Yachts “Zabava”, “Slavyanka”, “Queen Victoria” on the Kronstadt roadstead. Fragment of a watercolor by N.S. Putyatin, 1892 (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts. The end of the 17th - beginning of the 20th century.” St. Petersburg: EGO, 1997)
Model of the iceboat purchased by Peter I in Saardam. Made by ship modeler M. Chernikov in 1956, stored in the Central Military Museum (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...”)
Model of the yacht "Royal Transport", stored in the Central Naval Museum (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Model of the 18-gun court yacht "Princess Anna" (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Yacht-buer "Natalia". Fragments of a drawing made by the master of fin ships Ivan Afanasyev. Presumably, this is a later drawing of a yacht, in design - a typical Dutch iceboat of the late 17th - early 18th centuries, delivered to St. Petersburg from Holland in 1719. On the drawing there are inscriptions: “Drawing of the yacht “Natalie”, length through the stems - 53 feet. Width without boards - 16. Depth 6-8". Based on materials from TsVMM. Published for the first time
Yacht "Happiness". Fragments of a drawing made by shipwright P. Kachalov. On the drawing there are inscriptions: “This drawing was certified and signed by the Royal Admiralty College on February 24, 1763...”; “This drawing was examined in the office of the Chief Sarvaer and came to the construction of the yacht conveniently... in 1763. Potay Kachalov, Danila Ulfov.” Based on materials from TsVMM. Published for the first time
Sail drawing of the 12-gun yacht Neva, built in 1808–1809. The builder is shipwright Isakov. Main dimensions: length - 21.94 m, width - 5.69 m. Based on materials from TsVMM. Published for the first time
Drawing of the lower deck of the 12-gun yacht “Druzhba”. From a set of drawings made before the timbering of the yacht at the St. Petersburg Okhtinskaya shipyard in 1836.
Imperial 12-gun yacht "Friendship". Fragment of a watercolor by artist A.K. Beggrov (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...”)
Yacht "Queen Victoria". Sail drawing. RGAVMF. F.327. Op.1. D.3224. Published for the first time
Model of the 6-gun paddle steamer "Alexandria", made in 1832-1834 (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...")
Steam yacht "Alexandria". From a watercolor by V.V. Ignatius (from the album “Russian Fleet”. Published by Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. St. Petersburg, 1892)
"Alexandria" regularly served four emperors (photo taken in 1880 at the New Peterhof pier)
Sail drawing of the bot "Uvalen". RGAVMF. F.327. Op.1. D.4524. Published for the first time
Yacht "Nixa" on the Neva near the Admiralteyskaya embankment. Photo from 1856 (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...”)
Model of the imperial yacht "Standart", made in 1864. From the CVMM funds
Imperial steam wheeled yacht "Derzhava". Fragments of drawings (RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.39, 40) and a mortgage board (from the TsVMM funds)
Imperial yacht "Derzhava". From a watercolor by V.V. Ignatius (from the album “Russian Fleet”. Published by Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich. St. Petersburg, 1892)
Imperial steam wheeled yacht “Derzhava”, “side” projection of the theoretical drawing with elements of the external view and plan of the upper deck. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.35,39. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Derzhava". Artist M.S. Tkachenko (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...)
Imperial yacht "Derzhava" in the Copenhagen roadstead (from the album "Russian Imperial Yachts...)
Training ship "Dvina" (former yacht "Derzhava")
Wheel steamer "Tiger" - the first imperial yacht on the Black Sea
Corvette "Memory of Mercury" and yacht "Tiger". Artist A.P. Alekseev (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...)
