Koryak language- Koryak language, belongs to the Chukchi-Kamchatka family of Paleo-Asian languages.
Variants of the name of the Koryak language, adopted in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century, are “Koryak”, “Nymylan”. The last name was introduced because of its euphony, from the point of view of Russian employees of the Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House, in comparison with the name “Koryak”. Nymylanami (from silent- village) are called sedentary Koryaks in contrast to the Chavchuvens ( chuv "chuv") - nomadic Koryak reindeer herders. “Nymylan” is not a self-name. Sedentary Koryaks call themselves by the name of the village - in "eemlelg"y- Lesnovtsy, ӄayaӈynylg"u- Karagintsy, elutelg"u- Alutorians.
The origin of the name “Koryak”, common to the entire nation, is unclear. One of the etymologies is ӄorak- in deer ( ӄояӈа, ӄoraӈa- deer).
Prevalence
Dialects
11 Koryak dialects are mentioned in the literature - Chavchuvensky, Karaginsky, Apukinsky, Alyutorsky (Olyutorsky), Palansky (Pallansky, Lesnovsky), Kakhtaninsky, Rekinnikovsky, Kamensky, Itkansky, Parsky, Gizhiginsky. S. N. Stebnitsky classified the Kerek (Kerek) language as a dialect of the Koryak language. Currently, the main dialects in the KAO are Chavchuvensky, Palansky, Alyutorsky, Karaginsky.
The classification of Koryak dialects is based on the sign of correspondence to the sound й in yak dialects (Chavchuvensky also belongs to yak) to the sounds t, r in takayush-rak dialects: Chavchuven yayaaa, Apukinskoe yayaaa, Alyutorskoe raraa, Pallanian raraa, Karaginskoe raraa(cf. chuk. yaraӈy) - house; chavch. yayol, apuk. yayol, alut. tattoo, fell. tattol, carag. tatol- fox.
Some common words are completely the same in dialects: in "ala- knife (chavch., karag., pal., alut.) and further in the same dialects - mimyl- water, Milgyn- fire, mymmyg- wave, ynnyyn- fish, This is this- chum salmon, piӈpiӈ- ash, liglig- egg. Along with this, there are lexical differences: chavch. kmin, epil, carag. neneg, pack, fell. unynupi- baby; chavch. kalal, carag. assuas, fell. Achuach- pink salmon; chavch. g "atken,, carat nynyrhak,, fell. Nynakk, in- bad"; in most words compared by dialect, sound correspondences are found: chavch. yayatyk and alut. taratyk- drop; chavch. ӈytok and alut. ӈytukki- go out; chavch. palak and alut. pilak- leave; chavch. echgi and alut. asgi- Today.
Differences in the declension of nouns come down mainly to different groupings of locative cases. In Palansky and Karaginsky there are no forms of the dual number, Chavchuvensky regularly forms the corresponding forms.
In Chavchuvensky, Apukinsky, Rekinnikovsky, the present tense of the verb is expressed by the confix ku-/ko-…-ӈ, in Palansky, Alyutorsky, Karaginsky an indicator of the present tense -tkyn(cf. chuk. -rkyn).
Despite some difficulties in communication, understanding is maintained between speakers of different dialects to the extent dictated by the general norm. The Koryaks, who speak different dialects, have an understanding of ethnic unity and belonging to a common linguistic community.
Chavchuven is spoken by Koryak reindeer herders throughout the district. Describing the Apukin dialect of the Koryak language, S. N. Stebnitsky notes that the Apukin people make up “no more than 4% of all Koryaks.”
Writing
The Koryak language is one of the newly written languages. Writing in the Koryak language was created in the year. The first alphabet of the Koryak language was based on the Latin alphabet:
| A a | B in | Є є | D d | E e | Ә ә | F f | G g |
| H h | I i | b b | Jj | K k | Ll | Mm | Nn |
| N̡ n̡ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | P p | Q q | R r | Ss | T t |
| Ţ ţ | U u | V v | W w | Ƶ ƶ |
Letter in the year Є є was replaced by C c
written language was translated into Russian graphics - all the letters of the Russian alphabet were used, as well as the digraph Ng ng. Letters were added in the s V"v" G"g" K"k" N"n". In the 1960s, the alphabet was reformed again and took on its modern form:
| A a | B b | In in | In" in" | G g | G" g" | D d | Her |
| Her | F | Z z | And and | Thy | K k | Ӄ ӄ | L l |
| Mm | N n | Ӈ ӈ | Oh oh | P p | R r | With with | T t |
| U y | F f | X x | Ts ts | H h | Sh sh | sch sch | Kommersant |
| s s | b b | Uh uh | Yu Yu | I I |
The writing was based on the Chavchuven dialect. This choice was justified by the fact that Chavchuven is spoken by Koryak reindeer herders throughout the district. Chavchuven reindeer herders outnumbered any other group.
The first Koryak primer was created by S. N. Stebnitsky. Textbooks for primary schools, original and translated fiction were published in this period. The text of the Constitution was translated into Koryak. The publication of literature in the Koryak language was interrupted for decades during the Patriotic War and the post-war years. Research into the Koryak language was also interrupted.
With the introduction of writing, the Koryak language expanded its functions. In schools of the Koryak district, the Koryak language is taught as a subject. Educational and fiction literature is published, folklore works are published. Radio and television broadcasts are conducted regularly. There are currently no newspapers published in the Koryak language.
For the newly written Koryak language, the norms that characterize languages with developed literature have not been developed. The existence of writing, schooling, and increased motivation to master the Koryak language have a gradually normalizing effect on writing. In the period preceding developed bilingualism, the Chavchuven dialect, spoken by Koryak reindeer herders throughout the entire territory of Koryak settlement, showed some supra-dialectal features. Currently, the Russian language is often the means of interdialectal communication. The language of folklore is no different from the spoken language, although it has its own stylistic features and, as a rule, is conveyed in the dialect of the narrator. Folklore served as the basis for the creation of the first literary works in the Koryak language.
Education at the school includes teaching the Koryak language. Mastery of the Koryak language begins in preschool institutions. Teachers of the Koryak language are trained at the Koryak Pedagogical College and at the Faculty of Peoples of the Far North at the Russian State Pedagogical University named after. A. I. Herzen in St. Petersburg. The Institute for Teacher Improvement operates in the district center.
