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National parks are environmental, environmental, educational and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use for environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and for regulated tourism. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territory of national parks are provided for use (ownership) to national parks on the rights provided for by law. "In the classical sense, a national park has a functional zoning of the territory. The protected core, according to the regime corresponding to a natural reserve, recreational and buffer zones, in which economic activities of varying intensity are permitted (tourism and other forms of recreation, traditional environmental management, conservation agricultural and forest management activities).

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The area of ​​Yellowstone National Park is about 900,000 hectares. The park is located in Wyoming (USA). The sources of the largest rivers in North America are located in this area: the Snake, the Missouri, and the Yellowstone, flowing from the alpine lake of the same name. The lake adjoins the Central Plateau from the south. The elevation of the Yellowstone Plateau ranges from 1710 m (in the north) to 3463 m (in the central part of the park). In the northern part of the park there is the Blacktailedier and Mirror plateau, in the southeast - the Two Oceans plateau. Yellowstone is home to approximately 10,000 geothermal natural wonders. The Continental Divide runs through the high plateau of the Rocky Mountains. From here, rivers flow both to the east and to the west, but some of the water seeps deeper. This explains the amazing natural phenomena of Yellowstone. The plateau was once rocked by powerful volcanic eruptions. Thousands of years ago, as a result of one of them, a giant crater 75 kilometers long and 45 kilometers wide was formed. Molten rock still “does not sleep” under the earth’s crust, maintaining the heat in the Yellowstone “cauldron”.

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Grand Canyon National Park Colorado Canyon is a giant chasm on the high Colorado Plateau in Arizona in the southwestern United States. The Grand Canyon is not the deepest canyon on Earth. However, it is famous for its size and stunning scenery. The park covers an area of ​​4931 sq. km. in the middle reaches of the Colorado River. Grand Canyon National Park is located within the Colorado Plateau in Arizona in the southwestern United States. The maximum depth of the canyon is 1829 meters. In the area of ​​the famous village of the Grand Canyon at the southern rim, its depth reaches 1524 m. To descend from the rim of the canyon to the river bank, you need to walk 11.3 km. The width of the canyon in this place (at the plateau level) reaches 16 km. The maximum width of the canyon in some places reaches 29 km. Although part of this area was designated as a conservation area as early as 1883, the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River National Park was not designated as a national park until 1919.

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Jasper National Park Jasper National Park is located on the eastern slopes of the Cordillera. It unites the structurally diverse landscapes of the highlands of the Main and Front Ranges, as well as the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. The total area of ​​the park is 10,750 sq. km. The park is located 320 km. west of Edmonton (the capital of Alberta) and 290 km. northwest of the city of Calgary. The park is one of the most visited conservation sites in Canada. Jasper National Park is bordered to the west by Mount Robson and Humber provincial parks, to the north by Willmore Wildlife Park, and to the east by the Rocky Mountains Nature Reserve and the White Goat and Bighorn protected areas. The park was founded in 1907. In 1984, the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The park is located 320 km. west of Edmonton (the capital of Alberta) and 290 km. northwest of the city of Calgary. The park is one of the most visited conservation sites in Canada. Jasper National Park is bordered to the west by Mount Robson and Humber provincial parks, to the north by Willmore Wildlife Park, and to the east by the Rocky Mountains Nature Reserve and the White Goat and Bighorn protected areas. The park was founded in 1907. In 1984, the park was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

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Yosemite National Park Yosemite National Park (USA, California) was created in 1890 thanks to the tireless efforts of naturalist John Muir. In 1890, the US Congress declared it a nature reserve, and in 1864, Congress designated Yosemite Valley in California as a public park. During peak season, Yosemite is teeming with people. Every year the beauty of the park attracts four million visitors. The management of the reserve strives to preserve the pristine nature of this region, and not to forget about tourists. During peak season, Yosemite is teeming with people. Every year the beauty of the park attracts four million visitors. The management of the reserve strives to preserve the pristine nature of this region, and not to forget about tourists.

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La Amistad International Park. La Amistad International Park is located on both sides of the Panamanian-Costa Rican border. The park includes two biosphere reserves bordering each other. One of them is in Costa Rica, the other is in Panama. Both reserves have the same name - La Amistad, which means "friendship" in Spanish. The total area of ​​this natural complex is more than 1 million hectares. In 1983 it was included in the UNESCO List of Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites.

