Berlin is the most beautiful city in Europe
In recent years, Berlin has attracted the attention of a huge number of tourists from around the world, and this is not at all accidental. The capital of Germany has long held the unofficial title of not only one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, but also the scientific and cultural capital of the world.
Etymology of the word
The word “Berlin” itself has been causing controversy among historians and linguists for centuries. The thing is that the capital of Germany was previously a small village inhabited mainly by Slavs. Therefore, most foreign researchers believe that the etymological basis of this word is the Slavic “birl”, that is, swamps, swamps. The residents of Berlin themselves are sure that this name comes from the German “ber” - bear, because once upon a time this region was literally swarming with these predators. Only one thing is certain: the first mention of this city dates back to the mid-13th century in connection with a story in chronicles about a small settlement at the confluence of the Spree and Havel rivers.
Alexanderplatz is the geographical center of the capital of Germany
The geographical center of the city should be recognized as the famous Alexanderplatz square - one of the most beautiful in the world. With this name, the capital of Germany supposedly reminds everyone of the assistance that Russia then provided to Prussia, freeing it from Napoleon’s troops. This square received its name in honor of Emperor Alexander Pavlovich, who led the Russian army during the famous foreign campaign.
Berlin TV Tower - a modern symbol of the city
Next to the square is one of the modern symbols of Berlin - the TV tower, which is considered one of the tallest in the world. Every day thousands of tourists climb it to get the opportunity to enjoy an unforgettable spectacle - to look at the city from a bird's eye view.
Along Unter den Linden to the Brandenburg Gate
The main street of the city has been Unter den Linden for centuries. It received its name due to the fact that, by order of the founder of the Prussian kingdom, Friedrich Wilhelm, more than two thousand linden trees were planted here, which gave this highway its unique charm. One end of Unter den Linden abuts the mighty Brandenburg Gate. Built at the end of the 18th century, they have seen many triumphs and defeats. It was through them that brave German soldiers passed and allies entered, striving for the capital of Germany to bow its head before them.
The Reichstag in Berlin is a symbol of Russian courage
Just a few minutes' walk from the Brandenburg Gate there is another memorable building - the German parliament building. The Reichstag in Berlin is a true masterpiece of architecture, but for Russia it is a symbol of the Great Victory. By the way, it is for this reason that the German national flag is currently not flying on the central dome of the Reichstag; the symbols of the state are hung only on the sides of this structure.
The attractive power of the capital. City of Berlin
Germany has been attracting millions of researchers and tourists for many years. It is in the capital that you can get acquainted with the famous German style, admire the magnificent German culture and plunge into the maelstrom of secrets of European history.
Germany is a state in Central Europe. The official name of Germany is the Federal Republic of Germany; the abbreviation FRG is also widely used.
Territory of Germany - Area of the state of the Federal Republic of Germany - 357022 km².
Population of Germany - The population of Germany is more than 80 million inhabitants (80,594,017 as of July 2017).
The average life expectancy in Germany as of 2017 is 80.8 years (men - 78.5 years, women - 83.3 years).
The capital of Germany, Berlin, is the seat of the German government; some ministries and departments are located in Bonn.
Large cities in Germany - The largest cities in Germany are Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne. Next in importance is Germany's fifth most populous city and financial metropolis, Frankfurt am Main, which also has Germany's largest airport. It is the second largest airport in Europe, and the first in terms of profit from air cargo transportation.
The official language of Germany - The official literary language and language of office work in Germany is German. Along with this, the population of Germany uses Low, Middle and High German dialects, which are also spoken by residents of the border areas of neighboring countries. Recognized languages of national minorities include Danish, Frisian and Sorbian, as well as a regional language - Low Saxon (Low German), which has been recognized by the EU since 1994.
Citizens of foreign origin living in the country for whom German is not their native language, as well as their children, speak Russian (about 3 million), Turkish (about 3 million), Polish (about 2 million), and the languages of the peoples of the former Yugoslavia , Spanish, Italian, as well as in the languages of a number of Muslim states. As they assimilate into German society, these languages disappear over time. Mixed speech also arises. Migrants who are unable to master the German language, and therefore retain their original cultural identity, find themselves isolated. Russian is spoken by ethnic Germans, Russians and Jews, immigrants from the CIS countries (mainly from Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine).
