If potatoes and tobacco did not “take root” well in every part of the Old World, then another “gift” of Columbus, or rather, his sailors, spread throughout Europe and even further without any problems. The long-standing dispute about the origin of syphilis in the Old World seems to have been finally resolved: it was the great sailor who brought the disease to Europe.
When Naples fell to the army of Charles VIII, an epidemic of a disease hitherto unknown to Europeans broke out among the French troops. Shortly after the end of the campaign, the mostly mercenary army was disbanded and the brave warriors went home, spreading the disease throughout the rest of continental Europe.
Already in 1526, 1530, 1539 and 1546, Spanish and French doctors and historians published a number of reports about the disease, mentioning in the process two evidence of the “Columbian” origin of syphilis: firstly, the natives of the New World suffered from a similar disease, and secondly - some of the sailors who visited the New World with Christopher complained of the same symptoms as visitors to dermatovenerological clinics today.
Over time, defenders of the piety of Spanish sailors appeared, also citing two main arguments. This is the discovery in the Mediterranean region of much more ancient human remains with possible signs of syphilitic lesions and the inability of doctors of the early 16th century, who did not even know the basics of microbiology, to distinguish syphilis in the modern sense from other diseases - for example, leprosy.
Published in the latest issue of the Public Library of Science Neglected Tropical Diseases Job finally resolved this issue, which is interesting not only to microbiologists and epidemiologists, but also to moralists.
Today, several types of diseases caused by spirochetes (genus Treponema) are already known. Unlike syphilis, the causative agent of which is the pallid spirochete (Tr. pallidum subspecies pallidum), discovered in 1905 by Schaudin and Hoffmann, other diseases develop in childhood and are transmitted through the oral mucosa or skin-to-skin contact.
The symptoms and pattern of development are very similar for all described treponematoses, but each pathogen has its own distribution area. For the subspecies endemicum, which causes endemic syphilis, or bejel, these are hot and dry countries, for pertenue, infection of which leads to yaws, these are hot and humid.
Such a variety of pathogens only complicated the issue of the spread of syphilis across the planet.
A team of British, Canadian and American scientists led by Christina Harper from Emory University in Georgia analyzed the genome of strains of different subspecies of the spirochete, sequenced back in 1998, obtained from various sources.
The idea of such research is not new. Similar research for HIV was already carried out last fall. And comparisons of human genes have long been used to describe the migration of our ancestors.
This time, 21 human strains of Tr. pallidum, one strain obtained from a wild baboon, and 3 strains of Tr.paraluiscuniculi isolated from rabbit tissue. These 21 strains included five (i.e., all available laboratory) pertenue variants and 2 endemicum variants. Pertenue samples were also obtained from residents of Guyana, the only known outbreak of yaws in the Western Hemisphere. Samples were also obtained from Ghana, Haiti, Samoa, Bosnia, Iraq, Mexico, North America and South Africa.
As genetic analysis has shown, yaws originated in Central Africa and southern Oceania. The subspecies endemicum separated from pertenue - the oldest representative studied - later, spreading to the Balkans and the Middle East.
Treponematosis turned out to be so ancient that the distribution of strains coincided with scientists’ ideas about human migration over the past few thousand years.
But the most important thing is that the pallidum subspecies, the causative agent of the disease, mentioned even by the classics of literature, appeared later than everyone else. Moreover, it separated from pertenue even before the settlement of Europe and the Middle East.
But this strain did not cause sexually transmitted disease. The second generation of the subspecies pallidum, already venereal, appeared in the Old World at the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th centuries.
If we compare this time with the discovery of America, then the role of Columbus in this migration becomes obvious, scientists say. After all, even if Columbus did not bring a spirochete from his first expedition, his followers managed to cope with this within 10-15 years.
Scientists have also identified a third variant of the pallidum subspecies, the most common now throughout the world. It arose from the second in continental Europe, but its “migration” lies on the conscience of numerous colonists, bringing the light of “advanced civilization” around the world.
On November 6, 1492, lighting the peace pipe in Cuba for the first time in his life, Christopher Columbus had no idea that he was discovering not only a new continent for Europe, but also a dangerous disease, insect pests and a killer habit.