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Corcovado National Park (Costa Rica) Corcovado National Park is a beautiful piece of nature in the south of Costa Rica. It is located on the Osa Peninsula, on the Pacific coast. The area of ​​the park is 54,000 hectares. The natural splendor of this remote, almost untouched forest in Central America, the diversity of its flora and fauna, attracts people's attention. There are at least eight ecosystems in Corcovado. The park is home to about 500 species of trees, the largest of which is the cottonwood tree. Reaching a diameter of three meters, it rises more than 70 meters. In Corcovado you can see almost 400 species of feathered inhabitants. The park is home to the largest population of red macaws in the country.

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Monteverde National Park (Costa Rica) In the 1960s, a group of scientists and local residents founded the Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde, which eventually included the watershed area. Since then, the reserve has been expanded several times and now covers approximately 10,500 hectares. This nature reserve is one of the most attractive places in Costa Rica. Every year, about 50,000 tourists climb the steep, winding dirt road to reach Monteverde. Numerous bird lovers and naturalists come here to observe all kinds of birds, animals and plants that have found refuge in the reserve and nearby areas.

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Jau National Park Jau National Park was established in 1980. This is one of the largest national parks in Brazil. Its area is 2,272,000 hectares, which is 1.42% of the entire Amazon state. In 2000, the park was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. In 2003, the Jau National Park was merged with several other protected areas and became part of the Central Amazon Nature Reserve.

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Chaco National Park Chaco National Park is located in the central part of the South American continent, in the east of the Gran Chaco plain. This name can be translated as "Big hunting field." Chaco Park was founded in 1954. The park was established by the Argentine government to protect the unique landscapes of the most elevated parts of the Eastern Chaco.

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Los Glaciares National Park Los Glaciares National Park covers an area of ​​almost 446 thousand hectares (according to some sources 760 thousand hectares). The park is the second largest conservation site in Argentina. It is located along the Chilean border in the province of Santa Cruz south of the 50th parallel. For the first time, the territory between lakes Viedma and Lago Argentino was taken under protection by the Argentine state in 1937. However, this area was declared a national park only shortly before the end of World War II in April 1945. The modern boundaries of Los Glaciares National Park were established by law only in the fall of 1971. In 1981, Los Glaciares National Park was included in the List of World Natural Heritage Sites. More than 40 percent of the national park is covered by permanent ice, making up the so-called Southern Patagonian Ice Sheet. Powerful valley glaciers radiate from this shield to the west and east. In the east (in Chile), the “ends” of these glaciers descend into the Pacific Ocean. In Argentina, most glacial tongues end in large lakes.

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Manu Manu National Park is one of the oldest large tropical parks in the world. Manu National Park was created on May 29, 1973. 14 years later (in 1987) it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and also received the status of a biosphere reserve. Manu National Park is located in the southeast of Peru, 1,400 km from the capital (Lima). The total area of ​​the reserve is 1.9 million hectares. The park is divided into three zones: the national park itself, the reserve and the cultural zone. The main purpose of creating Manu National Park is to preserve tropical biodiversity.

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Paracas National Park Paracas National Park. It is located about 250 kilometers south of Lima, on the route of the Pan-American Highway. Paracas National Park covers 335,000 hectares of coastline and the Paracas Peninsula. It was created in 1975 by the Peruvian government with the goal of conserving the many animals that live here and those that migrate annually. It fosters respect for the environment and promotes the development of tourism. It was here that more than 100 archaeological sites were discovered - evidence of the centuries-old Paracas culture. The coastal waters are home to sea lions, cat otters, dolphins, more than 200 species of birds and 4 species of sea turtles.

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Virunga National Park Virunga is one of the oldest national parks in Africa. It is located in the northeast of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. For 300 kilometers, the park border coincides with the state borders of Rwanda and Uganda. The year of official birth of Virunga Park is considered to be 1929. It was then named Albert and Kivu National Park. In 1969, the separate Virunga National Park was separated from the single conservation area of ​​Albert and Kivu. Currently, the park borders the lands of the Ruzvenzori National Park in Uganda and the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda. The area of ​​Virunga National Park is 790 thousand hectares. The landscapes within the national park are very diverse. Here you can find grassy and woody savannas, low-growing permanently wet forests, bamboo thickets, swamps, meadows, glaciers, snowfields and extensive lava plateaus. The park territory stretches from north to south and consists of three different parts. The northern part includes the Rwenzori Mountains and the Semliki Valley, in the center are Lake Edward and the plains of Rwindi, Rutshuru and Ishasha. The southern part is the Nyamlaghira and Nyaragongo lava plateaus, as well as part of the Virunga volcanic massif.