Religion in Germany - Freedom of conscience and freedom of religion are guaranteed by the German constitution. The majority of Germans are Christians, with Catholics making up 32.4%, Protestants 32.0%, and Orthodox 1.14%. A small part of believers belong to Christian denominations - Baptists, Methodists, believers of the Free Evangelical Church and adherents of other religious movements. Some of the believers are Muslims (about 3.2 million or 3.8%), Jehovah's Witnesses (about 164,000 or 0.2%) and members of Jewish communities (about 100,000 or 0.12%). About 31% of the German population, mainly in the former GDR, are atheists.
Geographical location of Germany - Germany borders Denmark, Poland, Czech Republic, Austria, Switzerland, France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. In the north, its natural border is formed by the North and Baltic seas. Germany is separated from Sweden by a strait in the Baltic Sea.
The northern part of Germany is a low-lying plain formed during the Ice Age (North German Lowland, the lowest point is Neuendorf-Saxenbande in Wilstermarsch, 3.54 m below sea level). In the central part of the country, forested foothills adjoin the lowland from the south, and to the south the Alps begin (the highest point in Germany is Mount Zugspitze, 2,968 m).
Rivers of Germany - A large number of rivers flow through Germany, the largest of which are the Rhine, Danube, Elbe, Weser and Oder.
Administrative-territorial division of Germany: Germany is a state with a federal structure; Germany has 16 equal subjects - states (Bundeslander; see federal states of the Republic of Germany), three of them are cities (Berlin, Bremen and Hamburg).
Government structure of Germany: Form of government - parliamentary republic, form of government - symmetrical federation. Germany is a democratic, social, legal state. The German government is regulated by the German Basic Law. The form of government of the Federal Republic of Germany is a parliamentary democracy.
The head of state is the federal president, who performs rather representative functions and appoints the federal chancellor. The Federal Chancellor is the head of the German Government. He directs the activities of the Federal Government. Therefore, the form of government in Germany is often also called chancellor democracy.
Germany has a federal structure. Thus, the political system of the state is divided into two levels: federal, at which national decisions of international importance are made, and regional, at which the tasks of the federal states are solved. Each level has its own executive, legislative and judicial authorities.
The Bundestag (parliament) and the Bundesrat (the body representing the states) exercise legislative and advisory functions at the federal level and are authorized by a two-thirds majority vote in each body to make changes to the constitution. At the regional level, lawmaking is carried out by the state parliaments - Landtags and Burgerschafts (parliaments of the city states of Hamburg and Bremen). They make laws that apply within the lands.
Executive power at the federal level is represented by the Federal Government, headed by the Bundeschancellor. The head of executive authorities at the level of federal subjects is the prime minister (or burgomaster of the city-land). The federal and state administrations are led by ministers, who are at the head of administrative bodies.
The German Federal Constitutional Court oversees compliance with the constitution. Other supreme judicial authorities include the Federal Court in Karlsruhe, the Federal Administrative Court in Leipzig, the Federal Labor Court, the Federal Public Court and the Federal Financial Court in Munich. Most of the litigation is the responsibility of the Länder. Federal courts are primarily concerned with reviewing cases and reviewing decisions of state courts for formal legality.
1. In the Middle Ages, on the site of the current metropolis, there were two merchant towns - Berlin and Cologne (not to be confused with the ancient Roman colony on the Rhine). They were first mentioned in historical sources in the second third of the 13th century. And since 1307, a united Berlin has already been known. In the 15th century, it lost its status as a free trading city and became the capital of: successively the Margraviate and Electorate of Brandenburg, the Kingdom of Prussia, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic, the Nazi Reich, the German Democratic Republic and, finally, the modern Federal Republic of Germany.
2. Berlin has always been a stronghold of militant, aggressive ruling regimes, which is why it has more than once become a real battlefield. Foreign troops entered Berlin more than once (the French, the British, the Americans, and three times the Russians). Moreover, the city was subjected to severe destruction a couple of times and was almost completely destroyed as a result of the Second World War. Modern Berlin is a city that has been virtually restored since the mid-20th century, in which individual historical buildings and objects have been preserved.