External influence
Contacts with peoples similar in language and culture (Chukchi) or culture (Evens) were reflected in a small number of lexical borrowings, the direction of which is not always precisely defined.
Koryak-Russian contacts yielded entire layers of lexical borrowings. With the flow of borrowed words entering the Koryak language both through oral communication and through writing in the process of schooling, sounds are acquired that are not characteristic of the sound composition of the dialects of the Koryak language: b, d, zh, z, shch, ts: brigade, library , fraction (mathematical; cf. tropia- gun shot), magazine, newspaper, banner, fish factory, vegetables, figure.
Like other Paleo-Asian peoples of North-Eastern Siberia, they belong to the mainland group of populations of the Arctic race of Mongoloids.
Koryak language
Koryak language is included in the Chukchi-Kamchatka group of Paleo-Asian languages, the closest Chukchi language , which is explained by the commonality of the linguistic substrate from which the languages of the modern peoples of North-Eastern Siberia were isolated at different times. At first it was the Itelmen language, which developed autonomously for a long time, and then the Chukchi and Koryak languages, which coexisted in conditions of fairly active contacts between these peoples. The cultural and economic diversity of the Koryaks is reflected in the dialects, the names of which correspond to the distinguished groups: Chavchuvensky, Kamensky, Apukinsky, Parensky, Itkansky, Olyutorsky, Karaginsky, Palansky, Kereksky. In connection with the opinion about the possibility of vesting Alyutorians And Kerek With the status of an independent ethnic community, their dialects also receive the status of independent languages.
Farm
In cultural and economic terms, the Koryaks are divided into 2 groups. Reindeer herders (Chavchuvens), monolithic in cultural terms, are represented by several territorial groups that roamed the mainland tundra from the Kamchatka Isthmus to the headwaters of the left tributaries of the Kolyma. Coastal Koryaks (Nymylans), more culturally and economically diverse, are sometimes designated as ethno-territorial groups: Kamenets, Parenets, Itkins (coast of the Penzhinskaya Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk), Apukins (Bering Sea coast of Kamchatka, north of the Pakhachi River basin). Further to the north are the Kereks (currently counted as an independent people of about 100 people). In the south, along the eastern coast of Kamchatka, the Karaginians live, and parallel to them, on the western coast, the Palans live. The cultural and economic status of the Alyutor people, who are settled on the east coast from the Gulf of Corfu to the south and have settlements on the Okhotsk coast, is more difficult to determine. Their economy combines reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting. Now the Alyutor people are distinguished as an independent people. Differences between the listed groups are recorded in the language at the level of dialects, and in culture - in the ratio of the main types of economic activity (for example, fishing predominates among the Padans, and hunting for sea animals predominates among the Kamenets).
Story
The history of the Koryaks is associated with the autochthonous basis of the formation of their culture. In the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk, archaeologists have identified monuments of the so-called Okhotsk culture (1st millennium AD, the culture of sea hunters, fishermen and wild deer hunters), in which the features of Koryak cultural traditions can be traced, preserved in relative chronological continuity until the ancient Koryak settlements of the 16th century. -XVII centuries The basis of the Okhotsk culture was made up of inland Neolithic traditions (Baikal region) and southeastern components (Amur region). The Koryaks interacted most closely with the Itelmens, which is recorded in almost all spheres of culture. Since the 17th century The most significant factor determining the appearance of Koryak culture is Koryak-Russian ties. Direct contacts with the Russians changed their economy and life, especially of the coastal Koryaks. The Reindeer Koryaks have largely preserved the features of their culture. Thus, the appearance of the ethnic culture of the Koryaks was influenced by both regional factors in the formation of Paleo-Asian peoples and ethnocultural ties with their neighbors.
At the time of their acquaintance with the Russians, the Koryaks did not have a clan organization. Settlements of sedentary Koryaks already in the 17th century. were formed as territorial-community associations that did not have exogamous characteristics. At the end of the 19th century. in the field of production and distribution, the features of primitive collectivism were preserved. The Parenians, Itkans, and Kamenets had special groups - “canoe associations”, where tools and labor were united during sea hunting. “Canoe associations” were organized on the basis of the kinship principle. They not only performed production functions, but represented stable social structures, the internal life of which was regulated by customary law, traditions and rituals. There were no uniform rules when distributing the catch of the fishery. The most pronounced form of egalitarian distribution occurred during whale hunting. The caught whale became the property of all residents of the village. In the summer, groups of relatives united to fish together. The spoils were divided equally. The production and social life of the reindeer Koryaks was concentrated in the camp, where several smaller ones were usually grouped around the farm of a large reindeer herder. The inhabitants of the camp were connected by relationships of kinship and property. The population of the camp sometimes reached 50-70 people. The owner of most of the herd was considered the head, that is, the manager of the economic life of the camp. Several camps roaming a certain territory united into groups connected by blood, marriage or economic relations and headed by elders. Forms of ownership: communal for pastures and private for reindeer herds. The reindeer husbandry of the Chavchuvens, before its change during the Soviet period, remained patriarchal-natural with noticeable features of primitive communal relations.
Worldview
The traditional worldview is associated with animism. The Koryaks animated the entire world around them: mountains, stones, plants, sea, heavenly bodies. The universe was represented in the form of 5 worlds: the earth inhabited by people, 2 worlds above it and 2 underground. The Upper World is the abode of the Supreme Being, who was identified with the sun, dawn, nature, and the universe. Top of underground worlds seemed to be inhabited by evil spirits, and the lower one was the abode of the shadows of the dead. The worlds that make up the universe are interpenetrable. There was professional and family shamanism. The Koryaks did not have special shamanic clothes. Worship of sacred places - appapels (hills, capes, cliffs) is widespread. Sacrifices of dogs and deer are practiced. There are cult objects - anyapels (special stones for fortune telling, sacred boards in the form of anthropomorphic figures for making fire by friction, amulets symbolizing totemistic ancestors, etc.).
Family
The main economic unit of all groups of Koryaks in the 19th - early 20th centuries. there was a large patriarchal family. Polygamy is known, although at the end of the 19th century. it was not widespread. Marriages took place within one local group. The marriage system of the Koryaks excluded cousins; in the case of a patrilocal marriage, work for the wife was practiced. The customs of levirate and sororate were observed. There was a strict sexual division of labor.
