Russian polar explorer. Member of A. A. Bunge's expedition to the New Siberian Islands in 1885-1886. The leader of the expedition to the northern regions of Yakutia, explored the area between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers (1893), led the expedition on the schooner "Zarya" (1900-1902). He went missing in 1902 in the area of Bennett Island.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the Russian industrialist and traveler Yakov Sannikov saw a large land to the southwest of Kotelny Island, one of the New Siberian Islands. However, he himself did not reach it - Sannikov’s path was blocked by huge ice holes that remained open for almost the entire year. A native of Tallinn, geologist Eduard Vasilyevich Toll set himself the goal of finding this land...
Toll graduated from one of the oldest Russian universities - Yuryevsky (Tartu). He made his first trip to the Mediterranean Sea: he accompanied his former zoology teacher, Professor M. Brown, on a scientific expedition. During this trip, Toll studied the fauna of the Mediterranean Sea and became acquainted with the geological structure of some islands.
In 1885-1886, Toll was an assistant to Alexander Alexandrovich Bunge in an academic expedition organized by the Russian Academy of Sciences to “explore the coast of the Arctic Sea in Eastern Siberia, mainly from the Lena along the Yana, Indigirka, Alazeya and Kolyma, etc., especially the large islands lying not too far from this coast and called New Siberia." Eduard Vasilyevich conducted a wide variety of research - geological, meteorological, botanical, geographical.
In the spring of 1886, Toll, at the head of a separate detachment, explored the islands of Bolshoi Lyakhovsky, Bunge Land, Faddeevsky (the spit in the north-west of Faddeevsky Island Toll called the Anzhu Arrow) and the western coast of New Siberia. In the summer, Toll traveled on sledges along the coast of the entire Kotelny Island for a month and a half and, in completely clear weather, on August 13, together with his companion in the north, he saw “the contours of four mountains that connected with the low-lying land in the east.” He decided that this was Sannikov Land.
Toll suggested that this land was composed of basalts, just like some other islands of the New Siberian archipelago, for example Bennett Island. It was, in his opinion, 150-200 kilometers to the north from the already explored islands.
Seven years later, Toll's second expedition took place. This time he was its leader. The main goal was to excavate a mammoth discovered on the coast of the East Siberian Sea. Eduard Vasilyevich himself believed that the expedition could bring more diverse and important results than just mammoth excavations, and he turned out to be right in achieving broader powers. Excavations of the remains of a mammoth turned out to be not so interesting: only small fragments of the skin of the fossil animal, covered with hair, parts of the legs and the lower jaw were discovered. Other results of the expedition, which lasted a year and two days, were much more important.
In the spring of 1893, Toll, continuing Chersky’s geological research in Northern Siberia, visited the Kotelny Islands and again saw Sannikov Land. Returning to the mainland, Toll, together with the military sailor-hydrographer Evgeniy Nikolaevich Shileiko, rode reindeer through the Kharaulakh ridge to the Lena in June and explored its delta. Having crossed the Chekanovsky Ridge, they walked west along the coast from Olenyok to Anabar, and traced and mapped the low (up to 315 meters) Pronchishchev Ridge (180 kilometers long), rising above the North Siberian Lowland. They also completed the first survey of the lower Anabar (more than 400 kilometers) and clarified the position of the Anabar Bay - on previous maps it was shown 100 kilometers east of its true position. Then the travelers split up - Shileiko headed west to Khatanga Bay, and Toll - to Lena to send collections. Returning to Anabar again, he walked to the village of Khatanga and, between the Anabar and Khatanga rivers, for the first time explored the northern ledge of the Central Siberian Plateau (Khara-Tas ridge), and in the area between the Anabar and Popigaya rivers - the short Syuryakh-Dzhangy ridge. The expedition collected extensive botanical, zoological, and ethnographic collections.
The Russian Geographical Society highly appreciated the results of Toll's journey, awarding him a large silver medal named after N. M. Przhevalsky. The Academy of Sciences awarded Eduard Vasilyevich a cash prize. The name of the researcher became known; he participates in the work of the International Geological Congress in Zurich, the Russian Geographical Society sends him to Norway to greet the famous traveler and navigator Fridtjof Nansen on behalf of the Society at the celebrations organized in his honor.
In Norway, Toll studied ice sheet glaciers characteristic of Scandinavia. Returning to Russia, the scientist left his service at the Academy of Sciences and moved to Yuryev, where he began to write a large scientific essay on the geology of the New Siberian Islands and a work on the most important tasks in the study of the polar countries.
During these same years, the scientist conducted various studies in the Baltic states. Later he sailed on the first Russian icebreaker "Ermak". And all this time Toll dreamed of an expedition to Sannikov Land.
In 1900, Toll was appointed head of an academic expedition organized on his initiative to discover Sannikov Land on the whaling yacht Zarya. Enthusiastic researchers set off on their journey. On June 21, the small ship departed from Vasilyevsky Island.
Toll was sure that Sannikov Land really existed. This was indirectly confirmed by the research of the American captain De Long and the Norwegian Nansen.
In the summer, Zarya sailed to the Taimyr Peninsula. During wintering, the expedition members explored a very large area of the adjacent coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and the Nordenskiöld archipelago; at the same time, Fyodor Andreevich Matisen walked north through the Matisen Strait and discovered several Pakhtusop islands in the Nordenskiöld archipelago.