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Air and Tenere Nature Reserve The Air and Tenere Nature Reserve is located on the southern border of the Sahara Desert. Its area is 77,000 sq. km. The reserve was founded in 1988. Immediately, about 15% of its territory was allocated as a special reserve with a strict protection regime to protect the addax antelope. In 1991, the reserve was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural and Cultural Heritage Sites. There are many interesting geological monuments on the Air plateau. Both plateaus and mountain ranges are dissected by deep valleys. However, only temporary watercourses flow here, which come to life only for a short time after the rains. The climate of the reserve is typical for Central Sahara: very hot and dry. Nowhere in the reserve does more than 100 mm of precipitation fall in a year.

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Serengeti National Park Serengeti National Park is located in the Great African Rift region. It is included in the list of the most famous national parks in the world. The Serengeti National Park is a 30,000 square kilometer area of ​​low-grass, hilly valleys spread across Tanzania and Kenya. They are covered with lush grass, which grows well on fertile soil of volcanic origin. The Serengeti is a paradise for animals that delights everyone who visits it.

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Nairobi National Park Just seven kilometers from the capital of Kenya, there is a small savannah with tall grass and rare spreading trees - Nairobi National Park, with a total area of ​​only 117 square meters. km. This park was opened earlier than many similar parks in Kenya, in 1946. This is one of the few parks in the world where you can simultaneously enjoy the beauty of almost untouched wild nature and not lose sight of the silhouette of a big city. The flora and fauna of Nairobi National Park are so diverse that you might think that you are in the heart of wild Africa, and not on the outskirts of a multimillion-dollar city. In the park you can see lions, rhinoceroses, cheetahs, antelopes, giraffes, and gazelles. The Athi River also flows there, in whose waters there are crocodiles and hippos, and in the coastal forests - birds and monkeys. About 400 different species of birds have been recorded in Nairobi National Park. One of the features of the park is the large number of rhinoceroses living in it, about 50 individuals. Here, unlike other parks and reserves, you can almost always see a black rhinoceros in its natural habitat. The national park also has a shelter and hospital for wounded and sick animals.

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Kilimanjaro National Park Kilimanjaro National Park was founded in 1973 and now covers 756 square kilometers. km. The base of the mountain is at an altitude of 1829 m above sea level, and Kibo Peak is at an altitude of 5895 m. Kilimanjaro National Park was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987. Mount Kilimanjaro is the highest single mountain in the world. Mount Kilimanjaro was formed through a series of volcanic movements. As a result of volcanic activity, three peaks were formed - Shira, Kibo and Mawenzi.

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Fiordland National Park (New Zealand) New Zealand is one of the most ecologically prosperous corners of the Earth. A third of the country's area (more than 5 million hectares) is protected areas. There are 14 national parks in New Zealand. The South Island is home to New Zealand's largest national park, Fiordland. The park is located in the northwestern part of the island. The length of the park is 230 km, the total area is 1200 thousand hectares. Fiordland National Park was founded in 1952. It is currently included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

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Vanoise National Park Vanoise National Park is the first national park in France. It was founded in 1963. The reason for the creation of the park was the threat of complete extermination of stone goats in this area. Definitely, Vanoise can be called the main national park in France. Vanoise National Park is located south of the Mont Blanc massif and stretches along the Alps mountain range in the Savoie region. This is a relatively small park. The park is divided into two zones: the central one has a length of 528 sq. km. and peripheral zone - 1450 sq. km. The peripheral zone is the area that surrounds the central zone; it was created to protect wildlife in the central zone in order to preserve it in its original form. The peripheral zone allows for greater restriction of human access to these beautiful wild lands. For 14 kilometers, the Vanoise National Park borders the Italian Gran Paradiso National Park. Both parks form the largest protected area in Western Europe

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Coto de Doñana National Park Spain's legendary 50,000-hectare Doñana National Park serves as a vernal birding airport for hundreds of thousands of birds flying from Africa to Europe, stopping in these wooded wetlands to nest and breed. .

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Thingvellir National Park Thingvellir National Park was created by decree of the Icelandic Parliament in 1928. This is the very first protected area in Iceland. It is also one of the oldest national parks in Europe. Throughout the twentieth century, the park's territory was expanded several times. The last time the boundaries of the national park were changed was in 2004.