Discovery One: Tobacco
Columbus was indeed the first European to try tobacco, but he did not become a smoker. Strictly speaking, it was not Columbus who was to blame for the import of the addiction from the New World to the Old. Having tried something like a cigar - according to contemporaries, it was tightly rolled dried leaves of an unknown plant, set on fire on one side - the great traveler did not find anything attractive in smoking.
The first real smoker of the Old World, who set a bad example for the Europeans, was one of the members of Columbus’s crew, Rodrigo de Jerez, who brought the “infection” to Europe, from which, according to WHO, more than 5 million people still die in the world in year. Ironically, de Jerez also became the first victim of tobacco smoking. Moreover, he was a political victim. The Catholic Church accused de Jerez, who was blowing smoke from his mouth, of having a connection with Satan and immediately launched the first anti-tobacco campaign in history.
But tobacco won. No matter how powerful the church is, the anti-tobacco campaign carried out under its strict leadership has failed miserably. Europeans liked smoking. The Inquisition had to retreat, limiting itself to a ban on smoking in places of worship. And de Jerez, who received a real sentence for “association with Satan,” was released from prison after 7 years.
From a “tool of the devil” in the mass consciousness of that time, tobacco turned into a “medicine”. Catherine de Medici, for example, used it to treat migraines. They tried to treat toothache, stomach disorders and aching bones with tobacco.
Tobacco manufactory. Engraving by an unknown author, published in a magazine Pittoresque. Paris, 1843
A century after the discovery of America, tobacco conquered all of Europe: it was grown in Belgium, Spain, Italy, Switzerland and England. State power, first in France and Spain, and later in England, monopolized the tobacco market. Thus, the nicotine addiction of one’s own and other people’s subjects turned into an uninterrupted source of profit.
Discovery two: syphilis
Exchanges between the Old and New Worlds continued unceasingly. The conquistadors “rewarded” the Indians with smallpox, plague, influenza and cholera. And they, in turn, “gave” the Spaniards the first venereal disease in their lives - syphilis. Some sources claim that Columbus himself became the first syphilitic in Europe. Others give all the “laurels” to the sailors. The latter in 1494 acted as part of the army of the Spanish king Charles VIII, who led the army to war with the Neapolitan state. The army was huge and moved slowly, so outbreaks of an unprecedented disease occurred both in the army itself and among the inhabitants of the occupied territories.
Nikolaus Knupfer. Brothel scene. 1630s
The historiographer of that time, Pietro Bembo, described this situation as follows: “Soon, in the city occupied by aliens, due to contagion and the influence of the luminaries, a severe disease began, called “Gallic.” Later the disease was called “French” and even “Belgian”.
If you believe the sources of that time, just a few years after the capture of Naples by Charles VIII, half of Europe was infected with the “French disease.”
The first syphilis epidemic, which occurred in 1495, reduced the population of Europe by 5 million people. Syphilis spared no one - neither ordinary people nor royalty. By 1500, syphilis had crossed the borders of Europe and reached Turkey and Asia. The devastation that the disease brought to European peoples was comparable to the consequences of epidemics of smallpox, measles and plague.
They learned to treat syphilis only with the discovery of penicillin in the middle of the twentieth century; until that moment, the disease was fought with the help of arsenic and mercury.
Discovery three: the Colorado potato beetle
For thousands of years, an unremarkable insect lived on the border of North and South America, feeding on wild nightshade, which had no commercial value...
Colonizers from Europe, without knowing it, changed not only their habitat, but also their taste preferences. Leptinotarsa decemlineata(Colorado potato beetle).
Here is how it was. Columbus brought wild potatoes to Europe. Small and watery, its tubers were a pitiful sight and were not at all like what we eat today. At first, Europeans considered potatoes to be poisonous and perceived them solely as an ornamental plant. Several centuries of selection followed, and tasty, edible potatoes returned to their homeland - America. There it becomes a food product not only for the colonists, but also for the beetle.
Having covered thousands of kilometers, the army of beetles reached the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. In Europe they already knew about the beetle and looked to the west with caution.