The captain of the Zarya, Nikolai Nikolaevich Kolomeytsev, left the ship due to disagreements with Toll and in April 1901, together with Stepan Rastorguev, walked about 800 kilometers to Golchikha (Yenisei Bay) in 40 days. On the way, he discovered the Kolomeitsev River flowing into the Taimyr Gulf, and his satellite in the Pyasinsky Gulf - Rastorgueva Island. F. Mathisen became the new captain of Zarya.
In the fall of 1901, Toll sailed on the Zarya, rounding Cape Chelyuskin, from Taimyr to Bennett Island almost in clear water, and in vain he searched for Sannikov Land north of the Novosibirsk archipelago. For the second wintering, he remained off the western coast of Kotelny Island, in the Zarya Strait. It was impossible to approach Sannikov Land because of the ice.
On the evening of June 5, 1902, Toll, astronomer Friedrich Georgievich Seeberg and two Yakut industrialists Nikolai Dyakonov and Vasily Gorokhov went out on sleds with dog sleds dragging two canoes to Cape Vysokoy in New Siberia. From there, first on an ice floe drifting northward, and then on kayaks, they moved to Bennett Island to explore it. In the fall, Zarya was supposed to remove the detachment from there. Toll gave the captain the following instructions: “...If in the summer of this year the ice near the New Siberian Islands and between them and Bennett Island does not disappear at all and thus prevents the Zarya from sailing, then I suggest you leave the ship in this harbor and return with the entire crew ship on the winter route to the mainland, following the well-known route from Kotelny Island to the Lyakhovsky Islands. In this case, you will take with you only all the documents of the expedition and the most important instruments, leaving the rest of the ship's inventory and all collections here. In this case, I will try to return before frost sets in to the New Siberian Islands, and then by winter route to the mainland. In any case, I firmly believe in a happy and prosperous end to the expedition..."
Zarya was unable to approach Bennett Island at the scheduled time due to ice conditions. The captain did everything possible, but was forced to abandon further attempts. In addition, the deadline set by Toll himself had expired - the ship was supposed to approach the island before September 3.
In the fall, after unsuccessful attempts to get to Bennett Island, "Zarya" came to the then completely deserted Tiksi Bay, southeast of the Lena Delta. A few days later, the steamship Lena approached the island, onto which the extensive scientific material collected by Toll’s expedition over two years was loaded.
On the Zarya, the boatswain was naval sailor Nikifor Alekseevich Begichev, who had served in the navy since 1895. On August 15, 1903, he and several rescuers on a whaleboat from the yacht "Zarya" went out into the open sea and headed for Cape Emma on Bennett Island. As it was believed at that time, Toll and his companions were forced to spend the winter on Bennett Island, and saving them was not so difficult...
The transition turned out to be relatively easy and quick. The sea was open. There was no ice. A day later, on August 17, the whaleboat approached the southern coast of Bennett Island. Traces of Toll's expedition were found almost immediately: one of the expedition members used a hook to lift the lid of an aluminum pot lying on the coastal shallows. According to the agreement, Toll was to leave information about the expedition at Cape Emma. And the next day, after the first night on the island, several people went to this appointed place...
Before reaching the cape, members of the rescue expedition found two Toll sites. Traces of fires and chopped branches of driftwood that served as fuel were found on them. And on Cape Emma, documents were immediately found: in a pile of stones folded by a man’s hand, there was a bottle with three notes.
“On July 21, we sailed safely in kayaks. We will set off today along the eastern coast to the north. One party of us will try to be in this place by August 7. July 25, 1902, Bennett Island, Cape Emma. Toll.”
The second note was entitled "For those who seek us" and contained a detailed plan of Bennett Island. Finally, the third note, signed by Seeberg, contained the following text: “It turned out to be more convenient for us to build a house on the site indicated on this piece of paper. The documents are located there. October 23, 1902.”
In the spring, on dogs pulling a whaleboat on a sled, Begichev crossed from the mouth of the Yana to Kotelny Island; in the summer, on a whaleboat he went to Bennett Island, where the search expedition found Toll’s abandoned winter quarters. Rescuers found on the shore two arctic fox traps and four boxes containing geological collections collected by Toll. There was a small house nearby; it was half filled with snow, which froze, turning into an ice block. On the rough plank floors were found an anemometer, a box with small geological samples, a tin of cartridges, a nautical almanac, blank notebooks, cans of gunpowder and canned food, a screwdriver, and several empty bottles. Finally, from under a pile of stones, a canvas-lined box was pulled out, containing Toll’s brief report addressed to the President of the Russian Academy of Sciences. From this document it was clear: Toll did not lose faith in the existence of Sannikov Land, but due to the fog he was unable to see it from Bennett Island.
When food supplies were already running out, Toll and his three companions decided to make their way to the south... In November 1902, they began their return journey across the young ice to New Siberia and went missing. What made travelers take such a risky step as crossing sea ice into the polar night with only 14-20 days of food? Obviously, Toll was confident that the yacht "Zarya" would definitely come to the island, and then, when it became clear that there was no more hope for this, it was too late to engage in fishing: the birds flew away, the deer escaped pursuit onto the ice...