Imperial yacht "Livadia" on the slipway (from the collection of V.A. Gushchin)
Imperial screw yacht "Livadia" after launching
General layout of the imperial screw yacht “Livadia”:
Sail drawing of the yacht “Marevo”. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.19. Published for the first time
Yacht "Marevo": external view of the side, plan of the upper deck, longitudinal section, plan of the hold. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.141. D.20, 21. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Marevo". Artist N.S. Putyatin (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts. The end of the 17th - beginning of the 20th century.” St. Petersburg: EGO, 1997)
Yacht "Tsarevna" underway
The imperial yacht “Tsarevna” near the floating lighthouse of the Bolshoi Nevsky fairway. Artist D.P. Alekseev (from the album - Russian Imperial Yachts.,. ")
Miraculously preserved to this day is a prospectus dedicated to the construction of the imperial yacht “Polar Star” at the Baltic Mechanical and Shipbuilding Plant. (from the collection of I.R. Rassol)
"Polar Star" on the roadstead of the capital of Denmark - Copenhagen
Imperial yacht "Polar Star": a - drawing of the sail, approved by the Admiral General on February 22, 1892, b - plan of the upper deck (from a drawing dated November 17, 1912). Based on materials from the RGAVMF. F.876. Op.163. D.6, 13
Imperial yacht "Polar Star": a - longitudinal section, b - first deck; c - second deck. Based on materials from the RGAVMF. F.876. Op.163. D.2, 3. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Standart". One of the design drawings. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.157. D.5. Published for the first time
"Standart" - the largest of the Russian imperial yachts
Imperial yacht "Standart". Drawing of spar and sail. At the bow end of the yacht there is a Hall anchor that retracts into the hawse (design option). RGAVMF. F.876. Op.126. D.51. Published for the first time
Mortgage board of the imperial yacht "Standard". From the CVMM funds
Imperial yacht "Standart": a - longitudinal section (drawing dated October 30, 1907), b - plan of the upper deck, c - plan of the main deck. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.157. D.1, 523, 522. Published for the first time
"Standard"
"Standard" on the stones of Grancher Island. August 1907
The imperial yacht "Standard" at the entrance to one of the German ports. Artist G. Blyukke (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts...”)
The project of a wheeled imperial yacht, presented by the W. Creighton plant to replace the yacht "Alexandria", built in 1852. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.158. D.1748. Published for the first time
Imperial yacht "Alexandria" before launching
Imperial yacht "Alexandria": a - plan of the upper deck, b - plan of the living deck, c - view from the port side on the slipway showing the launching device. RGAVMF. F.876. Op.158. D. 1777, 1779, 1780, 593
Imperial yacht "Polar Star"
Imperial yacht "Alexandria". From a photograph from the First World War
Admiral General's yacht "Strela"
The yacht of the Minister of the Navy "Neva" at the English Embankment in Petrograd. 1914
Imperial yacht "Standart". Built in Copenhagen at the Burmeister og Wein shipyard
Bow decoration of the imperial yacht “Standard” (from the album “Russian Imperial Yachts. The end of the 17th - beginning of the 20th century.” St. Petersburg: EGO, 1997)
Both sailing and motor yachts are divided into several categories.
At the very top of the range are sailing mega yachts, their level of comfort is not inferior to motor vessels of the same price category. The length of such a yacht is more than 25 meters, and in most cases it is built individually according to the author's design. Such a vessel, as a rule, has its berths at yacht clubs. Cruise sailboats are a little lower in class. Just like mega-yachts, they have comfortable cabins, and these vessels are quite suitable for long journeys at sea. A sailing double-hull catamaran with a powerful sail can be classified as the same type.
Budget sailing yachts include racing, cruising and dinghies. They are designed with racing in mind and the emphasis in the design is on speed performance. They are not suitable for recreation or any cruises and therefore are purchased mainly by athletes.
A motorsailer is another type of motor-sailing yacht. It has all the advantages of both a sailboat and a motorboat. There are many of this type of yacht in Israeli clubs. Some models of motor sailers, designed for small cruises and just boat trips, are so small that they can be folded and transported on a car trailer. But in cost they are more expensive than budget sailboats and an order of magnitude cheaper than almost all motor yachts.
Renting a sailing yacht means having the opportunity to enjoy clear water far from the shore, sunbathe and no one can disturb you at this time. Silence, calm and tranquility. Everything changes in one moment, you just have to raise the white sails - the yacht comes to life and takes you away to meet new sensations.
| The past is in the present In order to study the designs of modern sailing ships, it is necessary to have an understanding of earlier workboats, since many of the features of hull shape and rigging are repeated in modern yachts. Then, as now, one of the main concerns of boat builders was speed. Boat builders of the past understood that the effectiveness of a sail, that is, its ability to propel a boat, was directly proportional to its size. The larger the sail the boat carries, the faster it goes. However, large sails are heavy and difficult to control without a large crew; in places where human labor was valued cheaply, such as Arabia, boats were equipped with huge lateen sails, which many sailors were hired to manage. In some areas of the Middle East this continues to this day. A typical example is the Arabian dhow. They were once the fastest small merchant ships in the world and are still in use today. In Europe, different sailing conditions, loads and financial considerations required different boat designs. For example, based on economic factors, the rigging of a barge used on the River Thames (a boat larger than a dhow) required a crew of two. The easiest way to travel across the ocean was on large ships equipped with numerous sails. Some of the very large cargo sailing ships built in the early 20th century carried up to seven masts. In Europe and North America, various types of sailing weapons were developed to suit specific purposes.
