as other types of recreational activities. In addition, this includes training in various sports and professional training programs (management, marketing, economics, etc.). A small group consists of educational tours based on interests (cooking, ecology, astronomy).

An opportunity for self-expression and self-affirmation. This group includes the so-called adventure tours: high-category tourist trips, round-the-world travel by boat, African safari, camel and motor-sart hunting, conquest of mountain peaks, underwater hunting and various expeditions.

An opportunity to do what you love (hobby) among like-minded people. There are special tours for car enthusiasts, “fans” and sports fans to sporting competitions, championships and Olympics, pilgrims, collectors and amateurs, gourmets, etc.

Solving business problems. This includes so-called business, congress tours, business trips, scientific tours. The travel company provides a cultural and tourist excursion program for congresses, organizes business trips with visits to places of interest to clients and the provision of relevant services (transport, accommodation, meals, congress services, etc.).

Entertainment and the need to communicate with other people. These are mainly trips on holidays with an entertainment and educational program.

Satisfying curiosity and increasing cultural level. Such problems are solved in all the above-mentioned rounds. But they play the main role in educational tours of cities, capitals, historical and cultural centers. On theater tours - to famous opera and ballet theaters and concert halls. In literary ones - according to the places of life and work of famous writers, the actions of heroes of literary works, etc.

Rights and responsibilities of a tourist.[Kaurova A.D. Organization of the tourism sector. St. Petersburg: Nevsky Fund; Gerda, 2006.] When preparing a tourist for a trip and during his trip, including transit, the tourist has the right to:

• to the necessary and reliable information about the rules of entry into the country or place of temporary stay and stay there; about the customs of the local population, religious rituals, shrines, monuments of nature, history, culture and other tourist attractions that are under special protection; the state of the natural environment;
• freedom of movement, free access to tourist resources, taking into account the restrictive measures adopted in the country (place) of temporary stay;
• ensuring personal safety, consumer rights and safety of one’s property, unhindered receipt of emergency medical care;
• compensation for losses and compensation for moral damage in the event of failure to comply with the terms of the contract, retail purchase and sale of a tourist product by a tour operator or travel agent in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation;
• assistance from authorities and local self-government of the country or place of temporary stay in obtaining legal and other types of assistance;
• unhindered access to communications.

During the trip, including transit, the tourist must:

• comply with the legislation of the country or place of temporary stay, respect local customs, traditions, social structure, religious beliefs;
• preserve the natural environment, take care of natural, historical and cultural monuments in the country or place of temporary residence;
• comply with the rules of entry into the country or place of temporary stay, exit from the country or place of temporary stay and stay there, as well as in countries of transit;
• Observe the rules of personal safety and the safety of your property while traveling.

Tourist freedom. Freedom of movement- the most important factor determining tourism. It is necessary for participation in travel, the harmonious development of tourism and individual improvement. States in national legislation must take into account the need to simplify and facilitate tourism formalities (customs, currency, sanitary, police, passport and visa) as an important condition for intensifying tourist flows.

According to immigration regulations, the same procedure applies to tourists. Consideration of gender characteristics primarily takes place when placing tourists. According to generally accepted norms, with the exception of spouses and families, as well as individuals who have expressed a special request, tourists are accommodated based on gender.

By indirect evidence age can also be an obstacle to a tourist trip, especially if the country's authorities require medical insurance with a fairly high coverage limit. Typically, people over 70 years of age are not covered by health insurance, or health insurance is very expensive. For the purposes of tourism and statistics, the following age categories are distinguished: 0-2 years - infant (infant); 3-12 years old - child; 14-18 years old - schoolboy; 18-25 years old - youth; 18-28 years old - students; 26-44 - adults; 45-64 - older adults; 65 years and older - pensioners (third age).

Belonging to any religious denomination cannot serve as an obstacle to tourism. The tourist must be familiar with and respect local laws and customs. According to international standards, a tourist has the right to freely perform religious rites and prayers, however, if this does not interfere with other tourists and does not violate local customs and rules of staying in a hotel and other public places.

Knowledge local language- a private matter of the tourist. Nobody obliges you to study and know it. Tourist services, if necessary, should include the services of a guide-translator, if necessary, as well as an accompanying tourist group (tour leader, group leader, guide-translator), who is obliged to resolve emerging problems with representatives of local authorities.

Compiled for tourists in Moscow. Valid until the approval of a similar document by the TSSR. Option "0-1" Agreed: Arsenin, Kostin, Nizhnikovsky, Pigulevsky, Nikonorov, Renteev, Smirnov, Khoroshilov.
Developed by Alekseev.

1. INTRODUCTION

In the last decade, the quality of reports on tourist trips submitted to the ICC at all levels has noticeably decreased. In many cases, reports do not meet the requirements for these documents. It is not always possible to get an idea of ​​the actions and real qualifications of the group from such reports. Poor quality reports cannot be used in preparing routes, which leads to the aging of information stored in libraries and can significantly affect the safety of trips.
At the same time, MCCs at all levels have reduced their requirements when considering submitted reports. Certificates of passing a trip are often issued based on reports in which the technical description is reduced to a detailed calendar plan for the trip. It is extremely rare for low-quality reports to be returned for revision.

2. GENERAL INFORMATION

A report on a tourist trip is a document by which the ICC evaluates the real experience of the group, evaluates the actions of tourists on the route and the competence of tactical decisions. Based on the reports, the ICC decides the issue of qualifying the campaign and assigning ranks. Based on the reports, the panels of judges hold tourism championships.
Reports are one of the main sources of information about the travel area. Tourists prepare for hiking along them. Based on materials from the reports submitted when approving the route, the ICC decides whether the complexity of the declared hike corresponds to the qualifications (capabilities) of the group. The library of tourism reports serves as the information basis for the work of specific and interspecific commissions of tourism federations.

3. PURPOSE OF TOURIST REPORTS

The main task of a tourist report is to convey maximum reliable useful information about the travel area and specific local obstacles. It should contain information about routes of communication with the hiking area, features of the organization of movement, nature reserves and border zones, natural obstacles, climatic features, etc. The report should tell how the group acted and contain recommendations for subsequent trips.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR TOURIST REPORT

4.1. The report must contain only reliable information.
The report must clearly answer the question: where and how the route ran, how the group acted while passing it.
The report, in addition to purely technical descriptions, may contain the impressions of group members about the area, the route and the obstacles passed.
4.2 The report on the tourist trip can be written or oral. Submission of a written report is mandatory for hikes of grades 4-6, as well as for hikes participating in tourism championships. In all other cases, as well as for hikes 1-3 k.s. the form of the report, its volume and content are established by the ICC when considering application materials, taking into account the novelty and availability of information on the given area in the ICC library. The decision of the ICC is recorded in the route book. The “Technical description of the route” section in connection with the “Expanded route schedule” (see 5.5) is required for all reports.
4.3. Along with the report, the route book or its photocopy and documents confirming the passage of the route, completed certificates of travel credit in the established form for all participants are submitted to the ICC.
4.4. An oral report is made by the leader and group members at the ICC meeting. In this case, the documents listed in clause 4.3, photographs, video materials, etc., as well as maps and route diagrams are presented. The oral report is built on sections of the written one (see 5.)
4.5. The written report must be typewritten (computerized), have continuous page numbering, and MUST HAVE HARD BACKING, which ensures long-term preservation of the report. For the content of the written report, see section 5.
4.6. Photographs and sketches included in the report should characterize difficult sections of the route and the group’s actions on them, provide subsequent groups with orientation, and display the nature and attractions of the area. The photographs are marked with the traveled and recommended route, and dangerous zones are highlighted. Photographs must have continuous numbering and MUST have signatures that allow the displayed object to be identified without referring to the text of the report. The text of the report must contain links to photographs and other illustrated material.
4.7. The report is accompanied by an overview map (diagram) of the hiking area with a plotted route, alternate options, directions of movement and possible evacuation, as well as overnight stays indicating their serial numbers and dates, and the main obstacles. The map can be supplemented with sketches or large-scale diagrams of complex areas, indicating the route, landmarks and photographic points.
For hikes with significant elevation changes, water and caving hikes, a route profile (elevation chart) is drawn up.
Reports on water trips contain directions indicating obstacles and their landmarks, diagrams of obstacles with the route, belay and mooring places.
The reports on caving trips provide topographical materials on underground cavities.
Reports on motor vehicle trips indicate points for possible refueling and repair of vehicles.