On November 22, 1904, at a meeting of the Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it was determined, in particular, “that in 1902 the temperature dropped to -21° by September 9 and until the time E.V. Toll left Bennett Island (November 8) it invariably fluctuated between -18° and -25°. At such low temperatures, high, insurmountable hummocks are piled up in the space between Bennett Island and the Novosibirsk archipelago. The ice-covered and treacherously snow-covered gaps between the hummocks in the darkness of the polar night become even more dangerous than when traveling in the daytime . Extensive ice holes, covered with a thin layer of ice crystals, are completely invisible in the thick fog. When moving through the ice hole, the kayak is covered with a thick layer of ice, and the two-bladed oars, freezing, turn into heavy ice blocks. In addition, the ice “fat” is compressed in front of the bow kayaks and makes movement even more difficult, and a frozen kayak easily overturns. Under such circumstances, a crack in the ice only 40 m wide presented an insurmountable obstacle to the passage of the party."
The commission came to the conclusion that “all party members should be considered dead.” And yet, despite this verdict, the commission appointed a prize “for finding the entire party or part of it” and another prize, of a smaller size, “for the first indication of undoubted traces of it.” Alas, these prizes were never awarded to anyone...
According to a number of researchers, Sannikov Land still existed, but at the end of the 19th or beginning of the 20th century it was destroyed by the sea and disappeared like the Pasilievsky and Semgiovsky islands, composed of fossil ice.
Toll Eduard Vasilievich
(02(14).03.
1858–1902)
Russian geologist, outstanding Arctic explorer.
Born in Reval. In 1882 he graduated from Dorpat (now Tartu) University, traveled as a naturalist around the Mediterranean, visited Algeria and the Balearic Islands.
In 1885–1886 Toll participated in the expedition led by the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences to the New Siberian Islands. He explored the islands of Bolshoi Lyakhovsky, Bunge Land, Faddeevsky, Kotelny, and the western coast of the island of New Siberia. From the northern coast of Kotelny Island, in clear weather, he saw, as he believed, “the outlines of four mountains that connected to the low-lying land in the east.” Toll decided that this was Sannikov Land and since then unconditionally believed in its existence. The dream of entering it determined his entire further tragic fate.
In 1890, at the International Geographical Congress, Toll met with, who initiated him into the plans of his expedition on the Fram. From then on their friendship began. At Nansen’s request, Toll organized the purchase and delivery of good sled dogs to Khabarovo and Olenek for his expedition, and also during his 1893 expedition established several food depots on the New Siberian Islands in case of the death of the Fram. For this help, the Norwegian government awarded Toll an order.
In 1893, he headed a geological expedition of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences to the northern regions of Yakutia, which explored the space between the lower reaches of the Lena and Khatanga rivers and gave the first description of the plateau between the Anabar and Popigai rivers and the mountain range between the Olenek and Anabar rivers. Visited Fr. The boiler room again “saw” Sannikov Land. In 1894, the Imperial Russian Geographical Society awarded Toll the Przhevalsky Medal.
In 1899, under Toll’s command, he took part in the voyage of the icebreaker Ermak to the shores of Spitsbergen.
The thought of reaching Sannikov's Land did not leave him. On April 17, 1898, he spoke at the IRGO outlining the plan for the expedition. At this meeting, in addition to Russian scientists, Nansen was also present. In the project that was published, Toll proposed equipping an expedition already in 1898–1899, for which he considered it necessary to send a ship to the mouth of the Lena and from there head to Sannikov Land, leave people there for the winter and remove them the next year. The attractiveness of the project was that Toll envisaged a comprehensive scientific study of the Arctic. In general terms, the project was supported by the IRGO; its leader sent a letter to the Academy of Sciences with a proposal to equip the expedition. Things were going slowly. Some time later, in the same 1898, Toll made a report at the general meeting of the Academy of Sciences, where he proposed an expanded plan, providing for two wintering grounds and a larger-scale study of the New Siberian Islands. The Academy of Sciences supported Toll and appealed to the Ministry of Finance with a request for allocations. The letter indicated that “...the projected expedition of Baron Toll to the New Siberian Islands and to Sannikov Land, in addition to scientific interest, is of great national importance, for the sake of which it is especially desirable to implement it as soon as possible.” Allocations in a very significant amount of 150 thousand rubles in gold were provided to Toll within a few weeks. This was evidence of Russia's serious attitude towards its northeastern possessions, which were increasingly being encroached upon by foreigners. Toll's expedition began a series of events to protect Russia's national interests in Chukotka, Kolyma, and Kamchatka.
In the final version of the expedition plan, it was planned to reach Cape Chelyuskin in the first year and winter in this area. It was planned to organize systematic magnetic and meteorological observations at the wintering site, as well as a detailed survey of the adjacent coast. The next year was planned to be devoted to searching for Sannikov Land and exploring the New Siberian Islands, after which the expedition was to head through the Bering Strait to Vladivostok. Toll emphasized that “the expedition under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences is not limited only to the desire to discover perhaps the small Sannikov Land. It sets itself serious scientific tasks, namely, carrying out hydrographic, meteorological, geophysical, geological and other types of observations.”
For the expedition, which together with its crew consisted of 20 people, on Nansen’s recommendation, the sailing-steam barque “Harald Harfager” was purchased in Norway, which was renamed the yacht “Zarya”. It was a whaling ship, adapted for sailing in the northern seas. After the purchase, Zarya was rebuilt at the shipyard and equipped for expedition purposes.
In October 1899, the Zarya was inspected by the Norwegian bureau Veritas, which issued a long-distance voyage certificate for three years. Toll was infinitely happy. The dream of his life was coming true: he could launch to Sannikov Land.