Variety of sailing weapons. Straight-rigged ships, most suitable for sailing downwind, crossed the oceans using the constant trade winds. In European and other coastal waters, where the winds are changeable, straight sails were combined with oblique sails, attached to the masts by the leading edge. Oblique sails were placed along the ship, which made it possible to sail sharply towards the wind. Barks and barquentines, brigs and brigantines, shnyavs, schooners, ketches and yols plied along the coasts. Each ship had its own advantages, either in speed, or in ease of control, or in cargo capacity, or in maneuverability. In different parts of the world, people have found other solutions. For example, the Chinese raked sail (commonly known in Western Europe as the rig of a junk) is effective when sailing both sharp and full courses to the wind, is easily reefed and is serviced by a small crew. Due to the fact that the sail is made up of parts, and the rigidity of the structure is provided by bamboo, it can be easily and quickly repaired. This simple but effective weapon has never before been used on workboats in other parts of the world. Recently, designers have begun to realize its advantages, and racing weapons are being installed on modern yachts. | |||||||||||||||||
HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING
SHIPBUILDING 3"200i
IMPERIAL YACHT “QUEEN VICTORIA”
E. P. Ignatiev _
On May 31, 1844, Emperor Nicholas I, accompanied by his retinue, arrived in England to resolve a number of foreign policy issues. The Russian Tsar was received by the English court with all the honors due to him. From aboard the yacht Victoria and Albert, together with Queen Victoria, he watched exhibition yacht races. The organization of sailing, which was in England under the patronage of the royal court, as a means of uniting the aristocracy, pleased the Russian emperor - in 1846, by order of the highest order, the Imperial St. Petersburg Yacht Club was created.
During the period described, racing yachts were not built in Russia, therefore, in 1844, on the recommendation of the commander of the Royal Western
of the Lord Mount Edgecombe Yacht Club at the J. White shipyard in Cork on the island. White ordered a two-masted schooner, which was to become the personal yacht of the Russian emperor. It is curious that J. White himself learned about the purpose of the yacht already during the construction process. One of the likely reasons is that payments for the work performed were initially transferred to the St. Petersburg trading house Garmanov and Co., and from there to the London bank Kutei and Co., which handled all settlements with the shipyard. During construction, Nicholas I asked the English royal court for permission to give the yacht the name “Queen Victoria”. Such permission, of course, was immediately obtained.
Layout of the interior and sail plan of the yacht "Queen Victoria":
1,2 - emperor's apartments: salon and bedroom; 3 - commander's cabin; 4 - aft (ladies') cabin; 5 - officers' quarters; 6 - buffet; 7- room for lower ranks; 8 - forepeak; 9 - skipper's cabin; 10 - galley
Considering the importance of the order, no expense was spared on the best materials. Rosewood and maple with a bird's eye pattern were used for interior decoration. It is no coincidence that, while still on the slipway, contemporaries called the yacht a “floating palace.” The bow decoration of the yacht, made by masters Gelkier and Goll, was a carved wooden figure of Queen Victoria with a scepter orb in her hands [1].
The equipment of the internal premises was carried out directly on the slipway. On the eve of the launch, ten paintings made by the English artist N. M. Condie Jr. on a special order were delivered to the shipyard to decorate the middle cabin (salon). The subjects of the paintings were the visit of Nicholas I to England, the entry of a detachment of Russian ships and yacht races. The paintings were mounted on the bulkhead in combination with mirrors, which immediately gave the ship's room the sophistication of a palace apartment. In general, more than two dozen companies were involved in supplying the yacht, even the crew’s uniform was sewn to special order; The Stoke plant in Minton produced a ceremonial service for the yacht.
The imperial yacht “Queen Victoria” had a GVL length of 28.06, a width of 7.2 m, and a displacement of 257 tons. The frame, plating, and deck flooring were made of oak and teak. Javanese teak was used for interior decoration (for example, a pharmacy). In the hull structures, exclusively copper fastenings were used; forged iron brackets were installed only to connect the frames with the beams.
The middle part of the ship was occupied by the imperial apartments (dining room and bedroom). Closer to the stern there were cabins for the commander and officers, and a double ladies' cabin. A significant volume was occupied by the galley compartment, located forward of the salon and consisting of the galley itself, a food pantry and a buffet. Premises for lower ranks were traditionally located in the bow of the yacht.