The text part must contain the sections specified in the “Standard form and content of a report on a hiking trip, travel and sports tour” (see Appendix I). Individual sections are discussed in detail below, as well as in the “methodological recommendations” (see Appendix 4).
5.1 Title page (see Appendix 2).
5.2 Contents (Table of Contents).
5.3 Background information about the hike.
The name of the conducting organization, country, republic, city, type of tourism, category of difficulty of the hike, length and timing of the hike, route book number and information about the powers of the IWC are indicated. This is followed by a detailed route, identifying obstacles, a list of the group indicating the year of birth, tourist experience and responsibilities in the group, and addresses for consultations. 5.4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area. Includes the geographical location of the area, its tourist opportunities, options for entry and exit, characteristics of vehicles, including the cost of travel and transport schedules, emergency and backup options for a given route, information about medical centers, retail outlets, the location of border and protected areas, order obtaining passes to restricted areas, addresses and telephone numbers of relevant organizations, location and addresses of PSS and PSO, the most interesting natural and historical sites, climatic and other characteristics of the route.
5.5. ORGANIZATION OF THE TRIP.
The features of pre-march preparation, the features of the chosen route are described, the rationale for the choice of the main and backup options, and the organization of drops is given. The section should answer the question of why this particular route was chosen; how successful the initial plan of the campaign turned out to be. This section provides the declared route line and the separately actually traveled one in a form convenient for comparison.
5.6. DETAILED TRAFFIC SCHEDULE.
It is presented in the form of a table, for which the following columns are recommended: travel day, date, route section, length (km), net walking time, obstacles defining the section, weather conditions, elevation difference (for mountain hikes). At the end, the total duration, length, and elevation difference are indicated. For hikes in the mountains, an altitude chart is given, and for water hikes, a route profile is given. THE INFORMATION FROM THIS SECTION IS DISCLOSED IN DETAIL IN THE NEXT SECTION.
5.7. DIARY AND TECHNICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE.
Main section of the report. Includes a detailed, without any exceptions, description of the route in the order in which it is passed, difficult sections according to the diagrams below, technique and tactics for passing the route, dangerous sections and safety measures. Without this section, the report cannot be considered by the ICC.
The route description is broken down by days or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The heading of each day indicates the date and day of the journey, as well as, for the convenience of users, the route section, mileage, elevation difference, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day. A sample title is given in Appendix 3.
The text indicates the object (the point to which the group is striving), landmarks and direction of movement. Descriptions of the sections are given in strict sequence; the characteristics of the section to be overcome (obstacles), the time of movement, the equipment and tactics used, dangerous sections, and methods of insurance are indicated.
To make working on the report easier, it is convenient to use the ready-made diagrams given below. Examples of their application and methods that facilitate the preparation of this section are given in Appendix 4.

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF A LOCAL OBSTACLE (using the example of a pass)

1. Name, category of difficulty (c.t.), height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, what valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. Where it is visible from, where it is located, landmarks for searching.
3. Characteristics (description) of approaches and transfer takeoffs, dangerous areas.
4. Group activities, insurance, running time.
5. Description of the saddle.
6. View from the pass.
7. Characteristics (description) of the opposite slope.
8. Group actions on the descent, insurance, running time.
9. Recommendations for those walking the pass in the opposite direction.
10. Total travel time.
11. Places of possible overnight stays.
12. Required special equipment.
13. Recommendations for equipment and insurance.
14. Evaluation by a group of c.t. obstacles and options for passing them.
See also Appendix I

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE (using the example of a valley)

1. Indicate the final goal (landmark) of the movement, for example, a local obstacle (pass, crossing) towards which the group is going and its location.
2. Indicate landmarks, direction of movement, points from which landmarks or the goal of movement are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path to the chosen goal (road, path, forest, scree, etc.)
4. Movement of the group from landmark to landmark, indicating the time of movement, characteristics of obstacles and group actions, insurance, dangerous places.
5. Total driving time, purely running time.
6. Places for possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for groups going in the opposite direction.
8. Evaluation by a group of c.t. obstacles.

5.8 MATERIAL EQUIPMENT OF THE GROUP
A list of special equipment, features of personal and public equipment and comments on them are provided. Calculation of the weight of the backpack is also given here.
5.9. CAMPAIGN ESTIMATE
The cost of travel, accommodation, food and all other expenses is given. Recommendations for optimizing costs are given.
5.10. RESULTS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This section summarizes the results and draws conclusions about the achievement of the goals. The correctness of tactical decisions, the choice of route line and the movement schedule are analyzed, recommendations are given for its passage and possible changes. The compliance of the category of difficulty of the route and individual obstacles with the declared ones, and the reasons for changing the original plan of the hike are analyzed.

ANNEX 1

STANDARD FORM AND CONTENT OF A REPORT ON A TOURIST CAMPAIGN, TRAVEL, SPORTS TOUR

1. Title page. (see Appendix 2)
2. Contents (table of contents)
3. Background information about the hike.
3.1. Conducting organization (name, address, telephone, fax, e-mail, www)
3.2. Country, republic, region, region, district, subdistrict, massif (venue)
3.3. General reference information about the route (in a column or in table form).

3.4. Detailed itinerary.
3.5. Determining obstacles of the route (passes, traverses, peaks, canyons, crossings, rapids, vegetation, swamps, screes, sand, snow, ice, water areas, etc.) in the form of a table to determine the complexity of the route using the TSSR method.

3.6. Group list.
3.7. Full name, address, phone number, e-mail, leader and participants.
3.8. Address where the report is stored, availability of video and film materials.
3.9. The hike was reviewed by the ICC __________________

4. General geographical and tourist characteristics of the area.
4.1. Geographical location and tourist features of the area.
4.2. Arrival and departure options.
4.3. Emergency exits from the route and its alternate options.
4.4. Characteristics of vehicles, weather conditions and other information specific to the area and type of tourism.
4.5. The location of border zones, nature reserves, the procedure for obtaining passes, the location of the PSO, medical institutions and other useful data.
4.6. List of the most interesting natural, historical and other objects (activities) along the route.

5. Organization and conduct of the trip.
5.1. Goals and objectives of the route. Preparation, route selection. Tactical ideas, novelty.
5.2. Changes in route and their reasons.
5.3. Detailed motion schedule. Present it in the form of a table, briefly presenting the main information disclosed in the section “Technical description of the group’s route.” Recommended columns: Travel days. Date of. Section of the route (from-to). Length in km. Pure running time. Defining obstacles on the site. Weather conditions.

6. Technical description of the route.
The main section in the report.
Difficult areas: passes, rapids, crossings, places with difficult orientation, etc. ≈ are described in more detail, indicating the time intervals of their passage and the group’s action on them. Particular attention should be paid to the description of traffic technology and tactics, as well as measures to ensure safety along the route and extreme situations. The text “Technical description of the group’s route” must be “linked” to the text of the “Extended traffic schedule” through dates and days of travel.
Potentially dangerous areas along the route are described separately.
The technical description is broken down by days of travel or tactical sections. The latter are also broken down by day. The title of each day indicates: Date, day of travel, and it is also advisable to indicate the section of the route, mileage, elevation changes, net running time in hours and weather conditions during the day (see Appendix 3).

7. Material support for the group.

8. Cost of accommodation, food, equipment, transportation costs.

10. The report is accompanied by an overview and detailed map of the route indicating backup options and emergency exits, photographs of identifying obstacles confirming the group’s passage through them (all photographs must be numbered, linked to the text of paragraph 6 and signatures allowing identification of the depicted object without referring to text), passports of local obstacles passed for the first time. To create a data bank of routes traveled and simplify the exchange of information, it is recommended, in addition to a written report to the ICC, to provide a report “done (preferably with maps, photos, etc.) on a CD (floppy disk) in one of the formats pdf, html, rtf, doc, txt - text format.

APPENDIX 2

TITLE PAGE

REPORT
about (type of tourism) hiking
_______ difficulty category by (geographical area)
committed by a group of tourists (city, group)
in the period from _________ to ________ 200__.

Route book No.___________
Team leader ____________
Address, phone number, e-mail of the manager

The route qualification commission reviewed the report and believes that the hike can be classified as a difficulty category for all participants and the leader.
Use the report in the library ____________

City __________ 200_g.

APPENDIX 3

POSSIBLE OPTION FOR THE TITLE OF THE DAY OF RUNNING. (example)

APPENDIX 4

METHODOLOGICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING A TOURIST REPORT

Cool at first
and then it settles down...
(Description of the pass ZB c.s.)

We go on hikes for ourselves, but many tourists write reports not for themselves, but for others, and consider the preparation of a report to be an outdated, unnecessary sad duty, without the fulfillment of which the “evil uncles from the MKK” will not give the coveted certificates of standing and will not be allowed into more difficult hike. “We are athletes, we are technicians, not writers,” this opinion can often be heard on the sidelines of tourist clubs.
“Colleagues, (I would like to object to this), what materials did you use to prepare the routes? Maybe the reports are written for you by some non-athletes, support staff, second-class tourists or hired workers?” Nothing of the kind, they are written by your comrades and, moreover, not always by your elders. Reports, and especially good reports, are written by honest athletes, those who not only use (for free!) the experience of others, but also help their friends and colleagues with their experience.
Let’s be honest with ourselves and our friends, and this manual will help us perform our duties with minimal effort and maximum benefit.
A person enjoys any job (including technical work on a tourist route, if he is good at this work). But in order to succeed, you first need to learn, “But at school we had C grades in essays, well, we weren’t able to write,” the stubborn ones will continue to object. However, throughout the world, millions of non-writers and non-journalists write industrial and scientific reports, instructions, articles, statements and explanatory notes. The task of these non-writers is to bring any information to interested parties. And well-developed document diagrams help them with this. If all the elements of the scheme (points of the plan) are met, you will be understood, even if you write clumsily, boringly and ponderously.