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Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park The Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is located on the territory of the Kamenets and Pruzhansky districts of the Brest region and the Svisloch district of the Grodno region. The administrative center of the national park is located in the village of Kamenyuki, Kamenets district. The State National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha", located on the territory of the Republic of Belarus, is a single natural complex with the Belovezhskaya National Park of the Republic of Poland. The area of ​​the national park is 87,363 hectares on the Belarusian side; from Poland – 10,501 hectares. Belovezhskaya Pushcha is the only large tract of high-aged forests of the Western European type with elements of western, northern and southern flora preserved in a natural state in Europe. The fauna of the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is rich and diverse. Its territory is home to 59 species of mammals (including 6 protected species), 253 species of birds, 11 species of amphibians, 7 species of reptiles, 24 species of fish and more than 11,000 species of invertebrate animals.

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Paanajärvi National Park Paanajärvi National Park is located in the north-west of the Republic of Karelia, in its most elevated part. Paanajärvi National Park was established on May 20, 1992 by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 331. The area of ​​the national park is 104,473 hectares. The flora is the main attraction of the park. Its originality is determined by three factors - the low-mountain nature of the relief, the presence of carbonate rocks (dolomites) favorable for the growth of many calciphilous plants and, finally, the presence of large natural massifs untouched by humans. In the area of ​​the national park, 217 species of vertebrate animals have been registered: 36 species of mammals, 160 birds, 3 amphibians and reptiles, 17 fish and 1 species of cyclostomes. The pearl of the park is Lake Paanajärvi, which, despite its small size (1.5 by 24 km), is exceptionally deep (128 m). There are many rapids on the rivers and significant waterfalls. The reservoirs abound with valuable species of fish.

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Barguzinsky Nature Reserve Barguzinsky State Natural Biosphere Reserve is one of the oldest nature reserves in Russia, established by a decree of the Irkutsk Governor-General of May 17, 1916, and in early 1917 the creation of the reserve was formalized by a government decree. The main reason for the creation of the reserve was the catastrophic decline of the fur trade and, in particular, the sable trade. To save the sable from complete destruction and organize reserves, expeditions to Baikal, Kamchatka and the Sayan Mountains were organized. Based on the results of the survey, among others (Sayansky and others), the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve was designed. Conventions In 1986, the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve received biosphere status. In 1996, the Barguzinsky Nature Reserve, along with other Baikal protected areas, was included in the UNESCO World Cultural and Natural Heritage List (the “Lake Baikal” nomination).

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Sagarmatha Sagarmatha is an outstanding natural landscape comprising highlands, glaciers and deep gorges, dominated by the world's highest peak, Mount Everest (8848 m). The park is home to several rare animal species, including the snow leopard and red panda. The unique culture of the local population, the Sherpas, also attracts attention to this area.

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Komodo National Park Komodo National Park is located in the center of the Indonesian archipelago, between the islands of Sumbawa and Flores. The national park's holdings contain 603 square kilometers of land and 1,214 square kilometers of turquoise sea waters. The park includes three main islands: Komodo, Rinca and Padar, as well as many smaller islands with a total area of ​​1817 kilometers, which are also part of the Lesser Sunda Islands group. This national park features several beautiful exotic islands coupled with rich coastal and marine wildlife. Its unique wide biodiversity has made it Indonesia's most popular park.

Nature reserves of Russia

Information about several nature reserves in Russia.

• Tell your classmates about Russian nature reserves and show photographs.

• Nowadays, few people understand the importance of nature reserves and no one has ever thought about the fact that some animal species may become extinct forever.

• The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes, at an altitude of up to 2840 m of the Barguzinsky ridge, includes the north-eastern coast of Lake Baikal and part of the water area of ​​the lake itself. The reserve (and the ridge) are named after the Barguzin River. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is the oldest nature reserve in Russia.

• The area of ​​the reserve is 374,322 hectares, including 15,000 hectares of protected water area.

• The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is home to elk, musk deer, white hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot, hazel grouse - a total of 41 species of mammals. In the waters of the reserve you can find omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other species of fish.

• Founded in 1992 on the basis of the Dzherginsky state complex reserve that existed since 1974. The Dzherginsky State Nature Reserve is located in the Kurumkansky district of the Republic of Buryatia. The reserve is located in the North-Eastern Baikal region at the junction of three large mountain ranges - the Barguzinsky, Ikatsky and Yuzhno-Muysky ridges.

• Dzherginsky Reserve" is a state nature reserve.

• The area of ​​the reserve is 238.088 thousand hectares, of which the space occupied by water is 0.894 thousand hectares. A 2 km wide protective zone with a total area of ​​about 7.5 million hectares has been created around the reserve.

• Currently, 201 species of vertebrate animals have been recorded in the reserve: 6 species of fish, 3 amphibians, 4 reptiles, 145 birds, 43 mammals. The reserve is inhabited by elk, musk deer, wapiti, wild boar, Siberian roe deer, and rarely reindeer. .