To the question What food did Columbus bring from America? given by the author Kira the best answer is Potato!
Answer from dupe[guru]
potato
Answer from Stripe[newbie]
And he brought some more smoking, which is more important than food!
Answer from Basil[guru]
Potatoes
Answer from Caucasian[guru]
French fries of course
Answer from Iuslan Surin[guru]
Potato!
Well, and accordingly, everything that is prepared from it!
Therefore, he brought chips too, the bastard...
Answer from Ajavrik[guru]
Tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco
Answer from *Alex*[newbie]
Potatoes
Answer from ALLA[guru]
New genetic research supports the hypothesis that Christopher Columbus brought such an indecent and dangerous disease as syphilis to the Old World from America. American experts reported this to the world, once again bringing to light the age-old debate about the origin of the disease. Thus, the great navigator, having discovered America, brought the Old World not only potatoes, coffee, corn, tomatoes and other gastronomic joys, but also much less pleasant discoveries.
Answer from ANDREY ANIKIN[guru]
It would be more correct to say not him. His sailors stole potatoes and tobacco from the Indians. Along the way, the potatoes sprouted. They threw it away. It has been growing ever since. (they brought the Colorado potato beetle with the potatoes)
Answer from User deleted[guru]
Peppers, beans, cocoa, tomatoes, potatoes, carrots, peas, pumpkin...
In America, the Indians had an alcoholic drink made from agave, 4-6 degrees, called pulque. Pulque + modern methods of sublimation of alcohol = tequila!
The Mayans also had medicines and plants: nettle, liana, cloves, mint, Chernobyl, peyote (a hallucinated drug that they never thought of abusing, although medicine was developed). Rubber was also used to make galoshes, mackintoshes, etc. The discoveries can be listed endlessly. But not all discoveries were imported and applied. The Indians have the most accurate calendar in the world. The word "Hurricane" comes from "Huracan" - the Mayan god of wind and storm. Huracan translates as "one-legged". Chewing gum from chicle. Domestication of turkey. FICUS paper (used by the Olmecs a thousand years before the invention of paper by the Chinese). Knowledge of mathematics - in particular, the use of the 0 sign before the Arabs. Fine processing of non-metallic materials and production of various objects from them. Road construction among the Mayans with the help of Katok and the use of sascab - compacted limestone. It is still used in the construction of cheap dirt roads in the outback. Architecture, facing materials. Anatomy - trepanation and deformation of skulls, filing and inlaying of teeth and other surgical operations performed with stone and bone instruments. Developed trade throughout the center. America. Medicinal enema - used both as a cleansing agent and as the most effective way of administering drugs and psychedelics. Ball game. In general, they adopted a lot of things from the Indians, especially the Aztecs and Mayans. Highly organized Indian markets
Oh, yo-yoyo! The first part didn't fit.
Comp. E. B. Nikanorova::: How Christopher Columbus discovered America
On September 25, 1493, admiral and viceroy Columbus set off on his second voyage. Now it was not pitiful barges with desperate thugs that were preparing to sail to the New World, but a proud fleet of seventeen large ships. A motley crowd crowded on the decks: here on there were brave nobles (hidalgos) who dreamed of glory and conquest, and merchants who calculated in advance the profit that they would get for low-value trinkets from ignorant Indians, and artisans who were ready to bring the culture of the Old World to the New World, and, finally, brave adventurers who had nothing to lose. Silent and concentrated, several Benedictines stood nearby in the clothes of their order - these were the first European missionaries.
Pious Isabella was especially concerned about saving the souls of her new subjects; Together with the king and Infante Juan, she was the recipient of the baptism of six Indians. In addition, many people who later gained fame took part in this expedition. Among them were Diego Columbus, the younger brother of the admiral, Alonso de Ojeda, the future discoverer of Venezuela, Ponce de Leon, who discovered Florida, and Juan de la Cosa, the famous compiler of geographical maps.
Finally, the fleet entered the ocean, and after a short stay near the Canary Islands, the squadron, with a favorable trade wind, without any incident, completed the entire journey in 20 days, this time adhering to a slightly more southern direction.