3. Reichstag.
The idea of building a building for meetings of the lower house of parliament of the united German Empire arose in 1871; the Reichstag was built in 1894. The representative body operated in the building until February 1933, when the Reichstag burned down in a fire. According to one version, it was arranged by the Nazis who had recently come to power; in any case, they blamed the arson on the communists (the “Georgi Dimitrov trial”) and used the disaster to strengthen their own regime.
4. Cosmetically restored after the fire, the building was actually abandoned and was not used by the administrative authorities of the Third Reich. However, despite this, the storming of the building in April-May 1945 in Soviet historiography became a real symbol of the victorious end of the Great Patriotic War. After the war, bullet marks and graffiti written by Red Army soldiers were preserved on fragments of the building as historical exhibits. In the second half of the 20th century, the building ended up in West Berlin and played a supporting role.
5. Since the country's reunification in 1990, the German Bundestag has been housed in the historic building. The Reichstag received its current appearance and status as one of the main tourist attractions in Berlin in the mid-90s of the last century after a major reconstruction: according to the design of the famous British architect Norman Foster, a glass dome with a diameter of 40 meters and a height of 23.5 meters was erected over the building. The dome serves as an observation deck (tourists can enter the Reichstag by appointment), and a cone-shaped system of 360 mirrors provides natural light to the meeting room of the German parliament.
6. One of the main symbols of Berlin is the Brandenburg Gate. A six-meter-high quadriga cart crowned them in 1795. Initially, the chariot was driven by the goddess of the world, Eirene, and the author of the sculpture, Johann Gottfried Schadow, intended the figure to be naked, but Emperor Frederick William II ordered the goddess to be “dressed” in a cape. Napoleon, who captured Berlin in 1806, ordered the sculpture to be dismantled and taken to Paris, thereby humiliating the spirit of the Berliners. Only in 1814 did the quadriga triumphantly return to its place, the goddess of peace turned into the goddess of victory Victoria, and her rod was complemented by Prussian symbols - an eagle and an iron cross. During the Second World War, the quadriga was completely destroyed; it was restored using plaster casts only in 1957.
7. Berlin was once surrounded by a wall with a dozen gates; they have not survived. Brandenburg Gate - built on the site of the medieval ones in 1791 in the image of the main entrance to the Athenian Acropolis. The height of the gate is 25 meters, width 65, depth - 11 meters. The central of the five openings was open only to the monarch and his family. The Brandenburg Gate was badly damaged during the Second World War and was later restored. During the Cold War, they became a symbol of the division of Germany, and the Berlin Wall ran through them. Since 1990, on the contrary, it has been a symbol of the reunification of the nation. True, during the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the stormy joy of the Germans, the gate was again badly damaged and again underwent repairs.
8. Potsdamer Platz.
Before the outbreak of World War II, Potsdamer Platz, with its intersection of five highways, was one of the busiest places in Berlin. Severely damaged during the war. The Berlin Wall passed through the square; a fragment of it remains here today. Modern Potsdamer Platz is a major business and entertainment center in Berlin.
9. Adjacent to Potsdamer Platz is Leipzig Square, it was founded in the 1730s, due to its octagonal shape it was called Oktogon, Leipzig Square was named in 1814 in honor of the Battle of the Nations. Destroyed during the Second World War. It is actively being restored as a business and trade center after the reunification of Germany.
10. Sony Center at Potsdamer Platz.
A complex of seven buildings (residential apartments, offices, entertainment and shopping centers) under a common dome, which symbolizes the Japanese Mount Fuji. The Sony Center has one of the world's largest IMAX cinemas with a screen area of 500 square meters
11. View of Leipzig Platz from Potsdamer Platz. On Potsdamer Platz at the top of the Kohlhoff Tower there is a Panoramapunkt observation deck, which is served by the fastest elevator in Europe: it “takes off” to the 24th floor (100 meters) in just 20 seconds.