• The forest belt is dominated by larch forests. Currently, more than 650 species of vascular plants have been identified in the reserve. 29 species of rare and endemic plants have been identified on the territory of the reserve.

• The Baikal State Natural Biosphere Reserve was established by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated September 26, 1969 No. 571 on the basis of Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic dated December 31, 1968 No. 461.

• Area - 165,724 hectares, taking into account changes introduced by the order of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR dated June 20, 1973 No. 366-r.

• There are 49 species of mammals, 251 species of birds, 6 amphibians and reptiles, and 12 fish.

• The reserve is home to 787 plant species; about 70% of the reserve’s territory is occupied by forests. The general list of rare, endemic and relict plants of the reserve is about 40 species.

• 1) From geography and biology lessons.
• 2) From the Internet.
• 3) From the book “Reserves of Russia”

Why are nature reserves and national parks needed? 1. Nature reserves and national parks preserve wildlife, save a variety of species from extinction, and preserve the natural heritage of the country and the whole world. 2. Areas of great importance for the preservation of cultural heritage are protected in nature reserves and national parks. 3. The protective regime of nature reserves and national parks ensures clean water, fresh air and saves other vital resources. 4. The nature of nature reserves and national parks is a repository of natural genetic material (species biological diversity). 5. Preserving a healthy environment for people to live. 6. Nature reserves and national parks make a significant contribution to the development of science, environmental education of the population, and the development of civil society. 7. Biosphere models created on the basis of nature reserves and national parks demonstrate the possibility of human development in harmony with nature. 8. Raising funds for the economy of areas adjacent to nature reserves and national parks, primarily the development of eco-tourism, ecological trails and routes, as well as the initiation of programs that combine the interests of society and nature. 9. The territory of nature reserves and national parks is a place where people can become familiar with the values ​​of pristine nature, the spiritual values ​​of their nation and all humanity. 10. Networks of nature reserves and national parks and the education system are an effective partnership for the formation of an environmental culture in society.

How many national parks and reserves are there? Currently, there are more than a thousand national parks and tens of thousands of protected areas in the world. According to rough estimates, there are about 70,000 of them, and they occupy approximately 10% of the entire landmass. In Russia there are 101 nature reserves and 43 national parks, which together cover an area of ​​sq. km (about 2% of the area of ​​the Russian Federation).

The first national parks The first state reserves protecting natural societies appeared in the 16th century. However, the first national park was opened only at the end of the 19th century, in the USA. This truly high honor was given to the unique Yellowstone Plateau, rich in geysers and hot mineral springs, where Yellowstone National Park was opened in 1872. Translated from English it means yellow stone. In the beginning, national parks were created as places to enjoy. In them, a person could strengthen his body, refresh his mind and heal his soul. In 1916, the National Park Service was created in the United States. US national parks such as the Grand Canyon, Jasper, Olympic and others are now well known outside of North America.

The first national park in the USSR, Lahemaa, was founded in 1971 in the Estonian SSR. Subsequently, the list of protected areas expanded. In the following years, the status of national parks was given to: Sochi National Park, Losiny Ostrov (1983); "Samara Luka" (1984); "Mari Chodra" (1985); Pribaikalsky National Park, Transbaikal National Park, “Elbrus Region”, “Bashkiria” (1986). The last to be included in the list were: in January 2008 “Buzuluksky Bor”, in June 2009 “Russian Arctic”, in January 2013 “Beringia”, in March 2013 “Onega Pomorie”. According to the laws of the Russian Federation, national parks are one of the types of specially protected natural areas (SPNA).

The first nature reserve in Russia, the Barguzin Nature Reserve, was founded on January 11, 1917 on the territory of Buryatia. Subsequently, the list of protected areas expanded. The oldest reserves, besides Barguzinsky, are Astrakhansky (1919), Ilmensky (1920) and Caucasian (1924). The last reserves included in the list were Erzi (2000), Kologrivsky Forest (2006) and Utrish (2010). In accordance with the action plan for the implementation of the “Concept for the development of a system of specially protected natural areas of federal significance for the period up to 2020,” it is planned to create 11 new reserves in the years, of which 2 (Ingermanland and Shaitan-Tau) in 2012. The total area of ​​the reserves in Russia is more than 340 thousand km², which is comparable to the territory of Finland. The largest of the Russian nature reserves are the Great Arctic (more than 41 thousand km²), Komandorsky (more than 36 thousand km²) and Wrangel Island (more than 22 thousand km²). The smallest nature reserves in Russia are Belogorye (more than 21 km²) and Prioksko-Terrasny and Galichya Gora (both less than 50 km²). Most of the reserves are located on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk (7), Primorsky (6) and Khabarovsk (6) territories.