"Zarya" left St. Petersburg on June 21, 1900, circled Scandinavia and reached . After a short repair, the vehicles on Dikson went to Cape Chelyuskin, making scientific observations along the way. The ice situation gradually worsened, and eventually the ship was stopped by ice, and the expedition spent the winter off the coast of Taimyr in Colin-Archer Bay, before reaching Cape Chelyuskin. Sailing in the ice led to excessive consumption of coal, as a result of which there was only enough for 20 days of navigation.
The winter was successful, without serious illnesses. Constant magnetic and meteorological observations were carried out, sleigh rides were made to inventory the coast and nearby islands with the collection of scientific collections. Toll's expedition gave over 200 geographical names.
Only at the end of August “Zarya” was freed from ice captivity, and on September 1 they passed the beam of Cape Chelyuskin. The crossing of the Laptev Sea was accompanied by numerous oceanographic stations, which brought researchers a large amount of unique scientific material. Having encountered the edge of multi-year ice directly north of the New Siberian Islands, the ship began to move north along it. In the area of the expected location of Sannikov Land at 77 °
09"
N and 140 °
23"
E turned out to be a huge field of pack ice hidden in thick fog. We moved to the north of the De Long Islands, expecting to find a convenient harbor there for wintering, from where we could make sleigh rides across the ice in search of Sannikov Land. We walked in thick fog, gradually losing hope of seeing the islands, when suddenly, in a break in the fog, it opened up in plain sight, no more than 20 kilometers away. This event lifted the spirits of Toll, who had already begun to somewhat doubt the existence of Sannikov Land: you can be close to the earth and not notice it. The approach to the island was blocked by ice, the fog did not go away, cold weather was approaching, the car needed repairs, and Toll decided to go to the island. Boiler room for the winter. It was organized off the west coast of the island in.
In winter, Toll went to the mainland to get mail, and upon his return began to prepare for a sleigh trip to Bennett Island, from where he planned to continue the search for Sannikov Land. He perfectly understood the danger of the journey ahead of him, but he could not refuse it. The desire to reach this cherished land completely took possession of him. Ten years from now, another Russian polar explorer will be obsessed with the same intense desire to reach the North Pole.
On June 5, 1902, Toll, accompanied by the astronomer and industrialists V. Gorokhov and N. Dyakonov (Protodyakonov), left his wintering place. It was assumed that Zarya would take them off Bennett Island in the fall. Since then no one has seen them again. Due to heavy ice, it was not possible not only to get to Bennett Island, but also to see it. The expedition without a leader arrived in Tiksi, where the ship, abandoned by people, was left for the winter.
Admiral S.O. Makarov proposed to immediately move to save Toll’s group on the Ermak, but was not supported. Most likely, this was the right decision, since it is unlikely that the Ermak could do what only nuclear icebreakers can now do. In 1903, a rescue and search expedition was organized on the whaleboat “Zarya” under the leadership of A.V. Kolchak. After a difficult and dangerous voyage, the sailors reached the island in August. Bennett, where they found a houri and a bottle in it with notes from Toll and Zeberg. Toll's note began with the words " For those who seek us" And “Congratulations on your arrival”. From the notes it became known that the travelers built a house in the southeast of the island, where there was a lot of driftwood. Moving along the coast, the sailors found four boxes with geological collections, then crossed the river named after Academician Chernyshev, and on the same day, on the southern shore, they came across a small cookhouse clogged with frozen snow. In it, under a layer of snow and ice, Toll's note and various tools were found. The note turned out to be Toll's report addressed to the President of the Academy of Sciences. In it, Toll described his last expedition, and also presented the results of a geological and zoological survey of the island - an amazing example of scientific dedication. There were no reports of trips towards Sannikov Land in the report. The note ended with the words “Let's go south today. We have provisions for 14-20 days. Everyone is healthy" indicating coordinates - 76
° 38
φ
149° 42
l
and signature: “Paul Köppen Bay of Bennett Island 26X/8.XI 1902 E. Toll”. For rescuers, the last lines of the report were the most important. There is no doubt left: Toll’s group died, most likely while sailing through the Great Siberian Polynya on fragile kayaks in polar night conditions.
Everyone who knew Toll had a natural question: “How could such an experienced polar explorer decide to cross the Siberian polynya in November?” Moreover, before the start of the campaign, Toll, as one of the possible options, considered the option of wintering on Bennett Island. The party was provided with housing and fuel, and on bright days there was every opportunity to stockpile food. Now we can only guess about what happened. Most likely, Toll hoped for the arrival of “Zarya”, and when he realized that she could not get through to the island, it was already too late to hunt: all the living creatures migrated to the south. In 40-degree frost, the polynya is an insurmountable obstacle: it is impossible to move through the water-ice mass either on foot or in a kayak. It is impossible to even approach the water, since the coastal ice that forms does not support a person, but at the same time it is hard enough to break through a kayak.
Russia lost one of its best sons prematurely. He made an outstanding contribution to the study and development of the Arctic, but did not realize his personal cherished dream. It didn’t come true, because Sannikov Land turned out to be a wonderful myth. The possibility of the existence of this land was not excluded until the second half of the 1930s. It is interesting to note that as part of the 1937 expedition, L.F.’s group was on the icebreaking steamship Sadko. Mukhanov, who was supposed to establish a weather station on Sannikov Land. The final point in this matter was reached only after this Sadko campaign and the flights of Soviet polar pilots.