I. HOW TO WRITE A REPORT

If you want to make your work as easy as possible, start writing your report well before your hike. During the preparation period, you can write a draft of “general geographical and tourist characteristics of the hiking area.” Since you will still have to research the area before going on a hike, there is nothing stopping you from putting your findings on paper or magnetic media in advance. After the hike, all that remains is to make small corrections, add the information received during the hike, and start the printer. The same applies to some other sections. In order not to suffer with the technical description, it must be written on the route, following fresh tracks; in the form of a diary. It is best at rest stops, after each transition, to describe the area covered. You can write yourself, or you can dictate to a participant with good handwriting (the ideal option is when several people keep diaries on a hike, for example: a leader, a chronicler and a timekeeper). In this case, your comrades will be able to make amendments and additions, and, at the same time, learn to write themselves. Then after the trip all that remains is to edit and retype the text. It is dangerous to postpone the description until the evening. Much will be forgotten, and there may not be the conditions and time for writing. And it is absolutely unacceptable to write a report from memory after arriving home. Important details will be missed, timekeeping will be forgotten, and, moreover, there will most likely not be time for lengthy writing after the hike.
But most importantly, authenticity will be lost. And the report should contain only reliable information! It is not for nothing that participants in geographical expeditions professed and profess the principle: “what was not recorded in the field journal was not observed”!
Here is an example: well-known to many travelers, the editor of the newspaper “Volny Veter”, SV. Mindelevich walked according to the report of E.A. Ionikh in the Elbrus region, Yusengi pass (2B). Ionikh passed this pass second; there were no other materials in the library. From the report it followed that the bend of the glacier “in the central part ends with a smooth rollout onto the tongue. But instead of a rollout behind the bend, there was a rollout - onto sheep’s foreheads with a drop in height of about 300 meters! There was a thin layer of fresh snow on the ice, and the bend did not allow one to look down. Having started the descent without crampons and ropes, the group found themselves on precarious steps above a cliff... Later, the author of the description tried to justify himself by saying that they described the pass in a hurry at home, after the hike...
Another tragicomic incident: a group of MEPhI tourists passed pass 1B in Digoria. According to the description, there was a smooth snow slope straight from the saddle to the gentle part of the glacier. From the pass the slope was not visible. Without a shadow of a doubt, the leader sat down on the plastic and disappeared behind the bend. Those remaining heard a frightened scream, but then the leader drove out onto level ground and waved his arms invitingly. The second participant disappeared behind the bend, and again there was a scream and again a wave of his hand that allowed. The third participant sat down on the polyethylene and after a few seconds saw a huge (perhaps it seemed out of fear) bergschrund underneath him. Fortunately, there was a small springboard above the top edge. Slowly, very slowly, a gaping bottomless mouth floated below. Hit, slide, roll out!
Both were lucky. Both of them used unfair descriptions.
To keep a diary along the route, you need a hardback notebook, pens or pencils, a compass, an altimeter or a GPS. Diary entries and, accordingly, a description of the route must be kept in strict sequence, without interruptions (breaks). They must have accurate timing. However, it is necessary to indicate not “Live time”, it is unlikely that anyone will be interested in the fact that you walked from 7-00 to 7-30 from the place where you spent the night to the ford, but pure running time, that is, “it took 30 minutes”. It is even more useless to point out that, for example, you walked from the crossing to the glacier from 10:00 to 15:40, since it is not clear how long you rested, whether or not you had a snack, etc.
You need to describe the route from one noticeable landmark to another, indicate what can be seen from where, and in what weather conditions the stage took place. In some cases it is useful to mention the state of the group. All this may be useful to those who follow you.

2. WHAT TO WRITE IN THE REPORT

At the beginning of the description of the walking day, it is necessary to give its characteristics (see Appendix 3). Those reading the report should be able, without flipping through the entire text, to find a description of the section of the route they need and, without turning to other sections of the report, immediately determine where and where you were going from. In the text of the report, after the title of the day, it is necessary to indicate where the group begins to move, even if this is clear from the description of the previous day. And then outline WHERE THE GROUP IS GOING. For example, we start the path to Round Lake from the bus stop in the center of the village of Igoshino along a dirt road that runs between the houses to the northwest. Or: from an overnight stay at the confluence of the Bystraya and Kedrovaya rivers to the Sosnovy pass, we go along the left bank of the Bystraya River along a well-developed path to the southeast. At the same time, these phrases contain information about the nature of the beginning of the path (trail, road) and where this path begins from (there may be several roads and trails).
Then, if possible, you need to indicate distant landmarks. For example, you will have to walk for about 1.5 hours (5 km) to the confluence of the second large right tributary, the valley of which is visible from the overnight stay (from the turn of the main valley to the right, etc.). - This will allow less experienced travelers following your description do not miss the required turn in bad weather, or due to absent-mindedness.
Now let's proceed to the description of the route. We indicate the nature of the path (trails, off-road), forests, swamps, crossings. We indicate the time of movement between noticeable landmarks, for example, to the next tributary, clearing, river bend. Here we also describe the group’s actions in difficult areas, berry thickets, places for overnight stays and other useful information. As well as interesting objects, passes, waterfalls, canyons, forks in trails and roads. If orientation when moving in the opposite direction is difficult, for example, because of a steep bank the bridge is not visible or the path when entering a clearing is lost and it is difficult to find it when moving in the opposite direction, we give recommendations for those walking towards you.
Respecting your colleagues, do not clutter the text with abbreviations like “kpu” and “mn” (the end of the previous section and the place of overnight stay), and also avoid everyday details, perhaps very nice, but not related to the passage of the route - there are newspapers and magazines for them .
In no case should descriptions be limited to only a narrow corridor or thread, as is done at rallies and competitions at the “movement according to legend” stage. Without a landmark visible from afar or knowledge of the general direction of movement, a small inaccuracy in the description, inattention or a slight change in the terrain (a snowfield has melted!) and it will be impossible to restore your location.
Let us give an approximate scheme for describing a linear section of the route using the example of a river valley, following which you can confidently present all the necessary information

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF AN EXTENDED OBSTACLE OR LINEAR PART OF THE PATH

1. Indicate the starting point of movement and the final (intermediate) goal to which the group is going and the location of this goal.
2. Indicate landmarks (the nearest one and subsequent ones as you move), the direction of movement, the points from which landmarks or the final destination of the path are visible.
3. Characteristics of the path (trail, road, forest, slopes, scree, etc.)
4. Describe the group’s movement from landmark to landmark, indicating the net walking time, characteristics of the path and obstacles, the group’s actions when overcoming obstacles, dangerous places, as well as the types of insurance used.
5. Travel time between the most important landmarks and the total travel time to the selected destination or per day.
6. Places for possible overnight stays.
7. Recommendations for those going in the opposite direction.
8. If necessary, recommendations on equipment. If there is a pass or other local obstacle on the group’s path that requires a detailed description, first we give a brief description of it, then we orient the readers of the report where it is located and from where it can be seen, and only after that we write the description itself, according to the diagram given below for the case pass - the most common local obstacle.

SCHEME FOR DESCRIPTION OF THE PASS (LOCAL OBSTACLE)

1. Name, category of difficulty, height, characteristics of the slopes, where it is located, what valleys, glaciers, etc. connects.
2. Where is it visible from, where is it located in the circus or on the crest of the ridge, other landmarks that provide confident orientation.
3. Characteristics (description) of a transfer takeoff, dangerous areas.
4. Actions of the group, organization of insurance, walking time, possible options, total walking time for the climb.
5. Description of the saddle, possibility of overnight stay.
6. View from the pass.
7. Recommendations for those going in the opposite direction, if due to the shape of the slope it is not visible from above and at the same time it is possible to reach dangerous or unreasonably difficult sections.
8. Characteristics of the opposite slope along which the descent is to be made.
9. Group actions on the descent, insurance, running time, possible options.
10. Recommendations for those walking in the opposite direction, if the path, especially in the upper part, is poorly visible from below.
11. Total travel time for descent and ascent, recommendations for the passage, necessary equipment, organization of insurance, conclusions.
12. Places of possible overnight stays. (See also Appendix 3). Below we will give examples of how not to and how to write descriptions for simple and complex passes, give recommendations for determining the steepness of the slopes and wish you successful hikes and good reports.

SIMPLE PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

08/26/2001 From the overnight stay (there is not a word about its place on the previous sheet) we move to the Dzhankuat glacier and along the path on the tongue of the glacier we cross the Dzhankuat stream (it is not clear which bank). We climb the path to the crest of the glacier moraine (it is sometimes called Dinosaur). We climb a steep conglomerate slope (it is not clear how to find the path on the slope). We go out onto the path on the moraine ridge (50-60 minutes). We walk along the trail for about 300 meters and leave it opposite the stream flowing from under the Koyavganaush pass (the first mention of the goal in the description of the day!). We climb the path along the stream to the Spartak Nights. This is an ideal place to spend the night before the pass (the nature of the slope is not indicated, it is not clear where the overnight stays are, there is no time to climb to them).
Ascent to the saddle of the pass along a barely noticeable path along small moving black scree, in some places crossed by snowfields. It is better to cross the pass early in the morning, when the scree is frozen and does not creep. The ascent from the overnight stays takes an hour and a half (there are no instructions on where to look for the pass in the circus, a false saddle is missed, the glacier at the foot of the pass is forgotten, there is no total ascent time).
The saddle is wide, scree, you can put up several tents. From the saddle there is a good view of the Adyrsu valley.
The descent from the saddle through snowfields and small live scree to the Koyavgan glacier takes from 20 minutes to 1 hour (a dangerous section has been skipped, it will be given in the “correct description”; it is not clear what caused the threefold variation in descent time). Having reached the flat surface of the open glacier, we move closer to the left edge along the slopes of the Koyavgan peak (the peak is not visible, its mention is meaningless). After 30-40 minutes we reach the final moraine, leaving the steep tongue of the glacier on the right along the way (there are no instructions for finding the pass on this side, the passage of the glacier is not described in detail).
There is water and platforms on the moraine. From here begins a terrible path, which in an hour and a half leads to a green island on the banks of the Adyrsu River. This is an ideal place for a day - pine trees, a clear stream... - (the description of the valley and the “terrible path” is not detailed, there is no total time of descent and the total time of passing the pass).