Sochi National Park was created in 1983 and became one of the first national parks in Russia. On a vast territory in the mountains, the size of which reaches 190 thousand hectares, all production activities were stopped. This land was transferred to Russian citizens for recreational and tourism purposes. Sochi National Park is located in the south of the Krasnodar Territory, north of Sochi, in the foothills of the Greater Caucasus. Most of the park's territory is occupied by mountains, dissected by river valleys. The foothill zone occupies a narrow strip along the Black Sea.

About 40 rivers and streams of the Black Sea basin flow through the territory of the Sochi National Park. Their length is small; only rivers such as Mzymta, Psou and Shakhe are more than 50 kilometers long. There are a large number of waterfalls and canyons on rivers and streams. Waterfalls are mainly located in the upper reaches of rivers; 103 waterfalls with threshold heights from 2 to 73 meters are available for visiting.

The territory of the park itself is unique, since nowhere in Russia subtropics and highlands coexist so closely. That is why the mountainous Black Sea region is characterized by the most complex range of altitudinal zones on the territory of our country - from mountain broad-leaved forests of the foothills through mountain beech and coniferous forests to subalpine landscapes and highlands with exposed rocks and snow. The territory of the Sochi National Park is classified as the Colchis forest province with a very rich and diverse flora.

In the Sochi National Park there are about 1,500 species of native higher plants, of which 164 species are classified as trees, shrubs, subshrubs and lianas, and all the rest are classified as herbaceous plants. There are a large number of relict and endemic species. The berry yew, which is often found in the Sochi National Park, is included in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. And 51 species of plants are listed in the Red Book of Russia, including yew berry, Pitsunda pine, 2 types of snowdrops, 3 types of fingerheads, 3 types of ophrys, 9 types of tryshniks, Colchian boxwood, Caucasian lily, Caucasian lyon and others.

The fauna of Sochi National Park includes about 80 species of mammals, about 120 species of birds, 17 species of reptiles, 9 species of amphibians, 21 species of fish. 15 species of animals are included in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature, including leopard, corncrake, quail, Caucasian viper, Colchis snake, Colchis toad and others. Among those species of animals that are listed in the Red Book of Russia, 10 species of mammals, 9 species of birds, 4 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, 3 species of annelids, and fish - brown trout and Ukrainian lamprey - are found in the park.

On the territory of the Sochi National Park there are 114 historical and cultural monuments - these are sites of ancient people, settlements, dolmen structures, well-shaped tombs, remains of fortresses, temples, burial mounds, sacrificial stones, obelisks and military monuments.

The idea of ​​creating a national park appeared back in 1909. In 1934, Losiny Ostrov was included in the 50-kilometer “green belt” around Moscow. Most of the forest was cut down during the Great Patriotic War. In 1979, by a joint decision of the Moscow City and Regional Councils of People's Deputies, Losiny Ostrov was transformed into a natural park, and on August 24, 1983, by a decision of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR, a national park was formed.

The Elbrus region today is one of the most significant mountain natural monuments of the Caucasus. This is an area of ​​unique landscape, where the mountains have become the cradle and haven of many species of plants and animals, and preserving it is an integral task of the state. For this purpose, on September 22, 1986, the Elbrus Region National Park was created here.

The park is located in the mid-mountain and high-mountain zones of the Side and Main ranges of the Central Caucasus, in the territories of two administrative regions of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic - Elbrus and Zolsky. Its total area is more than one hundred thousand hectares. 62 percent of it falls on inaccessible terrain: rocks, glaciers, snow fields.

As for the flora and fauna, it also has its own characteristics. Mount Elbrus, whose peaks are covered with continuous firn (dense granular snow) and ice caps, serves as a powerful refrigerator, drying out the surrounding area. Therefore, spruce and fir, which love moisture, do not grow in the Elbrus region, but pine, birch, aspen and some other deciduous plant species predominate. The main type of vegetation cover is meadows. And the mountain slopes are covered with a dark green carpet of rhododendrons, whose pink and white flowers bloom every summer.

Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is a nature reserve in Buryatia, located on the western slopes of the Barguzinsky ridge at altitudes up to 2840 m above sea level. m., includes the northeastern coast of Lake Baikal and part of the water area of ​​the lake itself. The reserve and the ridge are named after the Barguzin River.