The yacht carried the simple and quite effective rig of a gaff schooner with straight sails on the foremast. There were special winches on the masts to facilitate work with gear, but the controls
SHIPBUILDING 3"2üOO
history of shipbuilding
The Queen Victoria had a simple tiller, which increased the load on the helmsmen, but at the same time made it possible to react almost instantly to changes in the direction and strength of the wind. Four carronades were installed on the upper deck, used mainly for fireworks and sound signals. The “foreign” name of the yacht apparently served as the reason for the unusual decision - instead of the traditional image of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker for Russian ships, the lower ranks of the Queen Victoria acquired the icon of St. Great Martyr Victor.
On June 10, 1846, in the presence of representatives of the Russian diplomatic corps and the leadership of English yacht clubs, the Queen Victoria yacht launched into the water in a solemn atmosphere. A few days later, the new ship was visited by Admiral General Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, who highly appreciated the quality of the work performed. The final cost significantly exceeded the preliminary cost and amounted to £1,2,778. Art. After taking on the necessary supplies, the yacht with an English crew under the command of Captain W. Powell went to sea and on September 1, 1846 anchored in the Great Kronstadt roadstead. For an accident-free passage, Captain Powell, on the orders of Nicholas I, was awarded a golden snuffbox, navigator J. Rowland was given a ring with a diamond, and other sailors received monetary awards.
The yacht "Queen Victoria" was one of the vessels of the Guards crew and at the same time - in the Imperial St. Petersburg Yacht Club, regularly participating in races where, despite good performance, she could not take a prize. This state of affairs displeased Nicholas I, and in the summer of 1850 the captain of the yacht, Lieutenant Panafidin, received an order to move the Queen Victoria to England so that on the spot, in consultation with the builder and captains of English yachts, he could improve the performance of the vessel entrusted to him.
On July 1, 3, the imperial yacht left Kronstadt, and on August 2, it anchored in the Portsmouth roadstead. Repeated sea trials, pro-
"Queen Victoria" on the Neva
conducted together with English yachtsmen and shipbuilders, allowed us to draw a number of conclusions: without fundamental alterations to the hull, it was impossible to increase the speed; the yacht handled well, but the sail area was not enough; it was necessary to add a topsail on the foremast; in terms of its qualities, the yacht was more of a sea pleasure vessel than a racing vessel. As a partial measure, J. White considered it possible to change the bow contours of the yacht and, offering his services, wrote: “... I would consider it a special honor for me if it (the restructuring) was entrusted to me, I would use all my efforts to build the Emperor the right yacht, a sailor that in all respects would not have its own kind.” Along with the letter, J. White handed over to Lieutenant Panafidin a drawing of the sail of the yacht with proposed changes, a model and a drawing of the bow end. On September 17, the Queen Victoria returned to Kronstadt. There was no imperial order to rebuild the yacht; the brought model was transferred to the model chamber, and all work was limited to increasing the sail area.
High quality work and first-class materials made it possible to increase the service life - only on November 5, 1863, the Queen Victoria yacht was lifted into a wooden boathouse for major repairs - timbering. However, after removing
planking and deck flooring, it became clear that most of the frame and all the beams, except for the keel, sternpost and half of the stem, were affected by rot. Due to the lack of a theoretical drawing, straight and bay fish were first installed, instead of the defective parts of the set - new ones, cut from Courland oak. The longitudinal strength of the hull was increased due to the design of the fender beam and lower gunwale. The wooden windlass was replaced with a more compact metal one. The fastening of the jig was made more reliable and convenient, the sails were sewn from thinner canvas.
Carpentry work in the interior, installation of the upper deck and bulwarks, upholstery of furniture and delivery of carpets were entrusted under the contract to the contractor Gervais, who successfully completed the assigned task. The carpenters began work on March 26, 1864, and on June 27, the yacht launched into the water with 9.6 tons of ballast; there was no deformation (bending). It is curious that neither the shipyard management nor the yacht's officers had information about the correct ballasting of the yacht. I had to ask the builder - J. White.
On July 25, all work was completed, and on August 1, 1, the Queen Victoria left St. Petersburg for Kronstadt, where until September 24, the newly recruited crew mastered the control of the yacht, adjusted the sails along the way, and determined the deviation.