Koryak culture
The ethnic culture of the Koryaks is represented by 2 economic and cultural types. The basis of the Koryak-Chavchuven economy is reindeer husbandry, which is supplemented by hunting and fishing. Sedentary Koryaks were engaged in fishing, sea and land hunting, but for different territorial groups of sedentary Koryaks the importance of these types of economy was not the same. Among the Alyutor people, reindeer husbandry is combined with an additional commercial complex. Reindeer husbandry of the Koryak-Chavchuvens is large herd and, in terms of organization and productive orientation, corresponds to Samoyed. Regional differences include shorter seasonal migration routes, summer grazing in the mountains and division of camps, and the absence of a herding dog. The Alyutor people are characterized by a smaller number of deer on the farm and cooperation of low-reindeer farms, and a greater share of fisheries. Koryak reindeer herders had highly specialized reindeer transport. The basis of the economy of the sedentary Koryaks was fishing (Karagintsy, Alyutortsy, Palantsy), sea hunting (Penzhintsy, Apukintsy). At the beginning of the 20th century. 63% of Koryak households hunted sea animals. Fur hunting before the Russians arrive of great importance did not have, the Koryaks hunted bear, mountain sheep, and wild deer. Features of the culture of sedentary Koryaks were sled dog breeding and more diverse means of transportation on water, which had much in common with the Chukchi and Eskimo.
Fishing
The specifics of the fishery determined the nature of settlement. The only type of settlement among the reindeer herders was a camp consisting of several yarang dwellings. The yaranga was a frame made of poles, which was covered with a tire made of deer skins with sheared fur, the inside inside. The yaranga was about 10 m in diameter and 4 m in height. Inside the yaranga, fur sleeping curtains were attached to the walls, each for one family. Adult unmarried men and unmarried women lived in separate shelters. The number of inhabitants of one yaranga at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century. reached 25 people. The Chavchuvens had no outbuildings. Among the sedentary Koryaks, the predominant form of housing was a half-dugout with an original funnel-shaped structure on the roof. The walls were made of wooden blocks. There was a fireplace in the center of the dwelling. They entered the dugout in winter through a smoke hole, in summer - through a special attached corridor with a flat roof. Sedentary Koryaks, like reindeer herders, slept in fur canopies. Most of the settlements of sedentary Koryaks were located at the mouths of rivers, on the seashore, where they lived in winter and summer. The Palans had winter villages far from fishing grounds; in the summer they moved to the coast to summer dwellings. The settlements differed in the number of inhabitants: the Palan settlements numbered 200 people or more. Most of the Apukin villages consisted of 1 half-dugout. The settlements of sedentary Koryaks were given a unique appearance by outbuildings - booths covered with dry grass. Under the influence of the Russians, certain groups of Koryaks already in the middle of the 18th century. log dwellings began to appear.
Cloth
Traditional winter clothing consisted of a fur shirt, pants and a hood. Winter clothing is double: the lower one - with the fur towards the body, the upper one - with the fur outward. Most of the kuhlyankas had a hood and the trousers reached the ankles in length. Men's winter shoes with long and short tops were made from reindeer camus with the fur facing out. The soles were usually made of bearded seal skin. Fur stockings were placed inside the shoes. On the road, over the kuhlyanka they wore a kamleika - a wide shirt made of rovduga or cloth. Women's winter shoes were distinguished by high tops. The set of women's winter clothing also included overalls (kerker), a fur shirt (gagaglia), the hood of which replaced the headdress. Children's clothing was overalls. Summer clothing of the Koryaks had the same cut as winter clothing, but was made from lighter materials - rovduga, deer skins with sheared fur, dog skins, purchased fabrics and was always single. The Koryaks did not have any special fishing clothing; they only preferred dog skins or rovduga. Distinctive Features Ritual clothing (funerary and dance) had a rich and characteristic ornament, as well as the color of the fur.
Traditional Koryak clothing was decorated with ornaments and pendants. Decorations included bracelets, earrings, and pendants, which were made from old copper and silver items. Many decorations played the role of amulets. Hairstyles and women's tattoos had magical significance. Men cut their hair, leaving only a circle on the top of the head or a narrow rim around the head. Women combed their hair in the middle and braided it into two tight braids, which were decorated with a string of beads.
Koryak food
The main food of reindeer herders is reindeer meat, mainly boiled. Kidneys, brains, and cartilage were eaten raw. A stew was made from the blood and stomach contents. The dried meat was used to prepare ritual dishes - masher (the meat was ground with a pestle, adding roots, fat and berries). They ate frozen meat on the road. The hooves were fermented in blood, and the young shoots of the horns were eaten boiled. Yukola was prepared as a complement to meat food, and in the summer they diversified the diet with fresh fish. Fish, meat and fat of sea animals constituted the main food of the sedentary Koryaks. Most of the fish was consumed in the form of salmon yukola.
The meat of sea animals was boiled or frozen. The fat of sea animals was valued; it was eaten raw or melted with meat or yukola. Gathering products were consumed everywhere: edible plants, berries, nuts. Fly agaric was used as a stimulant and intoxicant. Since the end of the 19th century. Purchased products began to become increasingly widespread: flour, cereals, tea, sugar, tobacco.
Decorative and applied arts of the Koryaks
The folk arts and crafts of the Koryaks are represented by the artistic processing of soft materials (women's occupation) and the manufacture of products from stone, bone, wood and metal (men). Koryak craftswomen are virtuosos of northern fur mosaic, skillfully selecting combinations of light and dark tones of fur. Fur mosaic stripes are sewn onto the hems of kukhlyankas in the form of a wide border (opuvan). The ornament is predominantly geometric, less often floral. Often realistic figures of animals and scenes from their lives are embroidered. The technique of satin stitch predominates in embroidery. The backs of eider ducks were especially richly decorated. A special area of Koryak women's art is the decoration of fur carpets. The technique used to decorate them is to sew together pieces of light and dark fur; embroidery with colored threads on fur was also used.
In wood carving, male carvers used complex-shaped ornaments, also characteristic of ancient Paleo-Asians: curls, paired spirals on a leg (“ram’s horns”). Miniature figures of people and animals were carved from walrus tusks and horns, and bone earrings, necklaces, snuff boxes, and smoking pipes were made, decorated with engraved ornaments and drawings. Parensky blacksmiths were distinguished by their great skill in making metal products.