12. BahnTower is a high-rise building on Potsdamer Platz, the headquarters of the Deutsche Bahn railway holding company. The building is adjacent to the Sony Center complex on the east side. The height of the “glass” 26-story building is 103 meters.
13. The information and exhibition center “Topography of Terror” is dedicated to the history of the crimes of Nazism and the memory of its victims. Located in the so-called “Gestapo quarter” - on the site of the destroyed buildings of the Reichsführer SS security service and the headquarters of the state secret police of the Third Reich. In addition, the Topography of Terror complex includes a fragment of the Berlin Wall.
14. Built in 1935, the headquarters of the Reich Air Ministry became the largest administrative complex in Germany at that time. In a building that is a unique case! - practically undamaged during the bombing and storming of Berlin, the office of Hermann Goering was located. The complex is currently occupied by the German Ministry of Finance.
15. Mitte (German: "middle") is a historical district and administrative district in the center of Berlin. Most of the city's attractions, as well as government authorities and foreign embassies, are located here.
16. The undisputed key symbol of the city is the Berlin TV Tower in the Alexanderplatz area. Erected on the territory of East Berlin in 1965-69 as visible proof of the effectiveness of the socialist system. With a height of 368 meters, it is the tallest building in Germany. There is a curious story associated with the tower, one of the kind of urban legends: supposedly in sunny weather an image of a cross appears on the “ball”; because of this optical illusion, the tower was nicknamed “The Pope’s Revenge”. According to the same legend, the state security agencies of the GDR conducted a special investigation, the result of which was the “catch phrase”: “This is not a cross, but a plus for socialism!”
17. Germany's largest Protestant church, Berlin Cathedral was built between 1894 and 1905. The height is 98 meters (initially, before reconstruction, the building with a dome that was damaged during the war was 16 meters higher). The cathedral serves as the family tomb of the royal Hohenzollern dynasty.
18. Old National Gallery. Founded in 1861, the exhibition houses works of fine art from the 19th century. The gallery is located on Museum Island in Berlin. Along with four other exhibitions (Bode Museum, Pergamon Museum, etc.) it forms the largest museum complex in Europe, which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Site.
19. From above, the Germans’ rational approach to living space is much more visible: almost every house has attics under its roof.
20. Karl-Liebknecht Strasse, one of the busiest streets in the eastern part of Berlin. Until 1945 it was named after Kaiser Wilhelm. In the foreground and center is the spire of St. Mary's Church.
21. S-Bahn line - S-Bahn, overground metro.
22. Church of St. Mary (Marienkirche). The first mentions date back to the 13th century, reconstructed in the middle of the 17th century. After the war it was restored in 1970. The oldest evangelical church operating in Berlin. Under the bell tower there is a famous fresco depicting the popular medieval allegorical story “The Dance of Death”.
23. Leading to Museum Island is the Friedrich Bridge over the Spree. Built in 1703, it was subsequently rebuilt several times. In 1945 it was blown up by German troops. Restored in wood in 1950, in concrete in 1981. In 2012, after another reconstruction, the width of the bridge reached its original 27 meters. By the way, there are about 1,700 bridges in Berlin, which is four times more than in Venice.
24. Panorama of the central part of Berlin. To the left of the TV tower in the background is the tallest building in the city, the Park Inn by Radisson Berlin Alexanderplatz hotel (149.5 meters with antennas). People regularly fall from the 38th floor of this building with wild screams, and they pay money for it: this is a rope jumping attraction (better known in our country as “bungee”).
25. Neptune is one of the oldest fountains in Berlin. Built in 1891, reopened after restoration in 1969. The diameter of the pool is 18 meters, the height to the trident figure of the sea god Neptune in the center is 10 meters.
26. In the foreground of the photo is the Red Town Hall. It was built in 1861-69 from red brick, which is why it got its name. The building, destroyed during the war, was restored in 1951-58. Height 74 meters. The building houses the seat of the government of the united state of Berlin and the ruling burgomaster (mayor) of Berlin. Behind the Red Town Hall in the photo is one of the oldest in Berlin, the Church of St. Nicholas. Built in the 13th century. After the Second World War, only a skeleton remained of the church, restored in the early 1980s. Now it serves as a museum and concert hall, the acoustics of which are highly praised by experts.