HISTORY OF SHIPBUILDING
SHIPBUILDING U"gLLC
From May 1,865, the yacht initially made short trips to the Peterhof roadstead and only on July 22, under the command of Lieutenant K. Nebolsin, it set out on an independent voyage, where near the Gangut Peninsula it joined the squadron under the flag of Admiral General Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich, which visited major ports of Sweden and Denmark. Subsequently, the commander noted: “In Stockholm, the yacht stood at the Swedish Royal Yacht Club, and visitors constantly replaced one another, they were especially delighted by the dining room, which was truly huge and luxurious for such a small vessel.”
follow independently to Kronstadt. On the night of August 1-19, when the yacht was approaching the southern point of Goland Island, the copper butt of the windward mainstay burst, and then the mainmast itself broke at a height of about 3 m from the upper deck, collapsing to the starboard side. After making sure that only the bulwark was damaged, the sailors cut off the main shrouds and threw the mast overboard. At the same time, it was possible to lift the main-gaff, mainsail, and some of the blocks and rigging from the water. At first they tried to tow the mast, but the commander, fearing for the integrity of the hull, decided to abandon this risky operation. In the afternoon, the screw clipper "Almaz" approached the yacht and took the damaged vessel to St. Petersburg, where the "Queen Victoria" had to undergo recovery.
new renovation. The commander considered the reason for the loss of the mast to be the lack of a toprik - the gear connecting the tops of the mast.
Victoria
- (from Latin) - victory, winner.
Derivatives
: Viktorka, Vikta, Viktusya, Vika, Vikusha, Vita, Vitulya, Vitusya, Vitusha, Vityanya, Vira, Tora, Tosha, Tusya.
Temperamental. Usually stubborn. Laziness at work, but possesses
extraordinary taste. Athletic, with the posture of a champion, photogenic. Loves
be the center of attention. Allows himself extravagance. For men
dangerous: you always get the impression that you are passionate about someone else...
Victoria in Roman mythology is the goddess of victory, corresponds to the Greek
Nike. She was depicted winged, sometimes on a chariot, with a laurel wreath in
the hand with which the winner was crowned. In Russia the name appeared in the 18th century
connections with the Victorias of Peter I. The name is not found often, in cities it is more common,
than in the village.
Zodiac name : Aquarius.
Planet: Uranus.
Name color: violet.
Talisman stone: lapis lazuli.
Auspicious plant: cedar, mimosa.
Patron name: bumblebee.
Happy day: Saturday.
Happy time of year: winter.
Diminutive forms: Vika, Viktusya, Vikusha, Veta, Vitulya, Vitusha, Vityanya, Vira, Vichka, Tora, Tosha, Tusya.
Main features: activity, stubbornness.
NAME AND CHARACTER
From childhood, Vika’s character begins to show such traits as
self-will, stubbornness. If parents resort to rough methods
education, already in her early youth Vika will cause a heated protest. She
will assert itself, satisfying its wounded pride:
dress extravagantly, paint your nails with bright varnish, will amaze
surrounding with a strong smell of perfume, will behave defiantly in
party. This demonstrativeness, assertiveness, expressed more than
the situation demands it will characterize Victoria in the future.
Victoria is very beautiful, charming, and just begs to be on the cover of a magazine.
But she herself thinks about it least of all. She is neither devoid of ambition, but
loves when her abilities, intelligence and professionalism are noted. At Victoria's
male analytical mindset, which makes it possible to patiently delve into
details. Her will is strong, but it is often not enough to achieve
goals.
Victoria is most attracted to scientific activities; she can become
scientist, engineer, teacher. At work she shows
efficiency, activity, Victoria is witty, even sometimes resorts to
evil irony, he will not be afraid to tell his colleague, even his boss. But Victoria
everything is forgiven, they love her, they know that she is kind by nature,
a sympathetic person who will never act basely.
Victoria is hardworking, emotional, plans her affairs carefully
It doesn't work out for her, she relies on inspiration. Victoria has
creativity, she can be a writer, artist, musician,
artist, ballet soloist. She likes that profession, of course
the result of which depends on herself. Victoria's field of activity
wide - nurse, doctor, cook, hairdresser, designer. Victoria
unable to actively fight for a warm place in life, she is proud and with
treats people with respect.
Victoria is sexy, she has a stormy temperament, but this secret area of her
nature, and she does not like it when people invade her. She's not always married
lucky. It seems to many that she has no problems in this matter, in fact
In fact, most often her chosen one turns out to be not the one she was expecting! But she
fell in love, feels responsible for him, for the family, and
It is difficult for her to part with him. She cries secretly, and proves to those around her
that he is good. Victoria can sacrifice herself for the sake of her family and child.
She loves children selflessly and often spoils them.
Victoria dresses tastefully, cooks well, and is very caring.
With a sensitive, attentive husband, she can become a housewife, because
She’s not very interested in her career, she just likes to do her job well
and to be appreciated according to her merits.
Victoria is very sociable, she loves when guests come to her, even when
in the event of an unexpected invasion, he will always find something to treat you with. However, collisions
It’s better to avoid her; Victoria doesn’t know how to forgive.
Victoria can create a reliable and cozy family home with Vladimir, Mikhail, Lev, Sergey, Semyon, Eduard.