2. How to write a description

Today we have to take the last and easiest Koyavganaush pass (IA, 3500, sn.-os). The pass is located in the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Koyavganbashi and VIATau and connects the valleys of the Adylsu and Adyrsu rivers. Leads from the tongue of the Dzhankuat glacier to the Koyavgan glacier and to the ruins of the Dzhailyk a/l.
From our overnight stay at the Green Hotel hut in the upper reaches of the Dzhankuat stream (2400 m) we can see the Dzhankuat glacier and the stream breaking through its right-bank moraine near the tongue. Along the stream there is a path to the pass.
Having walked along moraine deposits and pebbles along the Dzhankuat stream, we cross the glacier to the right bank. Further, along the left bank of the stream along a path made in the conglomerate, we rise into the pocket of the right bank moraine of the Dzhankuat glacier. Along the pocket and along the ridge there are trails to the upper reaches of the valley to the Training Pass (Gendarme). A moraine slope leads to our pass from the pocket, cut by gullies in which snowfields lie. On the slope along the stream flowing from under the pass there are paths leading to a small circus. On the left along the way are grassy areas for “Spartak overnights” (3 hours).
From here, on the right side of the circus, under the Koyavganbashi rock massif, near the pyramidal gendarme, a pass is visible. Closer to the top of VIATAU there is a false saddle. The further path runs along a small flat glacier, the lower part of which is open, and the upper part may be snow-covered, but there are no cracks here. Having passed under the false saddle, we climb to the pass along a wide snow-talus slope. If the scree is saturated with water and creeps under your feet, you can go to the left, along simple rocky outcrops. The saddle is quite wide and scree. It is possible to bivouac there. Tour from the north side on the rocks. (5 hours from the "green hotel"). The pass is one of the best panoramic points in the Elbrus region. From here the upper reaches of the Adyrsu valley and the Adyrsu ridge from the Freshfield pass to the Kulumkol pass open up. Elbrus and the Donguz-orunbashi massif are visible in the western sector.
The descent to the Koyavgan glacier takes place along a wide slope (30°, 400m). In its upper part there is usually a snowfield, the steepness of which can reach 40°. If the snow density is high, you can move a little to the left onto a ridge of destroyed rocks. Below begins the famous Koyavgan “powder”, which, depending on the humidity, moves under your feet or turns into a solid conglomerate.
The end of the snowfield is not visible, so we decided not to risk it and walked around it to the left. They did the right thing: at the end of summer the snow cover shrank, and in the event of a failure, it would have been difficult to hold off until flying onto the scree.
Further along the paths laid in the black shale scree, we descended onto the glacier (1 hour). When going up this slope, it is advantageous to go to the right at the top onto a larger scree. (Rockfalls on the right!). We walked along the glacier to the left, avoiding the zone of swelling and ice ruptures (rockfalls from rocks, open radial cracks). Having passed the turn along the ice littered with debris, we go to the left-bank moraine and along it we descend to the sites at the upper edge of the terminal moraine of the glacier (upper Koyavgan overnight camps) (50 minutes). You can also get here along the center line of the glacier. In this case, the descent onto the moraine does not reach the steep part of the tongue. Then, having passed the moraine, along the left bank of the stream (there is an avalanche danger here in the off-season) we come out to the grassy “lower overnight camps”. From here a steep, deeply trodden path descends into the Adyrsu valley with frequent serpentines. Turning right, up the valley and crossing the stream from under our pass, we find ourselves in a pine grove, where there are numerous parking lots (2200, 4 hours from the saddle). We note that it is difficult to walk this pass from grass to grass, but we have the end of the route and the experience of the “four” is behind us.
When moving in the opposite direction, you must keep in mind that the first to open is the false saddle under the slopes of VIATAU. There is usually a cornice hanging on it. The pass is located on the left side of the circus behind the rocks and is not visible until the glacier turns. If a group is descending towards you from the pass, it is better to wait behind the rock separating the main and false saddles, so as not to get caught in a rockfall

DIFFICULT PASS

1. How NOT to write a description

6	08.08	1	Mn - gorge of the Tyutusu river	2,4	1.20	Three moraine terraces with coarse scree slopes between them, at the bottom there are outcrops of rocks traversed at the left slope. Ridge of the right-bank moraine (separate sections with a steepness of up to 30°)	7.00 clear, Т+6°С 12.00 clear, Т+22°С 19.00 cloudy. Thunderstorm at night.	Half-day, reconnaissance and processing of the beginning of the pass slope
		2	Kpu-Tyutyu glacier	3	1.00
		3	Kpu - median moraine	3	1.05	Moraine cover, open glacier with transverse cracks
7	09.08	1 F.11-13	Mn - Semenovsky Lane	1,8	2.05	Gentle closed glacier ~ 1100 m. Glacial rise ~ 300 m, steepness up to 30°. Firnovy - pass takeoff with a bergschrund in the lower part ~ 400 m, steepness in the upper part up to 40°. Descent along the ascent path.	7.00 fog. Т+14°С 12.00 cloudy, Т+18°С 19.00 snow Т+10°С	Radial exit. Bundles, cats
		2	Back	1,8	1.00
8	10.08	1 F.14	Mn - bergschrund under the north-east buttress in Tyutyu.	0,4	0.20	Closed, gently sloping glacier. Snow-firn takeoff ~ 100 m, steepness up to 25°.	7.00 clear, Т+11°С 12.00 clear, Т+16°С wind, 19.00 clear, Т+20°С	Ligaments, cats. Separate transportation of backpacks. Watching for rocks when crossing gutters. A total of 330 m of railings (9 ropes) were hung. Ligaments.
		2 F.15-16	Kpu is a wide ice-snow couloir with avalanche chutes.	0,2	2.25	Bergschrund with a height difference of up to 4 m, a snow slope of ~40 m, a steepness of up to 40°. Narrow bergschrund, ice-firn slope ~80 m, steepness up to 45°. Railings, hook belay, the first one without a backpack. Open ice ~ 20-25 m, steepness up to 50°. Railings, hooks.
		3	Kpu - the upper end of avalanche chutes.	0,25	2.15	Snow-firn slope, cut by avalanche chutes up to 1.5-2 m deep, slope length ~250 m, steepness more than 45° (railings, belay through an ice ax), movement along the edge between the chutes. The stones in the lower part are on the right along the path, and in the middle and left - from the slopes. Simple rocks ~ 10 m.
		4 F.17-21	Kpu - Suvorov pass	0,2	0.30	Snow-ice couloir up to 200 m long, steepness 45°, in the upper part up to 50°, the saddle of the pass is a rocky ridge ~3m
		5	Kpu is a lake under the Western glacier. Dzhailyk	4,5	2.10	Medium clastic scree ~ 1000 m, steepness up to 30°. Closed gentle glacier ~ 1000 m. Large and medium rocky slope - trail.

No other texts were found in this report.

2. How to write a description

SUVOROV pass(variant of the Dzhailyk pass) (ZA, 4100, ice., - sk., 132, fig.) is located in the northwestern branch of the Adyrsu ridge between the peaks of Dzhailyk and Tyutyubashi in the southern shoulder of the latter. It connects the Kulumkol (Adyrsu) and Tyutyu (Baksan) valleys, leading from the Tyutyu glacier to the Western Dzhailyk glacier. Completed for the first time
In the upper left cirque of the Tyutyu glacier, to the right along the path from the Dzhailyk peak, a snow-ice bridge with rocky teeth is visible on the Dzhailyk Pass. Suvorov Pass is located to the right along the path behind a low rock pyramid. The pass requires the use of the entire arsenal of ice and rock equipment. The defining side is described as rising. All along the ice and snow slopes there is a rock hazard. The lower part of the takeoff can only be done in the morning.
Depending on the snow and ice conditions, the optimal ascent path may vary significantly. It is planned to install up to 600 meters of railings, of which about 150 meters are on ice.
From the overnight stops "Tyutyu lower" we climb the Tyutyu glacier and move to the upper part of the middle moraine under the pass, where we organize the initial bivouac (1st hour). From here you can see the pass takeoff with a hanging glacier, in the lower third of which the left side meets the avalanche runoff.
The stem is torn apart by two bergschrunds. We cross the lower one along the bridge, pass the upper one on the right along the way, and head towards the tongue of the hanging glacier. On the ice (40-50°, walls up to 60°) we climb to the circus under the pass (railing 150m). Directly above us is one of the saddles of the Dzhailyk Pass (PZ), a long rock-hazardous snow-ice couloir leads to our pass. Along the closed glacier (20-30°) we climb up to the right under the rocks, to the right along the couloir, and, having walked about 80 meters along its edge, we come out onto the rocks (8 hours). We climb along the rocks (20-30°, 80m) to a buttress jutting into the couloir. Then we climb along the buttress (40-60°, 80m) to a wide grassy shelf. Along it we cross the side couloir (40m) and come out to the next buttress with a characteristic rock tooth. Along this buttress (40-60, in some places up to 80°, 100m) we rise to the scree. Along it up and to the left (along the way) we go out under the pass couloir and along it (40-60°, 30m) we come out to the ridge. (8 hours from the pass circus). Semi-sedentary overnight stays are possible in the area of ​​the buttresses.
From the pass there is an excellent view in both directions. A bivouac is possible on the ridge, but there is no water. The descent towards the Adyrsu valley along small scree leads to the Western Dzhailyk glacier. We continue our descent along the right edge of the glacier. We pass convenient sites under the Dragon's Tail Pass (IA) (2.5 hours).