27. Breitscheidplatz square in the center of western Berlin, a favorite meeting and communication place for young people from all over the world. Laid down in 1889. Previously it bore the names of pioneer printer Johannes Guttenberg and Empress Augusta Victoria. In 1947 it was named in memory of the politician Rudolf Breitscheid who died in a concentration camp. The square was heavily damaged during the war; the ruins of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church are preserved here. It became notorious in December 2016: a Tunisian carried out a terrorist attack on the square, drove a truck into the Christmas market, killing 12 people and injuring more than fifty.
28. Standard development in East Berlin.
29. The complex of residential high-rise buildings "Leipzig Street" is a socialist counterbalance to the capitalist high-rise building of the publishing house Axel Springer. The number of apartments in these houses according to the project is about 2000. During construction in 1969 in East Berlin, historical buildings that had survived the war were demolished on this site.
30.
Berlin in some places is very similar to ordinary residential areas of Russian cities.
31. Schönhauser Allee is the largest shopping street and main transport axis in the northern part of Berlin.
32. In the foreground is a complex of Bundesrat buildings in the Leipzig Platz area. The parliament in Germany is unicameral (Bundestag). And the Bundesrat plays the role of a kind of Federation Council: it includes representatives of all federal states of Germany. In the background is the Berlin Mall (LP12 Mall) - one of the largest shopping complexes in the country.
33.
Colorful Berlin.
34. The Holocaust Memorial is in the foreground on the left. Opened in 2005 between the Brandenburg Gate and elements of the Nazi leadership bunker. The monument to Jewish victims of Nazism consists of more than 2,700 identical gray stone slabs on a huge field that make a strong impression on visitors.
35. In the foreground and center is Anhalter Bahnhof, once a major passenger railway station, an important junction on the route from Germany to Austria-Hungary and Italy. The post-war ruins of the station were demolished in August 1960. Nowadays, in the area of the surviving fragment of the building there is a stopping point for the Berlin S-Bahn. In the center of the photo is the Tempodrom concert hall. The roof is stylized as a huge circus tent. Which is what he originally was. His inspiration and sponsor was a simple nurse from West Berlin: having received an unexpected large inheritance, she spent it on premises for public events, mainly for representatives of the underground. The current Tempodrome is a permanent structure, built on the site of the former Anhalt station.
36. The building of the Berlin office of the consulting and audit company PricewaterhouseCoopers.
37. Potsdamer Platz and Sony Center. In the background is Berlin's largest city park, the Tiergarten.
38. Residence of the German Chancellor (Bundeskanzleramt). Construction took 4 years, the complex was commissioned on May 2, 2001. It is located in close proximity to the Brandenburg Gate and the Reichstag.
39.
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New name for Berlin
Great Hall (“Hall of Fame”, “Hall of the People”)
Main article: Great Hall (Berlin)
The remains of the erected box of the building of the Faculty of Defense and Technology were filled up after the war with construction waste from the dismantling of city ruins, and a mountain appeared Teufelsberg(German) Teufelsberg- Devil's Mountain) with a height of 114.7 m. After the war, the top of the mountain was used by the US military to listen to radio traffic in the Eastern Bloc, and then thousands of trees were planted on Teufelsberg, and the mountain turned into a recreation area.
Südstadt
As a continuation of the North-South Axis, it was planned to build the so-called Südstadt(German) Südstadt- Southern City), a residential area for 210 thousand inhabitants and the number of jobs per 100 thousand people.
Surviving objects
The project envisaged creating a traffic lightless traffic system at the intersection of the main transport routes - the East-West and North-South Axis in Greater Tiergarten and equipping it with a system of tunnels. During the preparatory work, two sections of the tunnel were built, which have survived to this day.