In the summer of 1973, one of the detachments of the Komsomolskaya Pravda expedition on the western coast of Taimyr found a food warehouse of the Russian Polar Expedition. Samples of seized products (black crackers, oatmeal, canned meat, chocolate, tea, sugar, etc.) were transferred to the All-Union Research Institute of Canning and Vegetable Drying Industry, where they were subjected to physical and chemical analysis and tasting. Analyzes showed that products that had lain in permafrost for 73 years largely retained their taste and nutritional value.
At the site of Toll's last stop on Bennett Island, a hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1913 installed a wooden cross reinforced with stones. On the cross there is a copper plaque with the inscription: “In memory of the head of the expedition, Baron Eduard Toll, astronomer Friedrich Zeberg, and guides Vasily Gorokhov and Nikolai Protodyakonov, who died in 1902. Hydrogr. exp. North Ice. ocean. 1913". In 1956, the AARI expedition strengthened the rickety cross with basalt blocks.
In August 2003, the polar historical and memorial expedition “Bennett-2003” installed a 5-meter Orthodox cross and a memorial plaque on Bennett Island in honor of the centenary of the rescue expedition of A.V. Kolchak and his six companions. The scientific leader of this expedition was a researcher at the Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. P.P. Shirshova
Education and early career
Eduard Toll was born on March 2, 1858 in the city of Revel, Estland province. A nobleman by birth.
He studied at school in Revel. After the death of his father in 1872, the family left for Dorpat. Here T. studied at the Faculty of Natural History of the University of Dorpat, which he graduated in 1882. All the attention of the future researcher was focused on mineralogy, geology, botany, and zoology.
First scientific expedition
The first expedition was to North Africa. He was on an expedition to the Mediterranean Sea, led by M. Brown. While in Algeria and the Balearic Islands, he studied geology, flora and fauna. At the end of the trip, T. returned to Dorpat, where he defended his PhD thesis in zoology and remained to teach at the university.
New campaign
T.'s scientific work did not go unnoticed. A.A. Bunge invited him to join his expedition to the New Siberian Islands. In March - April 1885, T., having made a trip along the river. Yana, ended up in Verkhoyansk. Here he collected collections of animals and plants, after which he headed to the village. Cossack Ust-Yansky ulus, and then through the Laptev Strait - to the New Siberian Islands. On Kotelny Island, T. saw an unknown land, mistaking it for the legendary land of Sannikov. As a result, for 1885 - 1886. The detachment studied the river basins. Yany, Indigirki and Kolyma, New Siberian Islands and in December 1886 headed home. On January 28, 1887, the expedition returned to St. Petersburg.
T.'s activities did not go unnoticed by the scientific community. He was invited to the post of curator of the mineralogical museum of the St. Petersburg Imperial Academy of Sciences. The researcher focused on processing the geological materials he collected during the trip. In 1889, having arrived at the IX International Geographical Conference in Vienna, T. met F. Nansen.
Mammoth excavation
In 1893, T. became the head of an expedition of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, which was heading to the north of Yakutia to study the lands between the lower reaches of the river. Lena and Khatanga. During the expedition, he for the first time gave a description of the plateau between the river. Anabar and Popigai, mountain range between the river. Olenek and Anabar, who named after V.V. Pronchishcheva. At Cape Svyatoy Nos he excavated a mammoth, which was the main goal of the expedition. At the request of F. Nansen, T. stockpiled food on the East Siberian Islands in case F. Nansen's expedition was forced to winter here.
The last expedition of E.V. Tolya
In 1899, T. set off on the road again, this time as part of the group of S.O. Makarov on "Ermak". The detachment was supposed to reach Spitsbergen and study sea currents in the Kara and East Siberian seas.
On June 21, 1900, T. departed from St. Petersburg on the Zarya. In the summer of 1901, the detachment was studying Taimyr. On July 5, 1902, a small detachment led by T. headed towards Bennett Island, reaching it by kayaks on August 3. Due to difficult ice conditions, Zarya was never able to reach the detachment, and in September 1902 it was decided to take the ship to Tiksi Bay. T.'s detachment was supposed to spend the winter on the island.
Searches of the detachment of E.V. Tolya
In 1903, it was decided to organize a search expedition. The detachment was headed by the future admiral A.V. Kolchak. The expedition reached Bennett Island, found T.'s site, his diary and other notes. It followed from them that a detachment of four people, without waiting for the Dawn, decided to independently go south towards the continent, but further traces of the detachment were never discovered.
According to the will, T.'s diary entries ended up with his widow, who published them in 1909 in Berlin.
Family
Wife - Emmeline Wilcon.
The ice-class gas tanker Eduard Toll is the second tanker of the type, a series of 15 of which is being built as part of the large-scale Russian project for the production of liquefied natural gas Yamal LNG. Construction is underway in the Republic of Korea at the Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering shipyard.
Gas carriers of this series are capable of year-round operation at temperatures down to -50 degrees Celsius. Ice reinforcements of the high Arctic category (Arc7) will allow them to independently overcome ice up to 2.1 meters thick when moving stern first. The vessels are equipped with three Azipod-type propulsion complexes with a total power of 45 MW, which is comparable to the power of a nuclear icebreaker. New membrane gas storage system GT NO 96 GW, used in cargo tanks with a total volume of 172,600 cubic meters. m, ensures safe transportation of LNG along the Northern Sea Route.
According to DSME, shipping companies Mitsui OSK Lines and Teekay will receive a total of nine tankers of this series, and shipping company Dynagas will have five.