Introduction

Classification of tourism is the identification of internally homogeneous taxa (groups) of tourism activities on accepted grounds. The most common classification of tourism is its division into types, categories, types and forms. The type of tourism is determined by the nationality of tourists.

Classification of tours according to recreational purposes. Types of recreational activities

Educational tours. The goals are to see interesting or simply beautiful natural and cultural objects, to obtain new information about these objects, and also to visit unique places, so that later with a feeling of deep satisfaction you can think and say: “I was there.” Objects visited for educational purposes are: monuments of nature, history, architecture, places associated with the lives of remarkable people, museums, art galleries, exhibitions, theaters, etc.

Basically, educational tourism includes ecological tourism (ecotourism) - traveling and visiting natural areas that are relatively well preserved and little touched by human activity.

Distinctive features of ecotourism:

• - it implies the presence of fairly strict rules of behavior in nature in order to preserve it, which is a fundamental condition for the existence of this industry;
• - the impact on nature is relatively weak;
• - it is assumed that local residents not only work as service personnel, but also continue to lead the same way of life on the territory they use, and engage in traditional types of farming that ensure a gentle regime for environmental management.

Varieties of ecotourism include visiting unique natural areas, observing animals and birds in the wild, scientific tourism - traveling in nature for educational (for students) and research (for scientists) purposes, etc.

Ethnographic tourism can also be classified as educational tourism - getting to know the traditional life of the local population. In world practice, this type of tourism is quite developed. Examples of elements of ethnotourism:

• - visiting a Papuan village in New Guinea and Indian settlements in the Andes mountains and Amazon forests (Team Gorky company);
• - visit to the site of Mongolian cattle breeders with the possibility of spending the night in a yurt.

Sports tours. The goal is adventure, overcoming difficulties. Active tours are divided by means of transportation. Tourism is divided into hiking, skiing, water (rafting on kayaks, wooden or inflatable rafts - rafts, catamarans, boats, yachts, etc.), horseback riding, and cycling. Also separately distinguished are speleotourism - visiting caves, mountaineering - climbing mountain peaks. Separately, mountain tourism is distinguished - hiking in the mountains in order to overcome a certain number of mountain passes. Stationary sports tourism - various types of recreation at sea (diving, surfing, yachting, water skiing, etc.) and in the mountains (skiing, sledding, snowboarding, para- and hang-gliding, etc.)

Health tours. The goal is rest from everything, without any stress. Examples: beach holidays outside the city, both short-term near the nearest river and many days on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus; picnic in nature on weekends. (The term “health-improving” in the context of today’s Russian traditions is not always suitable for the last example, but there is no other term yet).

Medical tours. The goal is treatment or prevention of health. This is a vacation in sanatoriums or resorts. Medical care must be provided, which varies depending on the prescribed course of treatment - procedures of various types, physical therapy, dietary nutrition, etc. Currently, most sanatoriums offer both therapeutic programs and “wellness” ones - without providing medical services. In the latter case, the sanatorium is used as a comfortable holiday home. The cost of the trip is cheaper. Such events can also be short-term, for example, celebrating the New Year with subsequent relaxation.

Consumer tours. The goal is to collect gifts of nature not for sale. This includes picking mushrooms and berries. This also includes sport fishing. Sport hunting in the USSR was not considered tourism, since its organization was the responsibility of the hunting department of the Ministry of Agriculture, which had nothing to do with tourism. Hunting legislation is also not directly related to tourism. But from a semantic point of view, hunting, as a vacation outside the place of residence, can also be classified as tourism.

Dacha tours - visiting dacha plots, it is understood that for the purpose of relaxation. Agritourism is close to dacha tourism - recreation in rural areas (in villages, on farms, in peasant houses). Tourists lead a rural lifestyle, get acquainted with national songs and dances, local customs, take part in rural work, folk holidays and festivals. In Russia, such events have existed for a long time at the amateur level (a trip to visit relatives in the village) and have never been perceived as tourism, although they fall under the definition of tourism.

Religious tours - pilgrimages to holy places. For example, trips of Christians to Jerusalem to venerate the Holy Sepulcher, a trip of Muslims to the holy city of Mecca, pilgrimage to venerate the relics of St. Seraphim of Sarov in the village of Diveevo (Nizhny Novgorod region).

Business tours - trips for negotiations, participation in presentations, conferences, exhibitions, fairs, exchanges, visits of official delegations, etc.

Hobby tours - trips to do what you love: wine tasting, collectors' conventions, etc.

Educational tours - for the purpose of studying language, applied arts, Wushu gymnastics in China, etc.

Nostalgic tours are trips to memorable places that are individual for each person, for example to their homeland, places of study, to relatives, etc.

Event tours - trips to one-time public events: festivals, concerts of popular artists, sports competitions as fans, carnivals, city days, etc.

(V.I. Zhmurov)

CHOOSING A TRAVEL AREA

It is best to start tourism in your area or region. These initial local trips will not require large financial expenditures on transport and equipment, or a long time for access. After hiking in your own region, it is more interesting to get acquainted with other regions of the country.

The travel area is selected depending on the interests and tastes of the participants. When choosing an area, the availability of convenient access routes, travel time, transportation and other costs are also taken into account.

To simplify the organization of travel, the Central Tourism Council has developed a “List of classified tourist routes” for all types of tourism in various regions of the Soviet Union. These routes are built based on populated areas, tourist and mountaineering bases, meteorological and scientific research stations, trading posts and hunting grounds. fishing camps.

COMPLETING THE GROUP

Proper group formation is one of the main conditions for a successful and accident-free trip.

Usually the idea of ​​going on a hike arises in 1-2 proactive tourists. They choose the area of ​​travel, outline the initial version of the route and then talk about their intentions at a meeting of the tourist section or place an advertisement in a wall newspaper or a large-circulation newspaper.

Participants in the future campaign must be selected carefully, preferably from the same production team. They should have approximately the same age and physical fitness, common interests, more or less equal knowledge and tourist skills.

As a rule, there is a core group of 2-3 people who have traveled together on several trips. The rest of the team is selected from tourists from their own or other groups.

Tourist groups are also organized on a family basis: parents travel with their children—senior schoolchildren. 2-3 families can also unite.

The completed group must promptly begin studying the route and hiking area, prepare equipment, conduct joint training, and practice hiking techniques. During the preparation period, participants get to know each other better. The task is set - before setting out on the route, to unite a team capable of fulfilling the planned trip plan.

The “Rules for organizing amateur tourist travel on the territory of the USSR” establishes that groups for trips of |, ||, III categories of complexity must consist of at least 4 people, and for trips of IV and V categories of at least 6 people. Ski trips in taiga conditions and regions of the North, when the routes are away from roads and away from populated areas, are carried out by a group of at least 8 people.

A smaller group will not be able to provide security measures on its own. In the event of an accident or accident involving at least one participant, it does not guarantee assistance to the victim, and is not able to evacuate him to the nearest populated area. Too large a group makes the hike difficult. It is difficult to choose travel dates that would satisfy everyone. Someone is forced to hurry and pull the others along with them. In addition, it is not easy to arrange overnight accommodation for a group of 12-15 people in a populated area. Participants have to be accommodated in several houses, which disrupts the economic structure of the group and undermines discipline. When moving along a trail or ski track, a large group stretches out greatly, making it difficult for the leader to keep track of the participants. It takes a lot of time to overcome various natural obstacles, and the pace of movement slows down significantly.

In an overly large group, the lack of proper control on the part of the leader over all participants during movement, insufficient organization and violation of the established order can cause accidents.

As an exception, groups of 20-40 people, made up of members of one production team, may be allowed to perform a specific task to study an entire area or conduct a tourist training camp. In this case, the entire squad is divided into sections (groups) of 8-10 people.

All participants in the future campaign must clearly understand its goals and actively prepare for it.

Depending on the type of tourism, they should be able to ski well, ride bicycles, and tourists going on a water or water-pedestrian trip should be able to swim and row.

The requirements for travel leaders and participants are set out in the “Rules for organizing amateur tourist trips across the territory of the USSR.”

Group leaders are responsible for timely preparation and provision of equipment, discipline, organization of tourists and trouble-free travel.

A weekend hike can be led by a tourist who has experience in participating in such hikes, has basic tourism skills and is familiar with the simplest safety measures.

Travel leaders of complexity category I must have experience leading weekend trips, and trip leaders of complexity categories II, III, IV and V must have experience leading a trip one category lower and experience participating in a trip of the same complexity category for this type of tourism.

During water travel on several vessels, senior officers are allocated on each of them to ensure coordinated actions and implementation of the instructions of the group leader.

Participants in trips of category I complexity must have experience in participating in weekend hikes. Two thirds of the group on a trip of II, III, IV and V categories of complexity must have at least experience of participating in trips one category lower in the same type of tourism, the remaining tourists - two categories lower.