On Saturday, November 2, in the evening, Columbus predicted the proximity of land by the color of the air and water, and the next morning the sailors greeted the island with cries of joy and cannon fire, which was named Dominica (Sunday) in honor of Sunday. Peaks covered with dense forest rose from the sea one after another, flocks of parrots flew from one island to another, on one of them a sparkling waterfall seemed from afar to be falling from the clouds. Columbus named this island Guadeloupe.
Heading to the northwest, Columbus discovered the islands of Montserrat, San Martin, and Santa Cruz. The inhabitants of these islands had good houses and dressed in paper fabrics; The Spaniards noticed that they kept parts of human bodies dried, and guessed that these savages had a terrible custom of killing and eating their prisoners. Columbus had heard about this before and knew that these cannibals were called, as it seemed to him, Canibs, which is where the name “cannibals” came from for such tribes.
Soon Columbus himself had to become acquainted with the wild courage of the predatory Caribs. A boat was sent to the shore for water, and an Indian canoe with six Caribs approached it. For some time the Indians looked in surprise at the wonderful foreigners, until their path to the shore was cut off. Noticing this, they grabbed their weapons, despite the fact that there were only six of them, and twenty-four Spaniards, and although they only had bows and arrows with tips made of fish teeth, but these tips were poisoned by the poison of manzanilla fruits, and the arrows flew with such force that they pierced shells and shields. Two Spaniards were wounded, one of them fatally. When the savages' boat capsized, they quickly swam to the shore, continuing to shoot from the water. The Europeans, however, managed to capture a man and a woman; the first died of a wound, and the woman was later taken to Spain, where she attracted everyone's attention with her wild tenacity, black circles around her eyes, and especially the strange custom of all Caribs wearing tight garters on their calves and arms, from which their arms and calves became ugly swollen.
At the end of November, the fleet arrived at Hispaniola (Haiti). The sailors who took part in the first voyage were delighted to recognize the places where they had spent so many wonderful days, and the newcomers listened with curiosity to their stories.
By the evening of November 27, the fleet approached the place where Navidad was built. According to the agreement, two cannon shots were fired, but they were answered only by the echo of the mountains, and dead silence continued to reign all around. Everyone was anxiously awaiting the morning. Suddenly, in the darkness, a cry was heard: “Almirante!” (“Admiral!”) Columbus approached the ship with a torch in his hand, and an Indian boarded the ship with several pieces of gold. From unclear and poorly understood and translated words, the admiral learned sad news: of the Europeans who remained here, some died, others went inside the island with several Indian women.
It's morning. A year ago numerous Indian canoes were scurrying here, but now not a single one appeared. There were no crowds of trusting natives on the shore, and nowhere was smoke visible, reminiscent of a hospitable roof. With fear, Columbus went ashore, where he found only the remains of a fire and the ruins of Fort Navidad. There were rags of European clothes, shards and fragments of European utensils lying around. Soon they found several graves of Europeans overgrown with tall grass, clearly indicating that the latter had died several months ago.
Only gradually did they learn the sad story of the first settlement in the New World. After Columbus sailed, some headstrong colonists rebelled against their superiors, many fell during the struggle, and others left for the newly discovered and gold-rich country of Chibao. Finally a cacique took possession of the fort and burned it. Such was the sad story of the first European settlement in the West Indies. At the same time, the trust of the natives disappeared, and Guacanagari himself behaved with restraint, almost suspiciously, and one fine morning the natives left the shore.
Columbus also did not want to stay in this unhappy place for a long time: he soon found a more convenient point for a new settlement at the mouth of three rivers with an excellent harbor and a wonderful climate, where warm winds blew even in December. Lively activity began: carpenters and craftsmen cheerfully set about building the first Christian city in the New World, with a church, a bazaar and a town hall, named after Queen Isabella. But this settlement was not lucky either: this eternal spring hid a treacherous climate. A few weeks later, a third of the Europeans fell ill with fever, and Columbus himself lay sick for three months.