The lead vessel of this series is the gas carrier (“Christophe de Margerie”), which was built in November 2016.
The gas tanker Eduard Toll was built for the shipping company Teekay. Named in honor of the famous Russian explorer Baron Eduard Toll, who died during a polar expedition. In 1900-1902, polar explorers studied the sea currents of the Kara and East Siberian seas and searched for the legendary Sannikov Land. The schooner "Zarya" was damaged, and Toll and several other polar explorers who landed on Bennett Island disappeared without a trace in the ice on the way to the mainland.
Gas tanker "Eduard Toll" IMO: 9750696, flag Bahamas, home port of Nassau, first steel cutting ceremony for the vessel took place in April 2016, launched in January 2017, handed over in December 2017 to the customer. Shipbuilder: Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering, South Korea. Owner and operator: Teekay LNG Partners.
Main characteristics: Gross tonnage 127,000 tons, deadweight 97,000 tons. Length 299.0 meters, beam 50 meters, draft 12 meters. Speed in open water - 19.5 knots; speed when traveling in ice up to one and a half meters thick is 5.5 knots.
RS class symbol: KM(*) Arc7 AUT1-ICS OMBO EPP ANTI-ICE LI CCO ECO-S BWM(S) BWM(T) WINTERIZATION(-50) gas carrier type 2G (methane) (Arc7 at d<=12.0 m).
The new tanker is designed to transport liquefied natural gas from the Yamal LNG plant under construction; it will sail from the Arctic port of Sabetta on the shore of the Gulf of Ob in the Kara Sea to the terminal in Zeebrugge (Belgium, North Sea), where the largest LNG storage and transshipment hub is located.
January 10, 2018, an independent 16-day passage in the waters of the Northern Sea Route from Cape Dezhnev to the entrance to the Gulf of Ob. According to the message dated July 06, it is in the Chukchi Sea and is following open water. The tanker left the port of Sabetta with a shipment of LNG and is heading to the Chinese port of Jiangsu Rudong. The ice part of the Northern Sea Route was crossed by the ship independently without icebreaker assistance in just 9 days. On July 19, the LNG unloading ceremony took place at the port of Jiangsu Rudong, China. The net travel time of the LNG tanker from the port of Sabetta to its destination was 19 days,
Missing in action) - Russian geologist, Arctic explorer.
Biography
Born in the city of Reval (now Tallinn in Estonia). He graduated from school there. After the death of his father in 1872, the family moved to the city of Dorpat (now Tartu), where Eduard entered the University of Dorpat (now the University of Tartu) at the Faculty of Natural History. He studied mineralogy, geology, botany, zoology, and medicine.
The first expedition took place off the coast of North Africa. In Algeria and the Balearic Islands he studied fauna, flora, and geology. Returning to Dorpat, he defended his PhD thesis in zoology and was left at the university.
Toll's works attracted the attention of the famous polar scientist A. A. Bunge. He invited Toll on an expedition to the New Siberian Islands. In March - April 1885, having traveled about 400 kilometers along the Yana River, Toll arrived in Verkhoyansk. Having collected a lot of valuable materials, he returned to the village. Cossack in the Ust-Yansky ulus and through the Laptev Strait moved to the New Siberian Islands.
Finding himself in the north of Kotelny Island, 150-200 kilometers away, he saw (or thought he saw) an unknown land. Toll was sure that this was the legendary land of Sannikov. The expedition ended in December 1886.
Search for Toll
Memory
A bay in the Kara Sea was named in honor of E.V. Toll in 1893.
At the polar station of Kotelny Island there is a memorial plaque:
Eduard Vasilyevich Toll first entered the New Siberian Islands on May 2, 1886, and died during the work of the Russian polar expedition in 1902, along with his valiant companions F. G. Zeeberg, N. Dyakonov and V. Gorokhov.
Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
Summer 1928
Essays
- Toll, Edward V. Die russische Polarfahrt der Sarja 1900/02. Aus den hinterlassenen Tagebuchern / Hrsg. v. Emmy von Toll. Berlin, 1909. 635 pp. 1 portr., 4 plts & 47 text-ills.
- Toll E.V. Sailing on the yacht “Zarya” / Per. with him. M.: Geographgiz, 1959. 340 p.
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Literature
- Wrangel F. F. Russian polar expedition // Notes on hydrography. - 1900. - Issue. XXII. - P. 111.
- Katin-Yartsev V. N. To the Far North. In the Russian polar expedition of Baron E.V. Toll // World of God. - 1904. - No. 2 Part 2. - P. 93.
- Kolomeytsev N. N. Russian polar expedition under the command of Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - T. XXXVIII, issue. 3.
- Mathisen F. A. A brief overview of the voyage of the yacht of the Russian polar expedition “Zarya” during the navigation of 1901 // News of the Imperial Academy of Sciences. - 1902. - T. 16, No. 5.
- Kolchak A.V. The last expedition to Bennett Island, equipped by the Imperial Academy of Sciences to search for Baron Toll // News of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. - St. Petersburg. : Type. M. Stasyulevich, 1906. - T. 42, issue. 2.
- Wittenburg P.V. Life and scientific activity of E. V. Toll. - M.-L.: Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1960.
- Burlak V.N. Through the “smoke of the Milky Way” // Burlak V.N. Walking to the cold seas. - M.: AiF Print, 2004. - ISBN 5-94736-053-5.