Participants in ski trips of II and III difficulty categories must have experience of field overnight stays in winter conditions.

Leaders of mountain trips involving crossing high-mountain passes must have experience participating in crossing a pass of a similar category of difficulty and experience leading a transition through a pass of a category lower than planned.

Leaders and participants of high-altitude trips must comply with the requirements of the “Rules for conducting mountaineering events in the USSR.”

The travel leader and participants are required to: be able to use tourist equipment; be familiar with natural obstacles and know how to overcome them; master the technique of orientation and movement in various terrain and weather conditions, organizing field overnight stays; be able to develop a travel plan, the main route and its alternate options, as well as a schedule; be able to provide safety precautions and communication with populated areas and the organization that sent the group on the trip.

The experience of travel of any category of complexity and its management required above applies only to one type of tourism. As an exception, the experience of a walking trip of category I complexity can be equated to the experience of a mountain or ski trip of category I complexity.

Once the group is complete, it is necessary to distribute responsibilities between the participants. In this case, their tourist and professional experience, physical data and practical skills should be taken into account. Strict economic specialization of each tourist is especially important during winter hikes.

Responsibilities are distributed among the remaining participants: deputy head, treasurer, supply manager, medical instructor. In addition, those responsible for repairing equipment, keeping a diary, collecting a herbarium or mineral collections, a meteorologist, a cameraman, a photographer, etc. may be appointed. When conducting water travel on vessels with outboard motors, it is necessary to allocate 1-2 motor mechanics.

The group leader leads preparations for the trip, conducts training with participants, is responsible for developing the route and preparing output documentation, and takes care of obtaining official permission to travel. On a campaign he is the sole commander and his orders must be carried out unquestioningly.

One of the experienced tourists is selected as the deputy leader. His orders are also binding on the group, because he acts in accordance with the decisions of the leader.

The caretaker is responsible for food and equipment, keeps records of them, distributes food and equipment into backpacks, draws up a menu, and takes care of replenishing food along the way.

The treasurer collects money from participants before the trip, issues letters of credit, stores the money himself or distributes it to tourists for safekeeping. By order of the manager, he makes all cash payments en route.

The medical instructor acquires, stores and replenishes a first aid kit, monitors the group members’ compliance with sanitary and hygienic rules, and, if necessary, provides first aid to the victim. When preparing for summer travel in the northern and northeastern regions of the country, take care of timely encephalitis vaccinations/participants, purchase and wise use of mosquito repellents.

The engine mechanic “breaks in” the engine in advance and purchases spare parts for it.

The person in charge of the diary keeps a “chronicle” of the campaign. The group diary can be supplemented by entries from other members of the tourist group.

A cinematographer, photographer or artist consistently depicts the camping life of the group from beginning to end.

The person responsible for equipment repair manages tools and materials for repair, stores them, and repairs equipment himself or with his group mates.

If the group size is small, a deputy leader is not elected and the same participants bear several responsibilities.

On weekend hikes and on simple routes, all members of the group on duty usually take turns setting up a bivouac, collecting firewood, cooking and other household chores. Everyone must learn to perform these easy duties.

If necessary, shift shifts are established at night. The duty officer maintains the fire, monitors sleeping comrades, dries their shoes and clothes, prepares breakfast in a timely manner and wakes up the group. To preserve the strength of the participants and ensure a more complete night's rest, night shifts are sometimes dispensed with. If there are more than 8 people in the group, the leader is relieved of night duty and special duties when setting up a bivouac. He only controls the actions of the participants and helps them as an instructor.

Responsibilities among tourists are also distributed during preparation for the hike: one prepares documentation for consideration by the route commission, another organizes written communication with local institutions in the area of ​​the intended trip, the third is responsible for collecting information about the hike area, the fourth is for receiving and manufacturing equipment, the fifth - for the purchase of food, the sixth - for the purchase of travel tickets, etc. Sometimes such a distribution of responsibilities is not carried out and the group resolves all issues together.

ROUTE DEVELOPMENT

All participants of the future trip, without exception, are involved in developing the route.

In many cities there are tourist clubs, children's excursion and tourist stations, large tourist sections of voluntary sports societies. In these institutions you can get advice and the necessary literature.

The travel route must meet certain requirements, only then will it be complete.

Firstly, it must be educationally interesting. Depending on the composition of the group and the purpose of the hike, various objects for inspection are outlined along the route; historical places, monuments of culture and military glory, archaeological and museum sites, cities and villages, new buildings, etc. Tourists, of course, will get acquainted with the life and way of life of the local population.

Secondly, the trip should help improve health, improve the physical development of tourists, improve their sportsmanship, and acquire applied skills. Consequently, the category of difficulty of the planned route should correspond to the physical fitness of the participants in the hike and their accumulated experience.

Having experience in passing simple routes, you can plan more complex ones - increase the length of the route, include additional natural obstacles. When planning to overcome sections of rough terrain, mountain passes, and forest areas, the group must rely primarily on its own strength, experience and skill.

But even with good physical preparation, tourists should not get carried away with too long and complex routes through deserted areas, as this will complicate the journey, deprive them of the opportunity to get acquainted with the objects planned for inspection, violate the timing of the hike, and cause physical and mental fatigue for the participants.

Routes can be linear, circular or radial. Radial exits are made from the main route to inspect various objects.

The third requirement for the route is the presence of short railway, road or water (steam) approaches. It is necessary to adhere to the rule that the time required to get to the route and on the way back, as well as transportation costs should not exceed 20-30% of the time and money spent on the entire trip.

When developing a route, the group roughly determines the category of its complexity, using the standards of the “Rules for organizing amateur tourist travel on the territory of the USSR” or comparing its route with similar routes from the “List of Classified Routes”.

The route development proceeds approximately according to the following plan. After the travel area has been selected, a point is determined that can be reached using rail, water, road or horse-drawn transport. Then a point is determined from where it is convenient to return home using the transport indicated above. The route line should connect the starting and ending points, passing through natural routes (country roads and trails, river and stream valleys, mountain passes, equipped crossings over water barriers) through populated areas and various bases. Intermediate settlements and bases will serve as strongholds for the group. In them she can plan overnight and day stays, repair equipment and replenish food supplies.

If some excursion objects remain away from the main route line, then radial routes are laid to them. In this case, part of the cargo can be temporarily left for storage at the support point.

The route is drawn on the map, all possible areas with natural obstacles are identified, ways to overcome them are determined, and the total mileage is calculated.

Taking into account the pace of movement possible for a given group, the presence of natural obstacles on the route, the location of settlements and excursion sites, the degree of physical fitness of the participants and the weight of their backpacks, a movement schedule is drawn up on the map.

It should, however, be remembered that a day's trek and its difficulty depend not only on the mileage and weight of the backpack, but also on the terrain, forest coverage, snow conditions, wind direction and strength, and other circumstances.

In the first days of the trip (especially on difficult hikes), the mileage is limited, since the weight of the backpacks is still high, and the participants are not sufficiently involved in the work. The first day's rest is done after 2-3 days of travel, after the need for additional adjustment and repair of equipment has been identified. On a ski trip, days are often arranged depending on meteorological conditions. If the weather is favorable at the beginning of the hike, tourists, as a rule, do not spend a day, accumulating a reserve of time for subsequent days, when the weather may worsen and they will have to make forced stops.

At the end of the route, the mileage, according to the schedule, decreases again. There is a gradual relaxation of the body after heavy loads. In addition, there is some reserve of time in case the schedule is disrupted due to unforeseen circumstances.

EXPLORING THE TRAVEL AREA

Studying the travel area usually occurs simultaneously with developing the route.

Tourists should familiarize themselves in detail with the geographical, economic and other features of the travel area, using scientific and fiction literature, geographical descriptions and reference books, meteorological observations, directions of rivers and lakes, reports of tourist groups that have visited the area.

Participants of a future trip should get an idea in advance about the terrain, temperature fluctuations in the hiking area, the amount of precipitation, the most likely weather during the period planned for the hike (if possible, ask for a weather forecast), find out the location of excursion objects, etc.

When planning a trip to an area rarely visited by tourists, it is necessary to establish written communication with local institutions and public organizations. When reporting the planned dates of the trip, the group should request information that will help prepare for it: about the availability and nature of communications and means of communication, about the possibility of purchasing food and equipment on the spot, about prices existing there, etc. When clarifying these questions, it is necessary find out what kind of socially useful work local organizations consider desirable to carry out along the route.

It is best to make such requests through your institutions or sports organizations. Along with this, you can start correspondence with school teachers, hunters, and foresters. If there is a tourist section at any point along the route, it is advisable to establish contact with it. A detailed preliminary study of the hiking area is necessary not only to see and learn more, but also to ensure the safety of the trip itself.

OBTAINING TRAVEL PERMISSION

According to the “Rules for organizing amateur tourist travel on the territory of the USSR,” all tourist groups going on amateur hikes along routes of any complexity category are required to obtain permission from their physical education team and have a conclusion from the route qualification commission on the group’s readiness to travel.

A travel document for tourist groups on hikes of difficulty below category I - a route sheet. Route sheets are numbered, registered and issued to groups by organizations conducting the hike. After the end of the hike, the group leaders return the route sheets to the organizations that issued them.

The travel document of tourist groups traveling along routes of I-V categories of difficulty is a route book. Forms of route books are numbered by tourism councils and issued to organizations conducting travel.