Koryak armor
Holidays
Traditional Koryak holidays are seasonal. Reindeer herders celebrated the festival of horns (Kilvey) in the spring, when after calving the herd was driven to the camp, and in the fall - the festival of reindeer slaughter. Coastal hunters, before the start of the spring sea fishery, held a holiday for launching kayaks, and at the end of the autumn season (in November) - a holiday for the seal - Hololo (olo-lo). There were holidays of the “first fish”, “first seal”. Both the coastal and reindeer Koryaks held special religious ceremonies on the occasion of hunting bears, rams, and others. In families where twins were born, a special “wolf holiday” was held, since twins were considered relatives of wolves. At the holidays, ritual dances were performed, representing a naturalistic imitation of the movements of animals and birds: seals, bears, deer, ravens. The traditional Mlavytyn dance was accompanied by characteristic guttural hoarse singing. During the holidays, games and competitions were organized (wrestling, running competitions, deer or dog races, tossing a bearded seal on the skin). From musical instruments Along with the narrow-rimmed tambourine, a jew's harp (the so-called dental tambourine in the form of a bone or iron plate) is common. In recent decades, professional culture has been successfully developing, mainly in the field of choreography (national dance ensemble "Mengo") and fine arts. Associations of amateur artists and writers have been created in the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. The artist Kirill Kilpalin and the writer Koyanto (V.V. Kosygin) are especially famous.
town Palana 1212
Tymlat village 706
Manila village 565
Sedanka village 446
Lesnaya village 384
Vyvenka village 362
Ossora village 351
Tilichiki village 329
Karaga village 289
Slautnoye village 254
Talovka village 254
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky city 245
Tigil village 203
Khailino village 201
Voyampolka village 163
Ivashka village 162
Khairyuzovo village 102
Magadan Region:
Verkhniy Paren village 262
Evensk town 234
Topolovka village 160
Koryak language- Koryak language, belongs to the Chukchi-Kamchatka family of Paleo-Asian languages.
Variants of the name of the Koryak language, adopted in the 30s and 40s of the 20th century, are “Koryak”, “Nymylan”. The last name was introduced because of its euphony, from the point of view of Russian employees of the Educational and Pedagogical Publishing House, in comparison with the name “Koryak”. Nymylanami (from silent- village) are called sedentary Koryaks in contrast to the Chavchuvens ( chuv'chuv") - nomadic Koryak reindeer herders. “Nymylan” is not a self-name. Sedentary Koryaks call themselves by the name of the village - v'eemlelg'u- Lesnovtsy, ӄayaӈynylg’u- Karagintsy, elutelg'u- Alutorians.
The origin of the name “Koryak”, common to the entire nation, is unclear. One of the etymologies is ӄorak- in deer ( ӄояӈа, ӄoraӈa- deer).
The newspaper “People's Power” was partially published in the Koryak language. As of 2012, Koryak pages are regularly published in the newspaper “Aboriginal of Kamchatka”.
Phonology
Koryak is characterized by synharmonic vowels.
Accent
In the vast majority of cases, the stress in two-syllable words falls on the first syllable. At the same time, in disyllabic words formed by reduplication of the root morpheme, it can be very difficult to determine the stress by ear. In words with more than 2 syllables, it is typical to place the stress on the penultimate syllable (there are exceptions). Thus, the stress is not fixed on any syllable of the base, but shifts when the word changes. In words with more than 4 syllables, stressed and unstressed syllables alternate relatively evenly.
The reduction of vowels in an unstressed syllable is small, and in both stressed and unstressed syllables they retain their qualities.
Morphology
The Koryak language belongs to the languages of the agglutinative type. Each Koryak word has a root and an affix morpheme (usually several). Affixal morphemes have several functions, such as: 1. Clarification, addition or transformation of the main lexical meaning of a word; 2. Expression of grammatical categories; 3. Syntactic connection of the word with other words of the sentence.
Word formation
As in other Chukchi-Kamchatka languages, Koryak is characterized by the phenomenon of reduplication of the roots of words. A significant number of nouns are formed in this way. The repetition of a root morpheme can be either complete or incomplete. Examples: gilgil(ice floe), vetwet(Job), wilvil(price, fee), g'ylg'yl(snow), kytkyt(present), silent(village), mymmyg(wave), tiltil(wing), tomtom(needles), chulchul(salt), g'ichg'ich(drop), etc. Examples of words with incomplete reduplication include: alaal(summer), w'unev'un(pine cone), giyigy(ladder), ipip(steam, smoke), yittyit(cloudberry), geumgeum(flea), kychchakych(foam), team up(raft), enmyen(rock), etc. Sometimes in the Koryak language there are words with the same meaning, formed by reduplication and affix, for example: milgymil And Milgyn(fire, bonfire).
The addition of two stems also plays an important role in word formation, for example: taӄlevaӈyan- bakery (from the words taӄlevaӈ-ky- ‘bake bread’ and I-yaӈ-a- 'house'); ynpyalavol- old man (from the words n-ynpy-ain- ‘old’ and ӄlavol- 'husband'); kalitynik- embroider (from the words kali-kal- ‘painting’ and tynik- 'sew'), v’yitiӈu-n- inhale (from words v'yi- ‘air’ and tiӈu- ‘to pull in, pull’). It is also characteristic that compound words sometimes become the source of the formation of new lexical units, for example: gaymo lyӈyk- wish, gaymo lyӈgyyӈyk- wish. A number of widely used morphemes in the Koryak language are used both as roots and affixes.
Another method of word formation is affixation (in Koryak it is typical to add both suffixes and prefixes). Examples: mail-lg’-yn- postman; cow-tg'ol- beef; newvels- stop. Koryak has various derivational suffixes: diminutive suffix - pil/pel(also carries a diminutive connotation); magnifying - neӄau/naӄo etc. Examples: yayaa(house) - yaya-pel(house); milut(hare) - milyute-pil(bunny), v'ala(knife) - v'ala-nao(large knife), etc.
The suffix -chg is used to form nouns with disparaging or negative connotations, for example: milut(hare) - cute-chg-eun(bunny). This suffix can also be included in personal names to give a negative connotation. Nouns denoting a female animal are formed using the prefix - ӈEV/ӈAV, For example: horse(horse) - ӈav’horse(mare). To form nouns with the meaning baby animal, the prefix is used - ӄai, For example: ӄayӈyn(bear) - ӄai-kayӈyn(bear cub).