Meanwhile, Columbus instructed Ojeda to explore the island, and most importantly, to penetrate the gold-bearing mountains of Chibao. Six days later, Ojeda returned with river sand containing this precious metal in abundance. It was good news amid difficult circumstances. Columbus could now prove to the Spanish monarchs that his promises were not entirely unfounded. Needing again food supplies, medicines, wines and horses - these monsters in the eyes of the Indians, who had never seen such large, strong four-legged animals, Columbus reported on the fertility of the country, on the unusually rapid growth of sugar cane and grain grains here, and at the same time sent an ill-fated proposal - catch Caribs and sell them into slavery to cover the costs of the colony.
Meanwhile, soon after the ships sailed to Spain, murmurs and discontent began to appear among the settlers, and soon a dull indifference took possession of many. The gentlemen, not used to working, but who loved to eat well, had to grind bread and eat bad pea soup. But instead of taking up the cultivation of the unusually fertile land as simple colonists and thereby providing for themselves, everyone thought only about gold and openly complained that they had been deceived. The settlers looked with hidden hatred at their master, who was not a Spaniard at that, who, meanwhile, without distinction of rank or position, demanded strict obedience from everyone, and soon a conspiracy arose to take possession of the ships and leave for their homeland. Columbus found out about him in time and chained the main instigator, Bernal de Pisa, in order to send him to Spain at the first opportunity. Calm was restored, but Columbus began to be considered cruel.
Columbus tried to forget all these troubles and strived for new discoveries, for his cherished goal - to find the land of Cathay. The ocean was his native element, and only here did his observant mind, fearlessness and firmness manifest themselves in all their strength; it was not created by the organizer of anything.
First, he decided to explore the interior of the island and in March 1494, with a small detachment, left Isabella. With incredible difficulties they passed through the high coastal mountains and penetrated through a single narrow gorge into the lovely valley of the Royal Estate, through which the detachment passed with unfurled banners and the sound of trumpets. Tall grass almost hid the riders, and majestic palm trees amazed travelers. In the highlands of Chibao, Columbus founded the strong fort of St. Thomas, designating it as a storage place for the gold mined in the country.
Then Columbus left most of his detachment in Isabella, appointing his brother Diego as its commander, and on April 24, 1494, on three shallow ships that allowed him to approach the shores, he set off to explore the unknown surrounding seas.
Having passed the deserted Navidad, the squadron headed west and soon reached the eastern tip of Cuba, Punta de Manci. Having received information about a country rich in gold, Columbus sailed south and stopped at the island of Jamaica on May 5. Here the squadron was surrounded by large, 90 feet long (1 foot T is an English unit of length equal to 0.3048 meters), pirogues with armed, fearless Indians, whose heads were decorated with crowns of feathers, and the dull sounds of fighting Indian trumpets were heard from the shore. But when the dogs were released on the natives, they made peace.
Convinced that there was little gold here, Columbus again headed north with the goal of exploring Cuba. The ships carefully and with difficulty made their way between countless uninhabited islands, constantly disturbed by one or another natural phenomenon. Every evening there was a terrible thunderstorm, but it was always followed by a beautiful morning. The sea took on different colors, and one day the ships found themselves in a sea of milk, a phenomenon originating from infinitesimal particles of earth floating in the sea. Our travelers carefully filled a barrel with water to show this miracle of nature in Spain. Then the color of the water turned green, and then completely black.
This difficult voyage continued for three months. The ships deteriorated and leaks were discovered, and the waterlogged provisions became unusable. Believing that Cuba was not an island, Columbus returned. If he had sailed for another two days, he would have reached the western tip of Cuba, Cape St. Anthony, from where, of course, he would have sailed further to the west and reached the mainland of a new part of the world. But he was not destined to learn the full meaning of his discoveries, and all his life he continued to think that he had sailed to Asia.
On the way back to Haiti, Columbus became very ill. He did not sleep for thirty nights, shared all the hardships with his sailors, endured even more than all of them, and his strong body could not stand it. The frightened crew brought him to Isabella's harbor half-dead and unconscious. When Columbus came to his senses, to his joy, he saw his brother Bartolomé near his bed, who, having learned about his brother’s discoveries, hurried out England via Spain to Haiti. Being himself still too weak, Columbus appointed him as his governor, thereby exceeding his authority. The King of Spain could not forgive him for this for a long time.