A tourist group preparing for a trip of categories I-V of complexity submits an application booklet to the appropriate route and qualification commission. The application book is certified by the organization conducting the trip, and for national groups - by the tourist club or tourism council.

The application book indicates the travel plan, route and its options; a list of personal and group equipment, food rations and cost estimates are given; a list of travel participants and the distribution of responsibilities in the group are provided; measures are listed in case of unforeseen circumstances and accidents, deviations from the route and the traffic schedule; safety measures are provided in case of sudden deterioration of weather.

Travel plan. The plan indicates the main objectives of the trip (educational, sports, socially useful), specifies socially useful and local history work along the way, lists excursion sites that are supposed to be visited, contains information about the route, schedule, etc.

The list of trekking participants and sports characteristics are compiled in the form: indicate the age, occupation and place of work of tourists, home and business addresses, tourist experience, experience in completing routes in this type of tourism (indicate the trekking area, main points of the route, timing of completion, in what capacity participated in the hike), the presence of categories in related sports, etc. The leader, in addition, must indicate which specific hikes he led.

Meals along the route. Knowing the calorie content of various foods, their content of proteins, fats, carbohydrates and vitamins, as well as the expected daily energy expenditure on the route, the group draws up a diet. The type of tourism, time of year, complexity of the route, financial capabilities of the participants and the actual availability of a particular range of products are taken into account.

The document on catering must indicate the weight and cost of the daily ration per person, the total weight of products for each tourist and for the entire group, a list of products purchased before the trip, and products that are planned to be purchased along the way.

Costings. When preparing for travel, the group must properly account for its financial expenses. The estimate indicates the main expense items: purchasing tickets to the starting point of the route and for returning home; payment for transport along the route, purchase of products, purchase and production of necessary equipment, payment for overnight stays in populated areas, purchase of tickets to museums, theaters, cinema, purchase of photographic materials, writing materials. It is necessary to have a reserve of 10-15% of the total expenses. The main share of expenses usually falls on the purchase of products and payment for transport.

List of equipment. Depending on the type of tourism, time of year and area of ​​travel, special group and personal equipment, as well as repair equipment, are purchased. Properly selected, high-quality equipment is the key to a successful trip. The list indicates the actual availability of equipment.

A route diagram with the planned route of the hike is attached to the plan. The diagram should indicate the expected places of overnight and day stays. In addition to the main one, a backup route is planned (in case it is impossible to complete the main one). The scale of both diagrams attached to the plan should be the same.

The diagram should be accompanied by a brief description of the most difficult sections of the route and the proposed methods of overcoming them.

Order of communication. To ensure trouble-free travel, it is necessary to carefully consider all issues of communication between the group and the institution that approved the route, outline and indicate the control dates of the trip, the points from which tourists will send telegrams, letters, radiograms.

Route qualification commissions, which include experienced tourists, check the correctness of the route development, the correspondence of the tourist experience of the participants and the group leader to the complexity of the chosen route, the correct selection of equipment, food calculations, etc. In addition to a thorough check, the commission provides advice on the preparation of documentation, travel and safety measures along the route.

After carefully reviewing the presented materials and talking with the participants of the future trip, the route qualification commission gives its conclusion, documenting it in the form of a protocol in the application book. The protocol is signed by the chairman of the commission (or his deputy).

The route qualification commission may oblige a group planning a trip of II-IV difficulty categories to conduct a one- or two-day training trip to check its actual readiness and, in case of poor preparation of tourists, prohibit the trip.

Based on the application book, the organization conducting the trip issues the tourist group a route book, signed by the responsible person of this organization and certified by a seal. Application books are stored in the organizations that issued route books.

Tourist groups that have permission to travel and have issued route books can first of all receive advice, a diagram and description of the route, as well as equipment (rented) and food in cash at the tourist base or camp.

PREPARING THE GROUP FOR GOING ON THE ROUTE

Preparation of a tourist trip consists not only of assembling a group, purchasing and manufacturing equipment, purchasing and packaging food, and drawing up the necessary documents for the route qualification commission. It must ensure a meaningful and safe trip. Long before setting out on the route, the group must begin systematic physical training and practice elements of sports (rowing, cycling, skiing) and tourist (working with a map and compass, setting up a bivouac, overcoming natural obstacles, etc.) techniques. It is advisable for the group to take part in competitions for the championship of their team, district or city in orienteering. 1-2 months before the trip, the group conducts joint training, initially walking short distances and without load, and 1-2 weeks before making a test hike with full gear and with all equipment over a distance equal to that planned for the first day of the trip.

When preparing for a difficult winter trip, a test hike must be combined with an overnight stay in the field to check the quality and fit of equipment, the ability to quickly set up a bivouac and prepare food in the field, and the physical endurance of the participants.

This trip is organized as follows. On the eve of the day off, the group in regimental strength, with all the necessary equipment, with a backpack packing equal in weight to the pack on the first day of the hike, leaves the city. After walking a short distance (3-4 km), tourists stop for the night. They slowly set up the tent and stove. At the same time, all participants study their design, installation procedure and practical use. The next day, the group follows the daily routine planned for the hike. It is advisable to walk 12-14 km during this day, test the tactics and technique of movement on virgin snow, bush thickets, along country roads and other characteristic places. The test hike ends 1.5-2 hours before dark. All detected deficiencies must be eliminated in the time remaining before the trip.

All members of the group, no earlier than a month before departure on the route, must undergo a medical and physical examination and obtain a doctor’s permission to participate in a trip of this category of complexity,

CONTROL OF AMATEUR HIKES

The organization sending the tourist group on the trip bears full responsibility for its preparation and conduct. If necessary, it organizes search and rescue operations.

Control over the conduct of weekend hikes and trips is carried out by councils of physical education groups, sports clubs, tourist clubs and sections, local tourism councils and VSOs with the active participation of Komsomol and trade union organizations.

Before going on difficult trips, tourist groups, no later than two weeks before departure on the route, inform through their organizations the regional (territorial, republican) tourism council in the area of ​​​​which the trip will take place, the authorized representative of the Central Tourism Council for this area or the head of the control rescue service, a target date for the return of the group and the exact route to follow, indicating the time of passage of individual sections.

Direct control over the group’s passage of complex routes is carried out by the organization that authorized the trip.

When carrying out trips of all categories of complexity, the group is obliged to make notes on the passage of the route in local authorities, in local governing Komsomol or physical education bodies, at tourist centers and, as an exception, at post offices. On difficult trips, the group must also inform its organization about the passage of checkpoints along the route.

SUMMARY OF THE TRIP

Having completed the trip, the group reports to the tourist section of its team and sports society, to the institution that organized the trip, and to the route and qualification commission that issued permission for the trip. For trips of the first category of complexity, a route book is submitted to the route commission and an oral report is made, for more complex trips - a route book and a written report, the volume and nature of which are determined by the route qualification commission. Only after submitting and reviewing the reports can the trip be counted and the participants issued certificates for receiving the “USSR Tourist” badge or obtaining the corresponding category.

The need to sum up the results of tourist trips is dictated not only by the desire to promote tourism. Its main goal is to summarize the experience of preparing and conducting travel, the experience of socially useful work along the way, and to identify shortcomings in order to eliminate them in the future.

A certain order was established for summing up the results of the trip. Usually, after finishing a hike, tourists, on the way back, discuss the route they have taken, analyze any deviations from the plan, mistakes made by the group or individual participants, and evaluate the role of the leader and his assistants.

It is advisable to make a detailed oral report at a meeting of the tourist section of a sports society (or at a city tourist club) no later than one and a half to two months after returning from the trip. By this time, you need to compile and arrange a written report and photo albums, develop and edit the film. The report should be accompanied by a display of photographs, a demonstration of amateur films, samples of equipment used on the trip, collected collections of minerals, herbariums, etc. The basis for the written report and the preparation of an oral report at the section is the travel diary.

The report is usually presented in sections.

The section “General characteristics of the hiking area” describes the geographical features of the area, terrain, climate, amplitude of probable temperature fluctuations; information is provided on the amount of precipitation and the main periods of precipitation, the direction of the winds, information on the hydrographic network (rivers, lakes), river flow speed, depths, slopes, rapids and riffles, soil, flora and fauna, information on the presence of edible and medicinal plants; data is reported on the possibility of hunting and fishing, the presence of minerals, the condition of the road network and the improvement of settlements.

The information about the population, the peculiarities of their work and life, and the economic and cultural development of the travel area is presented in detail. You should provide information about previously conducted hikes here, routes, places of interest and other excursion sites.

When compiling this section, it is necessary to make maximum use of the available literature on the area, consultations with competent persons and reports of other tourist groups. At the end of the section, provide a list of references, indicate the names of consultants, their addresses (or telephone numbers).

In the section “Preparation for travel” there is a list of group members, their tourist experience is characterized, the most interesting and difficult routes they have traveled are listed, and the distribution of responsibilities is given; the reason for choosing this area for travel, the procedure for developing the route, the goals and objectives set for the group on this journey are indicated; indicates from which organizations which tasks were accepted and how they were completed

The diet, food supply, place of purchase and cost, set of medications and their use on the road are listed.

Planned and actual cost estimates are compared, sources of funds for travel are indicated.

A list and characteristics (purchased, homemade) of individual and group equipment are provided; Attached are drawings of the most interesting equipment samples.