Grammatical number
In Koryak there are singular, plural and dual numbers. Numbers are actually distinguished only in the basic form of nouns, while in case forms the grammatical number is not expressed: gynika(an animal, two or many animals).
Dialects
11 Koryak dialects are mentioned in the literature - Chavchuvensky, Karaginsky, Apukinsky, Alyutorsky (Olyutorsky), Palansky (Pallansky, Lesnovsky), Kakhtaninsky, Rekinnikovsky, Kamensky, Itkansky, Parsky, Gizhiginsky. S. N. Stebnitsky classified the Kerek (Kerek) language as a dialect of the Koryak language. Currently, the main dialects in the KAO are Chavchuvensky, Palansky, Alyutorsky, Karaginsky.
The classification of Koryak dialects is based on the sign of correspondence to the sound й in yak dialects (Chavchuvensky also belongs to yak) to the sounds t, r in takayush-rak dialects: Chavchuven yayaaa, Apukinskoe yayaaa, Alyutorskoe raraa, Pallanian raraa, Karaginskoe raraa(cf. chuk. yaraӈy) - house; chavch. yayol, apuk. yayol, alut. tattoo, fell. tattol, carag. tatol- fox.
Some common words are completely the same in dialects: v'ala- knife (chavch., karag., pal., alut.) and further in the same dialects - mimyl- water, Milgyn- fire, mymmyg- wave, ynnyyn- fish, This is this- chum salmon, piӈpiӈ- ash, liglig- egg. Along with this, there are lexical differences: chavch. kmin, epil, carag. neneg, up, fell. unynupi- baby; chavch. kalal, carag. assuas, fell. Achuach- pink salmon; chavch. g'atken,, carat nynyrhak,, fell. Nynakk, in- bad"; in most words compared by dialect, sound correspondences are found: chavch. yayatyk and alut. taratyk- drop; chavch. ӈytok and alut. ӈytukki- go out; chavch. palak and alut. pilak- leave; chavch. echgi and alut. asgi- Today.
Differences in the declension of nouns come down mainly to different groupings of locative cases. In Palansky and Karaginsky there are no forms of the dual number, Chavchuvensky regularly forms the corresponding forms.
In Chavchuvensky, Apukinsky, Rekinnikovsky, the present tense of the verb is expressed by the confix ku-/ko-…-ӈ, in Palansky, Alyutorsky, Karaginsky an indicator of the present tense -tkyn(cf. chuk. -rkyn).
Despite some difficulties in communication, understanding is maintained between speakers of different dialects to the extent dictated by the general norm. The Koryaks, who speak different dialects, have an understanding of ethnic unity and belonging to a common linguistic community.
Chavchuven is spoken by Koryak reindeer herders throughout the district. Describing the Apukin dialect of the Koryak language, S. N. Stebnitsky notes that the Apukin people make up “no more than 4% of all Koryaks.”
Writing
The Koryak language is one of the newly written languages. Writing in the Koryak language was created in 1931. The first alphabet of the Koryak language was based on the Latin alphabet:
| A a | B in | Є є | D d | E e | Ә ә | F f | G g |
| H h | I i | b b | Jj | K k | Ll | Mm | Nn |
| Ņ ņ | Ŋ ŋ | O o | P p | Q q | R r | Ss | T t |
| Ţ ţ | U u | V v | W w | Z z |
Materials on the Koryak language
Dictionaries
- Korsakov G. M. Nymylan-Russian dictionary. - L., 1939.
- Moll T. A. Koryak-Russian dictionary. - L., 1960.
- Zhukova A. N. Russian-Koryak dictionary. - L., 1967.
- Zhukova A. N. Dictionary Koryak-Russian and Russian-Koryak. - 2nd ed. - L., 1989.
- Mudrak O. A. Etymological dictionary of the Chukchi-Kamchatka languages. - M., 2000.
- Pronina E. P. Educational thematic dictionary of colloquial vocabulary of the Koryak language. - St. Petersburg, 2002.
- Pronina E. P. Picture dictionary of the Koryak language. - St. Petersburg, 2003.
Grammar
- Zhukova A. N. Grammar of the Koryak language. Phonetics and morphology. - L., 1972.
- Zhukova A. N. The language of the Palan Koryaks. - L., 1980.
- Zhukova A. N. Koryak language: A textbook for students of pedagogical schools. - L., 1987.
- Stebnitsky S. N. Essays on the language and folklore of the Koryaks. - St. Petersburg: Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994.
Koryaks (they did not have a single self-name; group self-names: chavchyv, chav"chu, "reindeer herder"; nymylgyn, "local resident"; nymylg - aremku, "nomadic inhabitant", etc.), people in Russia - 9 thousand people, indigenous people Koryak Autonomous Okrug of the Kamchatka Region (7 thousand), also live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and in the North Evenkiy District of the Magadan Region. The main ethnographic groups: coastal Koryaks, sedentary Koryaks (Nymylans), reindeer Koryaks, nomadic Koryaks (Chavchuvens). They speak the Koryak language of the Chukchi-Kamchatka family. Writing on a Russian graphic basis. Some Koryak believers are Orthodox. There are traditional beliefs: shamanism, trade cults, etc.
The first mentions of the Koryaks in Russian documents date back to the 30s and 40s of the 17th century, at which time the ethnonym “Koryaks” first appeared. There is an assumption that it goes back to the Koryak word khora (“deer”).
The Koryaks were divided into two large economic and cultural groups: coastal - fishermen and sea animal hunters, and tundra - reindeer herders. The traditional occupations of the Koryaks are reindeer herding, fishing, and sea hunting. The Chavchuvens and most of the Alyutor people were engaged in reindeer husbandry. The traditional economy of the coastal Koryaks is complex. In the economic complex of the sedentary Koryaks, fishing occupied a leading place. Fishing was most developed among the Karaginsk, Alyutor and Palan people. Fishing is predominantly river and coastal. Marine hunting in the Seas of Okhotsk and Bering was carried out by all groups of sedentary Koryaks and Alyutor reindeer herders. Fur trade was developed (hunting for sable, fox, otter, ermine, wolverine and squirrel). Gathering was especially widespread among sedentary Koryaks (edible shellfish, wild bird eggs, berries, nuts, willow bark, seaweed, wild sorrel, saran, fireweed, hogweed and other plant and animal products).