Street Parade ground 4th of July(German) Platz des 4. Juli) in the district of Steglitz-Zehlendorf - the only section of the fourth outer ring (autobahn), which, according to the plan, was supposed to encircle the renewed city of Germany. In the post-war period, the street served for parades of the American military unit stationed nearby, including on US Independence Day on July 4, which gave the street its modern name.
see also
Links
- newsru.com: “Germany embodies Hitler’s dream: “capital of the world,” but in miniature”
- Architecture of totalitarianism. Hitler and his "capital of the world"
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The capital of Germany... There is hardly a person in the modern world who has never heard of a city like Berlin in his life. But what do we know about him, and do we know at all? Yes, it is the largest administrative center in Germany, both in terms of area and the number of people living here. In addition, it is deservedly considered the most important transport, trade and economic hub in the world. And what else?
Capital of Germany. general description
It should be noted that this city, located on two rivers at once - the Spree and the Havel, has become the capital more than once. Throughout its history, it managed to be the main city of several states at once, for example, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Kingdom of Prussia. Until 1990, only its eastern part was considered the capital of the GDR, and since reunification, Berlin has finally received the status of the main city of the entire state.
At the moment, despite the fact that massive and almost universal construction is taking place in Berlin, the city administration and the citizens themselves are doing their best to give it a more comfortable and well-groomed look. Here, even communication pipes are painted in different colors.
Perhaps everyone can find something for themselves here. Architecture lovers will definitely be amazed by the cathedral, located right on the river bank, the local cathedral and the buildings of the Jewish quarter.
If a traveler is ready to discover something new and unusual, Berlin (Germany) is exactly the place where he should definitely visit at the first opportunity. Why? And where else if not here can you find so many unusual, original and sometimes simply breathtaking monuments, statues and monuments. For example, the most interesting are the Memorial to Burnt Books on Babel Square, the monument to Jewish tailors, sculptures dedicated to the people of Berlin, the lucky rat Lorchen on the embankment, and Saint Gertrude on one of the bridges.
Capital of Germany. What to see first
- Unter den Linden. First of all, I would advise you to walk along the famous Unter den Linden boulevard, the name of which, translated into Russian, means “Under the linden trees.” The street has been considered a symbol of the capital for more than 300 years, and the secret of its attractiveness lies in the presence of a huge number of different architectural monuments. Many of them were built by masters of past centuries. For example, the Opera House, the library founded in 1870, the Lustgarten Museum, the Fire Tower and, finally, world-famous
- If you exit from the north side of the gate and walk just a few meters, you can see the Reichstag in Berlin. The neo-Renaissance building now serves as the seat of parliament. Under a huge glass dome there is an observation deck very popular among tourists. From there you can actually get a bird's eye view of the city.
- Berlin Zoo. If you have time, you should definitely visit the Berlin Zoo. The history of this place goes back several centuries. Initially created as a menagerie at the court of Frederick William IV, the zoo was constantly replenished not only with rare birds and animals, but also with seedlings of unique plants. Now here is the richest collection of representatives of the world's flora and fauna in Europe.
- House of Aquare. A glass atrium containing numerous shops, restaurants, cafes, offices and even a luxury hotel. But this is far from the most important thing. The fact is that everyone who looks inside this room will be able to admire with their own eyes the huge model of the Atlantic Ocean. Here you can get acquainted with the inhabitants of the deep sea, observe the life of a real coral reef and listen to the most exciting excursions.
Capital of Germany. The symbol of the city
Many people probably know that the symbol of Berlin is a bear cub. And those who have already managed to visit this city have noticed that figures of this funny animal very often decorate not only city squares, parks and supermarkets, but also the private homes of ordinary citizens.
No one knows exactly why the bear is located on the city’s coat of arms. There are many legends, speculations and options, but, nevertheless, an animal figurine can be purchased without any problems for approximately and later decorated as your heart dictates. Some people turn it into a fairy-tale and cheerful creature, somewhat reminiscent of a good keeper of the house, some people want to see elements or branches of a family tree on it, while others simply use it for the purpose of promoting and advertising the family business.
Having visited this amazing city several times, I noticed one amazing nuance. In Berlin, you need to walk as long as possible, trying to penetrate this place in order to feel it. In pursuit of successful and unusual shots, with a camera in hand, you can miss the main thing, namely, not notice his mood and spirit.