Information is provided on the total load of the group and the distribution for each participant at the beginning of the route, on the possibility of replenishing food supplies along the way and transporting equipment and cargo by local transport, on checkpoints and deadlines, on measures to ensure accident-free operation, on the method of establishing preliminary written communication with local institutions and organizations in the travel area.

It is reported who reviewed the route, when it was approved, and what the actual implementation of the travel plan is.

The section “Conducting the hike and technical description of the route” provides characteristics of the route traveled, conditions and possibilities of movement, difficult sections of the route (passes, rapids, crossings, etc.) and the methods and means used to overcome natural obstacles, safety measures and actions groups in difficult conditions. Information is provided on the availability of fuel, potable water, and convenient sites for setting up bivouacs, as well as data on movement timing and weather observations.

In the “Travel Diary” section, the leader or one of the participants talks about the events of the day, the well-being of the participants, impressions, remarkable places, meetings with interesting people, details of camping life, and the conduct of local history or scientific research work during the hike. The diary contains records of stories of local residents, songs, legends, and traditions.

The section “Conclusions about the hike and recommendations for other groups” reports on the category of difficulty of the route traveled, its educational value, provides a specific assessment of equipment, advice and recommendations for other groups on choosing routes V in the area, on equipment, movement techniques and safety measures.

The trip report should be accompanied by a general map with the route and overnight stays marked, as well as outlines of the most difficult sections indicating the route through them.

The report should be illustrated with photographs and drawings characterizing difficult sections of the route and the group’s actions on them, the nature and attractions of the area. The written report should preferably be bound and bound. The recommended report format is typewritten sheet. One copy of the report must be submitted to the organization that issued permission to conduct the hike.

LITERATURE

Potresov A. S. Companion of a young tourist. FiS, 1966. Romashkov E. Weekend hikes. FiS, 1967. Arkhangelskaya O. How to choose a tourist route.

Dobkovich V, V. Tourist of the USSR. FiS, 1957.

recreation;

social goals;

business and professional goals;

visiting friends and relatives;

religion (pilgrimage);

other purposes.

Let us briefly consider the types of tourism depending on the goals.

Recreational tourism. This is tourism with the main purpose of recreation, treatment and other health purposes. It offers a wide variety of sports activities and entertainment to fill leisure time; for some reasons, it includes such types of tourism as excursion, specialized, educational, sports, adventure, exotic, environmental.

Excursion tourism. It is one of the most popular types of educational tourism. It is carried out with the aim of getting acquainted with tourist attractions (monuments of history, architecture, art, etc.).

Excursion routes, as a rule, pass through several cities and provide an opportunity to get acquainted with the most outstanding monuments. You can name the classic tours in Germany: Cologne - Bonn - Dusseldorf - Frankfurt am Main - Nuremberg - Munich; tours in Italy: Rome - Venice - Florence.

Specialized tourism. Unlike ordinary vacationers, travelers in this category have a specific purpose, their stay is usually connected with this purpose, be it participation in sports competitions, watching animals, participating in horse riding routes, visiting a number of places associated with a certain historical event or person.

In specialized tourism, there is a group of tourists united by the desire to stay in an unusual accommodation facility, such as a health farm or a peasant house. Research conducted on this segment showed a higher level of education, personal income, and high social status of participants (managers, unique specialists and other high-class professionals).

Educational tourism. Traveling for the purpose of training and advanced training is relatively new in international tourism. The most popular trips are to study a language, especially to the UK and other English-speaking countries.

Sports tourism. The main task of sports tours is to practice the chosen sport. Such tours are divided into active and passive. In the first case, the basis is participation in some kind of sport, in the second - interest in sports, for example, attending competitions.

Adventure tourism. It is a unique type of recreation and ensures not only that tourists stay in an attractive place, but also engage in unusual activities. Adventure tourism is divided into several types:

hiking expeditions;

safari tours (hunting, fishing, butterfly catching, etc.);

sea ​​and river travel (yachting).

A specific feature of such tourism is the need to obtain licenses (hunting, fishing, import of trophies), as well as ensuring security, which requires the participation of highly qualified instructors. This type of tourism has a fairly high cost - it is an elite vacation.

Exotic tourism. This type of tourism is associated with travel to exotic countries, to islands in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, or with travel on an unusual vehicle. In recent years, tours have appeared that are striking in their unusualness. The most incredible and expensive so far is considered to be a flight into space. After the first tourist Denis Tito's flight on a Russian spaceship, traveling into space no longer seems like a distant dream. A list has been compiled of those wishing to make a short space journey on the Russian Buran spacecraft, who are willing to pay $100,000 for this exotic journey. USA.

An example of exotic tourism is a trip to the Arctic on comfortable icebreakers with a sauna, swimming pool, and conference rooms. The icebreaker is equipped with boats and helicopters for excursions. There are many people who want to get acquainted with the underwater world and travel on a submarine. In Germany, a former prison cell is popular among tourists who love exotic things, where you can feel like a prisoner.

Ecological tourism. Ecotourism has received significant attention in recent years. For residents of Europe and America, traveling through protected natural areas has become one of the most common types of recreation. The main distinguishing feature of this type of tourism is that the focus of travel is the natural environment and tourists try not to damage natural complexes, promote nature conservation and improve the well-being of the local population: Ecotourism is designed to create economic incentives for preserving the environment. This is a wide range of trips - from small educational tours for schoolchildren to regular tourist programs in national parks and reserves. Proceeds from this type of tourism are partially used for environmental protection activities.

Social tourism. These are trips subsidized from funds allocated by the state for social needs. The purpose of social tourism is not to make a profit, but to support people with low incomes to realize their right to vacation.

Tourism for business and professional purposes. In the hospitality industry of individual countries, there is a steady focus on one of the two main categories of tourists - business travelers.

The peculiarity of this type of tourism is that tourists who come for business purposes spend most of their time at meetings or meetings and have a strict program and schedule of events. They often visit the same city with which their interests are connected, stay in expensive hotels, use customized transport, specially equipped rooms for business meetings, receptions are organized for them, as well as individual excursions.

In general, business tourists have a higher level of spending compared to leisure tourists.

One of the most common types of business tourism is congress tourism (Conference Travel). In the Russian version it is usually called scientific tourism. The purpose of congress tourism is to conduct scientific and practical seminars, conferences, and conventions. Sometimes business tourism has elements of recreational or educational tourism.

Business tourism also includes incentive tourism. The clients of incentive tourism are large corporations that pay for group trips for their particularly distinguished employees.

There are two large segments in business tourism: individuals or groups traveling for business purposes, and employees of various companies who often have to travel on company business. The latter is the so-called corporate tourism.

Visiting friends and relatives. As tourism statistics show, this type of travel represents a large segment of international tourism. Very often, trips to meet with relatives occur repeatedly, and the duration of stay exceeds recreational and business trips. For example, guests from Arab countries, India and Pakistan constantly come to England to visit friends and relatives living there. Members of families with Slavic roots come to Russia and Ukraine from Canada and the USA.

This segment of the tourist market is also called ethnic or nostalgic tourism, which is associated with the need of people to visit relatives, places of birth and residence of loved ones and occupies an important place in international tourist exchange. Typically, several travel agencies specialize in working with this market segment.

Religious (pilgrimage) tourism. Currently popular. There are several types of it:

• · pilgrimage (visiting holy places to venerate relics);
• · educational trips (acquaintance with religious monuments, history of religion, etc.);
• · scientific trips (trips of historians and other specialists dealing with religious issues, etc.).
• 1.2.4 Classification by mode of transportation

Depending on the method of travel and the chosen type of transport, one can distinguish such types of tourism as aviation, rail, auto tourism, bus, water, walking, cycling, etc.

Whatever type of transport a traveler chooses, a necessary condition today is to ensure the safety and comfort of travel. Indicators of travel safety are the accident rate (the number of accidents per year by mode of transport) and personal safety, characterized by the number of deaths in road accidents per 100,000 people. In Russia this figure is higher than in many countries with a high degree of vehicle use.

Tourism and transport are so interconnected that one cannot be imagined without the other. Examples of mutual influence: “Recreational vehicles” (RV) - motor homes such as caravans or trailers (like our "Skiffs") - an integrated means of transportation and accommodation in one object. The growth in sales of caravanning requires the expansion of specially equipped parking lots in campsites for such motorhomes, which will allow them to be immediately included in the camping infrastructure - connecting them to electricity, water supply and sewerage at the parking site.

For Russia, this type of transport is promising, provided that our roads gradually approach the international standard.

Many tourists travel on special buses with observation windows, comfortable reclining seats, air conditioning, a bar, a toilet cabin, music, a microphone, and a TV. These buses allow you to get to places where trains do not go and planes do not fly. The condition of the bus fleet is a determining indicator of the quality of ground service.

Tourists love cruise travel, which uses a special type of transport. These are not just vehicles transporting passengers from one port to another, but a place of accommodation (overnight) and food, a worthy, if not the best, part of the tourist product. Modern cruise ships have the following equipment for tourists: gym, swimming pool, cinema, video salon, disco, shops, restaurants and bars, concert halls. Some ships have conference rooms with simultaneous translation equipment, allowing for business meetings and scientific conferences. One of the great advantages of cruise ships is food. Stabilizers reduce the negative impact of pitching on the human body. Many ships have extensive garage space, allowing you to travel by sea with your car and use it while docked in ports in different countries.