Traditional home crafts include processing wood, bone, metal, stone, weaving, and tanning hides. In ancient times, the Koryaks knew pottery. The tree was used to make reindeer and dog sleds, boats, spears, utensils, spear shafts and harpoons, and shuttles for weaving nets. From the bones and horns of deer and mountain sheep, the Koryaks made utensils, knives for cutting fish, picks, knot undoers, pegs and harpoon tips, brakes for reindeer sledges, and combs for combing grass. Stone axes and spearheads were used at the beginning of the 20th century, and scrapers for dressing hides are still used today. Currently, traditional industries: reindeer husbandry and fishing determine the economic orientation of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug.
The main economic unit of all groups of Koryaks in the 19th - early 20th centuries. there was a large patriarchal family. Polygamy is known, although it was not widespread at the end of the 19th century. Marriages took place within one local group. The marriage system of the Koryaks excluded first cousins; in a patrilocal marriage, there was work for the wife. The custom of levirate and sororate was observed. There was a strict sexual division of labor.
The only type of settlement among the reindeer herders was a camp consisting of several yarang dwellings. The yaranga had a frame made of poles, which was covered with a tire made of deer skins with sheared fur, the flesh inside. Among the sedentary Koryaks, a semi-dugout with a funnel-shaped structure on the roof and walls made of wooden blocks predominated. In the center of the home there is a hearth. They entered the dugout in winter through the smoke hole. From the middle of the 18th century, log houses began to appear.
Traditional winter clothing consisted of a fur shirt, pants, bonnet and shoes. Winter clothing is double: the lower one - with the fur towards the body, the upper one - with the fur outward. Most of the kuhlyankas had a hood and the trousers reached the ankles in length. Men's winter shoes with long and short tops were made from reindeer camus with the fur facing out. The soles were usually made of bearded seal skin. Fur stockings were placed inside the shoes. On the road, over the kuhlyanka they wore a kamleika - a wide shirt made of rovduga or cloth. The set of women's winter clothing also included overalls (kerker), a fur shirt (gagaglia), the hood of which replaced the headdress. Summer clothes of the Koryaks had the same cut as winter clothes, but were made from rovduga, deer skins with trimmed fur, dog skins, and purchased fabrics.
The main food of reindeer herders is reindeer meat, mainly boiled. The dried meat was used to prepare a ritual dish - pound (the meat was ground with a pestle, adding roots, fat and berries). They ate frozen meat on the road. All Koryak reindeer groups prepared yukola, and in the summer they diversified their diet with fresh fish. Fish, meat and fat of sea animals constituted the main food of the sedentary Koryaks. Most of the fish was consumed in the form of yukola, exclusively salmon. The meat of sea animals was boiled or frozen. Gathering products were consumed everywhere: edible plants, berries, nuts. Fly agaric was used as a stimulant and intoxicant. Since the end of the 19th century, purchased products have become increasingly widespread: flour, cereals, tea, sugar, tobacco.
The folk arts and crafts of the Koryaks are represented by the artistic processing of soft materials (female occupation) and the manufacture of products from stone, bone, wood and metal (male). Fur mosaic stripes in the form of a wide border (opuvan) were sewn onto the hems of the kukhlyankas. The ornament is predominantly geometric, less often floral. Realistic figures of animals and scenes from their lives are often embroidered. Miniature figures of people and animals were carved from walrus tusks and horns, and bone earrings, necklaces, snuff boxes, and smoking pipes were made, decorated with engraved ornaments and drawings.
The traditional worldview is associated with animism. The Koryaks animated the entire world around them: mountains, stones, plants, sea, heavenly bodies. Worship of sacred places - appapels (hills, capes, cliffs) is widespread. Sacrifices of dogs and deer are practiced. There are cult objects - anyapels (special stones for fortune telling, sacred boards in the form of anthropomorphic figures for making fire by friction, amulets symbolizing totemistic ancestors, etc.). There was professional and family shamanism.
Traditional holidays are seasonal: in the spring the festival of horns - keelvey, in the fall the festival of reindeer slaughter among reindeer herders. Before the start of the spring sea fishery, coastal hunters held a holiday for launching kayaks, and at the end of the autumn season (in November) a holiday for the seal - Hololo (ololo). There were holidays of the “first fish” and “first seal”. Both the coastal and reindeer Koryaks held special religious ceremonies on the occasion of hunting bears, rams, etc., with ritual dances representing naturalistic imitations of the movements of animals and birds: seals, bears, deer, ravens. During the holidays, games and competitions were organized (wrestling, running competitions, deer or dog races, tossing a bearded seal on the skin). In recent decades, professional culture has been developing, mainly in the field of choreographic (national dance ensemble "Mengo") and fine arts.
E. P. Batyanova, M. Ya. Zhornitskaya, V. A. Turaev
Peoples and religions of the world. Encyclopedia. M., 2000, p. 260-261.
Koryaks
Autoethnonym (self-name)
Koryak: An ethnonym that began to be used in the 17th century. Its origin is associated with the formants k o r - “deer” and a k - “located at”, “with”, i.e. "deer".
Main area of settlement
The ethnic territory of the Koryaks is located in the north of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Number
Number according to censuses: 1897 - 7.335, 1926 - 7439, 1959 - 6287, 1970 - 7487, 1979 - 7879, 1989 - 9242.
Ethnic and ethnographic groups
Economically and culturally, the Koryaks are divided into two groups. Reindeer herders (Chavchuvens), monolithic in cultural terms, are represented by several territorial groups that roamed the mainland tundra from the Kamchatka Isthmus to the upper reaches of the left tributaries of the river. Kolyma.