The reserve was created in 1916 to preserve and increase the number of Barguzin sable (Martes zibellina). At the time of its founding, there were only about sable individuals throughout the entire territory of the current reserve; currently there are 1-2 individuals per 1 km² of cedar forest. The historical center is the village of Davsha, since 1999 the administration has been located in the village of Nizhneangarsk.

All natural complexes are preserved in the reserve. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve is home to elk, musk deer, white hare, brown bear, shrew, black-capped marmot, and a total of 41 species of mammals. Baikal omul, whitefish, sturgeon, grayling, taimen, lenok and other species of fish are found in the waters of the reserve. Since 1986, it has been included in the list of UNESCO biosphere reserves.

The Astrakhan Biosphere Reserve consists of three sections - Damchiksky, Trekhizbinsky and Obzhorovsky. Their territory is located within the boundaries of the Kamyzyaksky, Ikryaninsky and Volodarsky districts of the Astrakhan region. The total area of ​​the reserve is hectares. Marine area ha. Security zone – hectares.

The reserve was founded in 1919. In 1975, it became part of the Volga River Delta wetland sites of international importance as a waterfowl habitat under the 1971 Ramsar Convention. In 1984, it was included in the worldwide network of biosphere reserves of the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program.

The Caucasian State Natural Biosphere Reserve is located on the northern and southern slopes of the Western Caucasus at coordinates ° north latitude and ° east longitude. This territory itself was declared a nature reserve on May 12, 1924, but the history of preserving the unique natural complex began much earlier, with the organization of the Grand Duke’s “Kuban Hunt” in 1888.

Being the largest protected area of ​​the Caucasian Isthmus and the second largest in Europe, the reserve occupies the lands of the Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Adygea and the Karachay-Cherkess Republic of the Russian Federation, and is closely adjacent to the state border with Abkhazia. Separated from the main territory, in the Khostinsky district of Sochi, the subtropical Khostinsky section of the reserve is located - the world famous yew-boxwood grove, with an area of ​​302 hectares. The total area of ​​the reserve is hectares. It is surrounded by a protected zone, numerous reserves and natural monuments, and the Sochi National Park adjoins its southern border.

The Caucasus Nature Reserve is a rich treasure trove of biodiversity that has no analogues in Russia. It has international reference significance as an area of ​​untouched nature that has preserved pristine landscapes with unique flora and fauna. It is no coincidence that in 1979 the reserve was awarded a Certificate of inclusion in the World Natural Heritage List. The reserve received biosphere status and entered the International Network of Biosphere Reserves, and in December 1999 it was included in the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites.

Reserve SIKHOTE - ALINSKY (Russia) The initial goal of creating the reserve was the preservation and restoration of the sable, which was almost exterminated at that time. At the origins of the creation was the famous explorer of the region V.K. Arsenyev. Currently, more than 1,100 species of plants grow on the territory of the reserve, including 38 rare and endangered species (spiked yew, tall yew, Phori rhododendron, real slipper). 63 species of terrestrial mammals live here, including Red Book species: Amur tiger (21-29 individuals), goral (about 150 individuals), sika deer (individuals), Himalayan bear. 342 species of birds, 8 species of reptiles, 5 species of amphibians, and 32 species of freshwater fish have been recorded. The preservation of fauna and flora in two areas of the marine area is of great importance.

SIKHOTE-ALIN state natural biosphere reserve (territory area hectares, sea area 2.9 thousand hectares) is located in the northern part of Primorsky Krai (Terneysky and Krasnoarmeysky districts) and includes the eastern slope of the Sikhote-Alin ridge from its watershed (the highest altitude within the reserve is 1598 m above sea level) to the coast (including the coastal strip of the sea 1 km wide), as well as part of the western slope of the ridge. The reserve includes parts of three landscape districts: Terneysky (cedar-broad-leaved forests), Samargino-Dalnegorsk (in the broad-leaved-coniferous forests subzone) and Central Sikhote-Alinsky (fir-spruce forests) in the taiga subzone.

“Barguzinsky Reserve” - Total area - 263,000 hectares. Birds of prey are not uncommon in the taiga. Cedar cones. There are many bears in the reserve. The average annual temperature is minus 4.4. Pine nuts are the main food for taiga animals and birds. The Barguzinsky Nature Reserve was organized in 1916. Barguzin sable. In January the weather is calm, sunny and frosty.

“Almaty Nature Reserve” - Flora of Altyn-Emel Park. The glacier's tongue cracks into numerous blocks and quickly moves down. Zaisan was inhabited by kulans. The parent rocks are represented by loess loams, pebbles and gypsum-bearing tertiary deposits. Reptiles are represented by 25 species. The total area of ​​the park is 459,620 hectares.