Bartolome Columbus had a calm and decisive character, and when one day he was robbed completely by sea robbers, he began to earn his living by drawing maps, which attracted the attention of the English king Henry VII. As a sailor and natural scientist, he was inferior to his ambitious brother, but surpassed him in strength of character and therefore always had influence on him.
Bartolome arrived from Spain in Haiti with three ships four days after Christopher's departure.
The settlers who left for Spain on these ships deliberately spread rumors about the hopeless situation of the colony, blaming the admiral for everything.
Meanwhile, the settlers - officers and soldiers, nobles and workers - mercilessly burdened the unfortunate Indians with hard work, tortured them to get gold from them, abused their wives and children, so that in the end even this patient, hospitable and gentle people lost patience and became indignant against their oppressors. There was even a conspiracy in which four caciques took part, including the warlike Caonabo, who set fire to a hospital with 40 patients and besieged the fort of St. Thomas for a whole month. Guacanagari alone remained loyal to the Spaniards and informed Columbus about the plans of his fellow tribesmen.
First of all, it was necessary to protect ourselves from Kaonabo. Columbus himself was still too weak. Then the brave Ojeda took possession of this cacique by cunning, and soon the whole island was conquered and small forts were built in many places. Each Indian was henceforth obliged to deliver a certain amount of gold dust or a bale of cotton paper. But the mountains of gold promised by Columbus did not turn out to be, and the senseless search for gold often brought the Spaniards to starvation in the most fertile country in the world. The Indian population began to die out; Day after day they dug in the gold-bearing sand or cultivated cassava fields under the scorching rays of the sun, longingly remembering their former carefree life, their songs and dances to the sound of shells. Life became torture for them, and many of them committed suicide. When they finally became convinced that the Spaniards would not voluntarily return to heaven, they decided to starve their oppressors to leave and one fine day abandoned their homes and fled to the mountains, where they hoped to feed themselves by hunting and roots. Even Guacanagari, loyal to the Europeans, retreated into the forests. But there, widespread diseases spread among them, killing several thousand Indians, and those who returned to the coast faced the same slavery.
Meanwhile, Columbus was threatened with new trouble: the royal commissioner Aguado arrived from Spain with an order to collect information about the situation of the colony, and Columbus was forced to return to Spain with him to justify himself to the monarchs. Before sailing, fate once again pampered Columbus: one of the Spaniards married the widow of a cacique, who soon noticed her husband’s longing for his fellow tribesmen, and in order to tie him to her, she showed him rich gold-bearing veins in the south of the island. Thanks to this, Columbus could bring news of the discovery of rich gold mines to Europe.
Before sailing, a terrible storm broke out, sinking four caravels in Isabella's harbor, and only on March 10, 1496, Columbus sailed to Spain on two ships. Traveling with him were 225 former settlers - sick, dissatisfied and disappointed with the promised country. There were also thirty Indian prisoners on the ships, and among them Caonabo. Unfortunately, Columbus veered too far to the south, where he was delayed by contrary winds. Famine began on the ships, and it got to the point that the crew wanted to eat the Indians, but Columbus resolutely opposed this terrible intention and calculated with remarkable accuracy that the land should be not far away. The next day, Cape St. Vincent actually appeared, and on May 11, 1496, the ships dropped anchor in the harbor of Cadiz.
This time, Columbus did not immediately obtain an audience. Spain was at war with France over Naples, and the royal couple were busy concluding the significant marriage of their daughter Joanna with Philip of Burgundy (thanks to this marriage, Charles V, the son of Joanna and Philip of Burgundy, became sovereign of the Netherlands, Austria, Germany and Spain).
Under these circumstances, Ferdinand and Isabella had no time for the savages of the New World. Columbus and the Indians no longer had the charm of novelty, and therefore the people were also less interested in them.
Finally, the monarchs favorably received Columbus, approved his rights and privileges, and even approved the appointment of Bartolome Columbus as viceroy, but the admiral was unable to achieve the abolition of the decree, which allowed everyone to equip ships at their own expense and make discoveries in new lands.
The Benedictines are members of a Catholic monastic order founded around 530 by Benedict of Murcia in Italy.
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