Coastal Koryaks (Nymylans), more diverse in economic and cultural terms. Sometimes they are designated as ethnoterritorial groups: Kamenets, Parenets, Itkintsy (coast of the Penzhinskaya Bay of the Sea of Okhotsk), Apukintsy (Bringomorsky coast of Kamchatka, north of the Pakhachi River basin). Further to the north are the Kereks (currently considered as an independent people, numbering about 100 people). To the south, along the eastern coast of Kamchatka, the Karaginians live, and parallel to them, on the western coast, the Palans live. The cultural and economic status of the Olyutor people, who settle on the east coast from the Gulf of Corfu to the south and have settlements on the Okhotsk coast, is more difficult to determine. Their economy is a combination of reindeer husbandry, fishing and hunting. Currently, the Olyutorians are distinguished as an independent people (numbering about 2OOO people). The differences between the listed groups are fixed in language at the dialect level, and in culture, in the ratio of the main types of economic activity (for example: among the Padans, fishing predominates, and among the Kamenets, hunting for sea animals predominates).
Anthropological characteristics
The Koryaks, like other Paleo-Asian peoples of northeastern Siberia, belong to the mainland group of populations of the Arctic Mongoloid race (see: Itelmens).
Language
Koryak: The Koryak language is part of the Chukchi-Kamchatka group of Paleo-Asian languages, in which it is closest to the Chukchi language. This closeness is explained by linguists by the commonality of the linguistic substrate from which, in different time periods, the languages of the modern peoples of North-East Siberia were isolated. At first, it was the Itelmen language, which developed autonomously for a long time, and then Chukchi and Koryak, which coexisted longer in a substrate state, and then, in conditions of fairly active contacts between these peoples. The cultural and economic diversity of the Koryaks in the structure of their language is reflected in dialects, the names of which correspond to the distinguished groups: Chavchuvensky, Kamensky, Apukinsky, Parensky, Itkansky, Olyutorsky, Karaginsky, Palansky, Kereksky. As noted above, in connection with the opinion about the possibility of giving the Olyutorians and Kereks the status of an independent ethnic community, their dialects also receive the status of independent languages.
Writing
In 1932, under the leadership of V.G. Bogoraz, S.N. Stebnitsky prepared the “Red Letter” - the first primer in the Koryak language. The difficulty of spreading literacy among the Koryaks lay in the division of their language into two dialect groups - northern and southern - each of which consisted of dialects - 4 and 3, respectively. Along with them, another dialect of the Koryak reindeer herders, Chauchu, stood out. Since the Chauchu make up about half the number of Koryaks, it was their language that was taken as the basis for the creation of writing, educational and mass literature. In the 1937/1938 academic year, teaching was transferred to an alphabet with a Russian graphic basis.
Religion
Orthodoxy: Orthodox.
Ethnogenesis and ethnic history
The history of the Koryaks is associated with the autochthonous basis of the formation of their culture. In the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk, archaeologists have identified monuments of the so-called. Okhotsk culture (1st millennium AD, culture of sea hunters, fishermen, wild deer hunters), in which the features of the Koryak cultural tradition can be traced, in relative chronological continuity up to the ancient Koryak settlements of the 16th - 11th centuries. The basis of the Okhotsk culture was formed by intracontinental Neolithic traditions (Baikal region) and southeastern components (Amur region).
The Koryaks interacted most closely with the Itelmens, which is recorded in almost all spheres of culture. From the 11th century The most significant factor determining the appearance of Koryak culture is Koryak-Russian ties.
Living together with Russians, especially coastal Koryaks, changed their economy and way of life. The Reindeer Koryaks have largely preserved the features of their culture. Thus, the appearance of the ethnic culture of the Koryaks was influenced by both regional factors in the formation of Paleo-Asian peoples and ethnocultural ties with their neighbors.
Farm
The ethnic culture of the Koryaks is represented by two economic and cultural types. The basis of the Koryak-Chavchuven economy is reindeer husbandry, which is supplemented by hunting and fishing. Sedentary Koryaks were engaged in fishing, sea and land hunting, but for different territorial groups of sedentary Koryaks, the importance of these types of economy could change. Among the Alyutor people, reindeer husbandry is complemented by a commercial complex.
Reindeer husbandry of the Koryak-Chavchuvens is large herd and, in terms of organization and productive orientation, corresponds to Samoyed. Regional differences are recorded in shorter routes of seasonal migrations, summer grazing in the mountains and division of camps, and the absence of a herding dog. Olyutor residents are characterized by a lower supply of reindeer farms and cooperation of low-reindeer farms, and a greater share of fisheries. Koryak reindeer herders were characterized by highly specialized reindeer transport,
The basis of the economy of the sedentary Koryaks was fishing (Karagintsy, Olyutortsy, Palantsy), sea hunting (Penzhintsy, Apukintsy). At the beginning of the 20th century. 63% of Koryak households hunted sea animals. Unlike fur hunting, which was not of great importance before the arrival of the Russians, the Koryaks hunted bear, mountain sheep, and wild deer. A feature of the culture of sedentary Koryaks was sled dog breeding, more diverse means of transportation on water, which had much in common with the Chukchi and Eskimo.
Traditional settlements and dwellings
The specifics of the fishery, coastal fishing and the extraction of marine animals, determined the nature of settlement. Coastal Koryak settlements were located along river banks, often in estuaries and on the sea coast. The main type of dwelling was a half-dugout, which differed from similar buildings of other peoples of Siberia by a funnel-shaped structure on the roof; the settlements had piled outbuildings. The main type of dwelling of the reindeer Koryaks was a portable dwelling - yaranga.
Bibliography and sources
General work
- Culture and life of the Koryaks./Antropova V.V//L.-1971
- History and culture of the Koryaks./Antropova V. V//SPb., -1993
Selected regional groups
- Ethnography and folklore of the Kereks./Leontyev V.V.//M.-1983
2000 Interdisciplinary Center for Advanced Professional Education
So, traditionally among the Koryaks, men's winter shoes were made from reindeer kamus with the fur on the outside. The soles were usually made of bearded seal skin. Fur stockings were placed inside the shoes. A complex structure, in short. However, current boot manufacturers are dealing with a far from simple process. But today technology helps make a quality product. And the output is high-tech production - winter shoes, which are sold, for example, by PLANET OF FOOTWEAR stores - www.planetaobuvi.ru
Koryaks
KORYAKI-s; pl. The people who make up the main population of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug of the Kamchatka Region; representatives of this people.
◁ Koryak, -a; m. Koryachka, -i; pl. genus.-check, date-chkam; and. Koryaksky, -aya, -oh.
Koryakspeople in Russia, the indigenous population of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug (7 thousand people). They also live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Magadan Region. Total number 9 thousand people (1995). Koryak language. Believers are Orthodox.