“Alakol Reserve” - In total, 33 species of mammals are found in the reserve. Vegetation. People call the islands Stone. Low-carbonate sierozems are developed in the elevated parts of the Alakol Basin. The “Delta” site belongs to the southern coast of the lake. . The foot of the hills is gravelly and pebble with loams and small salt marshes.

"Caucasian Reserve" - ​​Nature of the Caucasian Reserve. Climatic conditions. The Caucasus Nature Reserve is located in the Western Caucasus, within the Mostovsky and Maikopsky districts. The reserve has the largest scientific department in Russia (more than 30 employees at the end of 2001). Of course, the most vulnerable part of natural ecosystems are large mammals.

"Altai Nature Reserve" - ​​Iogach. Photo: A. Lotov. Yailyu. Presentation of the project before the Public Council, September 13, 2007. The Altai Biosphere Reserve (core) occupies about 10% of the territory of the Altai Republic. UNESCO World Natural Heritage Site "Altai - Golden Mountains" (1998). Pos. Involving the local population.

“Reserves of Russia” - The flora of the reserve contains taiga, forest, oak forest and steppe elements. Reserves. There are 3 species of reptiles and 5 species of amphibians.. Located on the Central Russian Upland in the Lipetsk region. The publication of the study of the tract caused a sensation in the scientific world. Golden Eagle on Olkhon Island. A protective zone with a total area of ​​6,213 hectares has been created around the reserve.

The main purpose of creating national parks and reserves is to protect living organisms teetering on the brink of extinction.

RESERVES

Nature reserves are areas of territories or water areas that are forever removed from economic use, in which they are preserved in their natural state.

all natural condition
complex.
Any kind of
types of economic activities –
hunting, wood cutting, berry picking.

Great Arctic Nature Reserve

Established by Council Resolution
Ministers - Government of the Russian
Federation dated May 11, 1993
The main territory of the reserve belongs
to the arctic tundra subzone, and most
northern sections - to the Arctic zone
deserts.

Animal world

in the territory
reserve
meets 18
species
mammals

Vegetable world

Among the flowering
plants especially
stands out
colorful, bright
blooming view - poppy
cushion-shaped.

Birds

124 live here
bird species from
of which there are 55 types
reliably
nest on it
territories

BARGUZINSKY RESERVE

Square
reserve - 374
322 hectares, including
15,000 ha
amounts to
reserved
water area
The reserve has been created
in 1916.

Animal world

Barguzinsky
sable

Baikal
omul

ASTRAKHAN RESERVE

Astrakhan
state
natural
reserve -
reserve in the delta
Volga River in
Astrakhan
regions of Russia.
Established on April 11
1919

Animal world

In the nature reserve
17 species live
mammals.

Vegetable world

There are 293 here
plant species
Lotus pink

Birds

Registered 256
bird species, of which 97
nesting

USSURIYSKY RESERVE

Ussuri
state
natural
reserve named after
acad. V. L. Komarova
created in 1932.
It's made for
animals that are
turn
form part
wildlife.

Animal world

Vertebrates
represented by 62 species
mammals
giant shrew
Far Eastern
forest cat
A
M
at
R
WITH
To
AND

Vegetable world

There are 868
plant species
Ginseng

NATIONAL PARKS OF THE WORLD

Africa Kruger National Park.

The very first
African reserve
and one of the very first
nature reserves in the world.
National Park
Kruger created in 1898
as a nature reserve
initiative of the president
Transvaal P. Kruger.
National status
park reserve
received in 1926.

Animal world

90,000 impala antelopes
27,000 African
buffalo
17,800 zebras
11,700 elephants
9,600 wildebeest

North America. Yellowstone National Park.

Yellowstone area
national park - approx.
900,000 hectares.
The park is located in the state
Wyoming (USA).
In this area there are
sources of the largest rivers
North America: Snake,
Missouri, Yellowstone,
arising from
highland mountain of the same name
lakes.

Animal world

The grizzly bear is the largest predator

Here in the valley section
about 48 km long
more concentrated
six hundred hot
sources and steam
mines, as well as seventy
geysers.
The most famous of
Geysers in Yellowstone
- Old Faithful.
It is widely believed that
that it erupts very
regularly - every 57
minutes.

Bison Herd in Lamar Valley

If the reserve serves as a natural standard for obtaining scientific information, then the national park is a standard of educational information about nature.

If the reserve serves
natural standard for
obtaining scientific
information, then
national park - standard
educational information
about nature for all citizens.