- Nepomnyashchy N. N., Nizovsky A. Yu. Mysteries of missing expeditions. - M.: Veche, 2003. - 384 p.: ill. - Series “Great Mysteries”. - ISBN 5-7838-1308-7
- Russian sailors/ Ed. V. S. Lupach. - M.: Voenizdat, 1953. - 672 p.
- Tsiporukha M. I. Pioneers. Russian names on the map of Eurasia. - M.: Enas-Kniga, 2012. - 352 p. - Series “What the textbooks are silent about.” - ISBN 978-5-91921-130-3
Notes
Links
- Toll Eduard Vasilievich- article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.
- in the Baltisches Biographisches Lexikon digital dictionary (German)
An excerpt characterizing Toll, Eduard Vasilievich
– Andre, don’t! - said Princess Marya.But he frowned angrily and at the same time painfully at her and leaned over the child with a glass. “Well, I want it,” he said. - Well, I beg you, give it to him.
Princess Marya shrugged her shoulders, but obediently took the glass and, calling the nanny, began to give the medicine. The child screamed and wheezed. Prince Andrei, wincing, holding his head, left the room and sat down on the sofa next door.
The letters were all in his hand. He mechanically opened them and began to read. The old prince, on blue paper, in his large, oblong handwriting, using titles here and there, wrote the following:
“I received very happy news at this moment through a courier, if not a lie. Bennigsen allegedly won complete victory near Eylau over Buonaparte. In St. Petersburg everyone is rejoicing; there is no end to the number of awards sent to the army. Although he is German, congratulations. The Korchevsky commander, a certain Khandrikov, I don’t understand what he’s doing: additional people and provisions have not yet been delivered. Now jump there and tell him that I will take his head off so that everything will be done in a week. I also received a letter from Petinka about the Battle of Preussisch Eylau, he took part - it’s all true. When people do not interfere with someone who should not be interfered with, then the German beat Buonaparti. They say he is running very upset. Look, jump to Korcheva immediately and do it!”
Prince Andrei sighed and opened another envelope. It was a finely written letter from Bilibin on two pieces of paper. He folded it without reading and again read his father’s letter, which ended with the words: “Ride to Korcheva and carry it out!” “No, excuse me, now I won’t go until the child recovers,” he thought and, going up to the door, looked into the nursery. Princess Marya still stood by the crib and quietly rocked the child.
“Yes, what else does he write that is unpleasant? Prince Andrei recalled the contents of his father’s letter. Yes. Ours won a victory over Bonaparte precisely when I was not serving... Yes, yes, everyone is making fun of me... well, that’s good for you...” and he began to read Bilibin’s French letter. He read without understanding half of it, he read only in order to at least for a minute stop thinking about what he had been thinking about exclusively and painfully for too long.
Bilibin was now in the capacity of a diplomatic official at the main headquarters of the army and, although in French, with French jokes and figures of speech, he described the entire campaign with exclusively Russian fearlessness in the face of self-condemnation and self-mockery. Bilibin wrote that his diplomatic discretion [modesty] tormented him, and that he was happy to have a faithful correspondent in Prince Andrei, to whom he could pour out all the bile that had accumulated in him at the sight of what was happening in the army. This letter was old, even before the Battle of Eylau.
"Depuis nos grands succes d"Austerlitz vous savez, mon cher Prince, wrote Bilibin, que je ne quitte plus les quartiers generaux. Decidement j"ai pris le gout de la guerre, et bien m"en a pris. Ce que j" ai vu ces trois mois, est incroyable.
“Je commence ab ovo. L'ennemi du genre humain, comme vous savez, s'attaque aux Prussiens. Les Prussiens sont nos fideles allies, qui ne nous ont trompes que trois fois depuis trois ans. Nous prenons fait et cause pour eux. Mais il se trouve que l "ennemi du genre humain ne fait nulle attention a nos beaux discours, et avec sa maniere impolie et sauvage se jette sur les Prussiens sans leur donner le temps de finir la parade commencee, en deux tours de main les rosse a plate couture et va s"installer au palais de Potsdam.
“J"ai le plus vif desir, ecrit le Roi de Prusse a Bonaparte, que V. M. soit accueillie et traitee dans mon palais d"une maniere, qui lui soit agreable et c"est avec empres sement, que j"ai pris a cet effet toutes les mesures que les circonstances me permettaient. Puisse je avoir reussi! Les generaux Prussiens se piquent de politesse envers les Francais et mettent bas les armes aux premieres sommations.
“Le chef de la garienison de Glogau avec dix mille hommes, demande au Roi de Prusse, ce qu"il doit faire s"il est somme de se rendre?... Tout cela est positif.
“Bref, esperant en imposer seulement par notre attitude militaire, il se trouve que nous voila en guerre pour tout de bon, et ce qui plus est, en guerre sur nos frontieres avec et pour le Roi de Prusse. Tout est au grand complet, il ne nous manque qu"une petite chose, c"est le general en chef. Comme il s"est trouve que les succes d"Austerlitz aurant pu etre plus decisifs si le general en chef eut ete moins jeune, on fait la revue des octogenaires et entre Prosorofsky et Kamensky, on donne la preference au derienier. Le general nous arrive en kibik a la maniere Souvoroff, et est accueilli avec des acclamations de joie et de triomphe.
“Le 4 arrive le premier courier de Petersbourg. On apporte les malles dans le cabinet du Mariechal, qui aime a faire tout par lui meme. On m"appelle pour aider a faire le triage des lettres et prendre celles qui nous sont destinees. Le Marieechal nous regarde faire et attend les paquets qui lui sont adresses. Nous cherchons – il n"y en a point. Le Marieechal deviant impatient, se met lui meme a la besogne et trouve des lettres de l"Empereur pour le comte T., pour le prince V. et autres. Alors le voila qui se met dans une de ses coleres bleues. Il jette feu et flamme contre tout le monde, s"empare des lettres, les decachete et lit cells de l"Empereur adressees a d"autres. Oh, that's what they do to me! I have no trust! Oh, they told me to keep an eye on me, that’s good; get out! Et il ecrit le fameux ordre du jour au general Benigsen
“I’m wounded, I can’t ride a horse, and therefore I can’t command an army. You brought your corps to Pultusk, broken up: here it is open, and without firewood, and without fodder, therefore it is necessary to help, and since yesterday we ourselves treated Count Buxhoeveden, we must think about a retreat to our border, which we must do today .
“From all my trips, ecrit il a l "Empereur, I received an abrasion from the saddle, which, in addition to my previous transportation, completely prevents me from riding and commanding such a vast army, and therefore I transferred the command of it to my senior general, Count Buxhoeveden, sending it to to him all duty and everything belonging to it, advising them, if there was no bread, to retreat closer to the interior of Prussia, because there was only enough bread left for one day, and other regiments had nothing, as the division commanders Osterman and Sedmoretsky announced, and All the peasants have been eaten; I myself, until I recover, remain in the hospital in Ostroleka. About the number of which I most dutifully present information, reporting that if the army stays in the current bivouac for another fifteen days, then in the spring there will not be a single healthy one left.
“Dismiss the old man to the village, who remains so disgraced that he could not fulfill the great and glorious lot to which he was chosen. I will await your most merciful permission here at the hospital, so as not to play the role of a clerk and not a commander in the army. Excommunicating me from the army will not make the slightest disclosure that the blind man has left the army. There are thousands of people like me in Russia.”
“Le Marieechal se fache contre l"Empereur et nous punit tous; n"est ce pas que with"est logique!
“Voila le premier acte. Aux suivants l"interet et le ridicule montent comme de raison. Apres le depart du Marieechal il se trouve que nous sommes en vue de l"ennemi, et qu"il faut livrer bataille. Boukshevden est general en chef par droit d"anciennete, mais le general Benigsen n"est pas de cet avis; d"autant plus qu"il est lui, avec son corps en vue de l"ennemi, et qu"il veut profiter de l"occasion d"une bataille „aus eigener Hand “ comme disent les Allemands. Il la donne. C"est la bataille de Poultousk qui est sensee etre une grande victoire, mais qui a mon avis ne l"est pas du tout. Nous autres pekins avons, comme vous savez, une tres vilaine habitude de decider du gain ou de la perte d"une bataille. Celui qui s"est retire apres la bataille, l"a perdu, voila ce que nous disons, et a ce titre nous avons perdu la bataille de Poultousk. Bref, nous nous retirons apres la bataille, mais nous envoyons un courrier a Petersbourg, qui porte les nouvelles d"une victoire, et le general ne cede pas le commandement en chef a Boukshevden, esperant recevoir de Petersbourg en reconnaissance de sa victoire le titre de general en chef. Pendant cet interregne, nous commencons un plan de man?uvres excessivement interessant et original. Notre but ne consiste pas, comme il devrait l"etre, a eviter ou a attaquer l"ennemi; mais uniquement a eviter le general Boukshevden, qui par droit d"ancnnete serait notre chef. Nous poursuivons ce but avec tant d"energie, que meme en passant une riviere qui n"est ras gueable, nous brulons les ponts pour nous separer de notre ennemi, qui pour le moment, n"est pas Bonaparte, mais Boukshevden. Le general Boukshevden a manque etre attaque et pris par des forces ennemies superieures a cause d"une de nos belles man?uvres qui nous sauvait de lui. Boukshevden nous poursuit – nous filons. A peine passe t il de notre cote de la riviere, que nous repassons de l "autre. A la fin notre ennemi Boukshevden nous attrappe et s" attaque a nous. Les deux generaux se fachent. Il y a meme une provocation en duel de la part de Boukshevden et une attaque d "epilepsie de la part de Benigsen. Mais au moment critique le courrier, qui porte la nouvelle de notre victoire de Poultousk, nous apporte de Petersbourg notre nomination de general en chef, et le premier ennemi Boukshevden est enfonce: nous pouvons penser au second, a Bonaparte. Mais ne voila t il pas qu"a ce moment se leve devant nous un troisieme ennemi, c"est le Orthodox qui demande a grands cris du pain , de la viande, des souchary, du foin, – que sais je! Les magasins sont vides, les chemins impraticables. Le Orthodox se met a la Marieaude, et d"une maniere dont la derieniere campagne ne peut vous donner la moindre idee. La moitie des regiments forme des troupes libres, qui parcourent la contree en mettant tout a feu et a sang. Les habitants sont ruines de fond en comble, les hopitaux regorgent de malades, et la disette est partout. Deux fois le quartier general a ete attaque par des troupes de Marieaudeurs et le general en chef a ete oblige lui meme de demander un bataillon pour les chasser. Dans une de ces attaques on m"a importe ma malle vide et ma robe de chambre. L"Empereur veut donner le droit a tous les chefs de divisions de fusiller les Marieaudeurs, mais je crains fort que cela n"oblige une moitie de l"armee de fusiller l"autre.