KORYAKSKORYAKI, people in the Russian Federation (cm. RUSSIA (state))(8.7 thousand people, 2002), indigenous population of the Koryak district (6.7 thousand people) of the Kamchatka region. They speak the Koryak language of the Chukchi-Kamchatka group of the Paleo-Asian family of languages. Koryak writing has existed since 1931 on a Latin basis, and since 1936 on a Russian graphic basis. Believers are Orthodox.
The first mentions of the Koryaks are found in Russian documents of the 1630-1640s. Even then, the Koryaks, in terms of their economy and everyday life, were divided into two groups: nomadic reindeer herders () and those who hunted sea animals and fished. The religion of the Koryaks was shamanism. By the beginning of contact with the Russians in the 18th century, the Koryaks were divided into nomadic reindeer herders (self-name - Chavchyv, Chavchuven) and coastal sedentary inhabitants (self-name - Nymylyn). The Chavchuvens inhabited the interior regions of Kamchatka and the adjacent mainland, the sedentary (coastal) Koryaks inhabited the eastern and west coast Kamchatka, in the area of Penzhinskaya Bay and the Taigonos Peninsula.
The economy of the sedentary Koryaks combined sea hunting, fishing, land hunting and gathering. The nomadic Koryaks (Chavchuvens) are characterized by large-scale reindeer herding with a herd size of 400 to 2000 heads. The winter and summer dwelling of the nomadic Koryaks was a frame portable yaranga. The predominant type of dwelling among the sedentary Koryaks was a half-dugout up to 15 m long, up to 12 m wide and up to 7 m high. At the beginning of the 19th century, under the influence of Russian settlers, log huts of the Russian type appeared.
Koryak clothing was loose cut. Reindeer herders sewed it from reindeer skins; coastal Koryaks, along with reindeer skins, used the skins of sea animals. The main food of the Chavchuvens was deer meat, which was often eaten boiled; they also ate willow bark and seaweed. Coastal residents ate the meat of sea animals and fish. In the 18th century, purchased products appeared: flour, rice, crackers, bread and tea. Flour porridge was cooked in water, deer or seal blood, and rice porridge was eaten with seal or deer fat.
The main social unit was a large patriarchal family community, uniting close relatives on the paternal side, and among the Chavchuvens, sometimes even more distant relatives. At the beginning of the 20th century, the destruction of patriarchal-communal relations among the sedentary Koryaks occurred, which was caused by the transition to individual types of economic activity: the production of small sea animals, fur hunting, and fishing.
The main holidays of the sedentary Koryaks in the 19th and early 20th centuries were dedicated to the fishing of sea animals. The main autumn festival of the nomadic Koryaks - koyanaitatyk ("to drive the reindeer") - was held after the return of the herds from the summer pastures. After the winter solstice, reindeer herders held a celebration of the return of the sun, which included racing on reindeer sleds, wrestling, running with sticks, throwing a lasso at a target moving in a circle, and climbing an icy pole.
The Koryaks have developed rituals of the life cycle (weddings, birth of children, funerals, wakes). Illness and death were attributed to the activity of evil spirits, ideas about which were reflected in funeral and memorial rituals. To protect against spirits, they made sacrifices, turned to shamans, and used amulets. The main genres of narrative folklore are myths and fairy tales (lymnylo), historical stories and legends (panenatvo), as well as conspiracies, riddles, and songs. The most widely represented are myths and tales about Kuikynyaku (Crow).
Musical creativity is represented by singing, recitative, throat-wheezing, and instrumental music. Lyrical songs include “name song” and “ancestral song”, which have local and family tunes. The common Koryak name for musical instruments is geynechgyn. The same word denotes a wind instrument similar to a gobon, with a squeaker made of feathers and a conical bell made of birch bark, and a flute made from the hogweed plant with an external slit, without playing holes, and a squeaker made of bird feathers, and a trumpet made of birch bark. In addition, there is a semolina squeaker, a whistle, a plate-shaped jew's harp, a round tambourine with a flat shell and an internal cross-shaped handle with vertebrae on a bracket on the inside of the shell, various bells, bells, a vortex aerophone - a propeller-buzzer.
encyclopedic Dictionary. 2009 .
See what “Koryaks” are in other dictionaries:
Modern encyclopedia
People, indigenous population of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug of the Russian Federation (7 thousand people). They also live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Magadan Region. Total number 9 thousand people (1992). Koryak language. Orthodox believers... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
KORYAKS, Koryaks, units. Koryak, Koryak, husband. A people in the extreme northeast of Asia. Ushakov's explanatory dictionary. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
KORYAKI, ov, units. yak, ah, husband. The people who make up the main indigenous population of Kamchatka. | wives koryachka, i. | adj. Koryak, aya, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
KORYAKS, people in the Russian Federation (7 thousand people). Indigenous population of the Koryak Autonomous Okrug. They also live in the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Magadan Region. The Koryak language of the Chukotka-Kamchatka family of Paleo-Asian languages. Believers... ...Russian history
Mongolian people. tribe, lives in Priamursk. region and Kamchatka. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910 ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
Koryaks- (self-names Chavchyv, Chavchu, Nymylagyn, Nymyl arenku, Rymku Chavchyv) nationality with a total number of 9 thousand people. Live on the territory of the Russian Federation, incl. Koryak Autonomous Okrug (7 thousand people). Koryak language. Religious... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
This term has other meanings, see Koryak (village). Koryaks... Wikipedia
The people who make up the main population of the Koryak national env. Kamchatka region, also live in Chukotka national. env. and North Evensky district of Magadan region. The self-name of the coastal K. nymylyn, K. reindeer herders Chavchyv. Number K. 6.3 t.h. (1959). Koryak language... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia
The people who make up the main population of the Koryak National District of the Kamchatka Region of the RSFSR. They also live in the Chukotka National District and the North Evensky District of the Magadan Region. Population 7.5 thousand people (1970, census).... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Books
- Culture of the ethnolocal community (Koryaks of the village of Verkhniy Paren), Lyudmila Nikolaevna Khakhovskaya, The culture of one of the most interesting and original groups of Koryaks - residents of the village of Verkhniy Paren is presented. This western group of Koryaks was influenced by a number of contact ethnic groups, which... Category: Anthropology Publisher: Nestor-History, Manufacturer:
